optometry in europe - gozder.com• over 200 languages • economic variations. barriers to movement...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Optometry in Europe
Robert Chappell OBE MPhil DSc FCOptomPresidentThe European Council of Optometry and OpticsPresident ElectThe World Council of Optometry
![Page 3: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The European Union
• 25 member states• Size of Australia• Ten times the size of Japan• One third the size of China and USA• Four time zones • Population 455 million (USA 290 million)• Ageing population
![Page 4: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The European Union
• Political and economic confederation• Members share same democratic values• Working for the common good• Decisions made at European level• Migration of workers• Mobility of professionals
![Page 5: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
United in Diversity
• Cultural Differences• Over 200 languages• Economic variations
![Page 6: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Barriers to Movement
• Political – market protection• Scope of practice – public protection• Education• Economics
![Page 7: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Eye Care Professionals in Europe
• Ophthalmologists• Optometrists• Opticians• Orthoptists
![Page 8: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ophthalmologists
Medically qualified practitioners who have specialised in ophthalmology and whose scope of practice includes surgery, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the eye including refraction and the fitting of contact lenses. The profession is harmonised within the EU and ophthalmologists are able to move freely from one country to another. Ophthalmologists may specialise in surgery or work as medical ophthalmologists in private practice.
![Page 9: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Optometrists
Optometrists generally complete a higher education course of up to four years. Their scope of practice varies from country to country depending on the legal scope of practice and the level of education and training. Their scope of practice may include, refraction, dispensing, the fitting of contact lenses and low vision aids, the recognition, diagnosis and treatment of ocular and binocular abnormalities, and the use of diagnostic and therapeutic drugs as allowed by national law /
![Page 10: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Optometrists
They have a responsibility to refer any abnormality which is outside their competency and scope of practice to an ophthalmologist or medical practitioner. They may also receive referrals from medical practitioners. The profession is not harmonised and movement from one country to another is dependent on the recognition of their qualifications and the legal scope of practice in the host country. Optometry is an independent profession and optometrists work in both private practice and in hospitals.
![Page 11: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Opticians
Opticians undergo further education, apprenticeships or special education and are qualified to assemble and fit spectacles. In some countries they are also allowed to refract and to fit contact lenses and low vision aids. The profession is not harmonised and movement from one country to another is dependent on the recognition of their qualifications and the legal scope of practice in the host country.. Opticians are an independent profession and may work in private practice or in hospitals.
![Page 12: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Orthoptists
Orthoptists receive training at a further or higher education level and specialise in the detection and treatment of anomalies of binocular vision. In some countries they carry out screening tests in support of ophthalmology. Generally orthoptists only work under the supervision of an ophthalmologist.
![Page 13: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Structure of the Profession
• Economic conditions vary from country to country
• Scope of practice varies enormously• Education at different levels
– University– Hand Craft – Apprentice
• Government payments for care varies• No harmonisation
![Page 14: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The European Dimension
• Regulation– By the state
• Ministry of Health, Education or Labour• Specific regulatory body• By professional bodies under state licence
– Self Regulation• By professional bodies
– No regulation
![Page 15: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Regulatory Status of Opticians and Optometrists
**France
*Finland
*Denmark
**Czech Rep
*Croatia
*Belgium
*Austria
De Facto Optometrist
Legally recognised Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician/Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician
![Page 16: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Regulatory Status of Opticians and Optometrists
*Netherlands
**Luxembourg
**Italy
**Ireland
**Hungary
*Greece
*Germany
De Facto Optometrist
Legally recognised Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician/Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician
![Page 17: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Regulatory Status of Opticians and Optometrists
**Switzerland
**UK
*Sweden
*Spain
*Slovenia
*Portugal
**Poland
*Norway
De Facto Optometrist
Legally recognised Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician/Optometrist
Legally recognised Optician
![Page 18: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Education
• Historical development through Guilds• Post secondary education
– Technical schools– Apprenticeships– Two years
• Post upper secondary education– University– Technical university– Three to four years
![Page 19: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Influence of Ophthalmology
• France and Germany– 8-9 ophthalmologists per 100,000
• Italy– 10 ophthalmologists per 100,000
• Greece– 14 ophthalmologists per 100,000
• UK – 2.5 ophthalmologists per 100,000
![Page 20: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Breaking Down the Barriers
• Seeking recognition by national authorities• Seeking increased scope of practice• Challenging the medical lobby
– Germany– France
• Development of education– Italy– Poland
• Changes in the delivery of health care• Setting common standards
![Page 21: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The European Council of Optometry and Optics
ECOO
![Page 22: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Background
• ECOO formed in early 1990’s from two original organisations PEG and GOMAC
• European confederation of national professional organisations from 24 countries– optometrists– opticians– optical companies
![Page 23: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Structure
• Works by consensus – facilitates and supports
• Two meetings a year– autumn – business– spring – seminars (Milan May 2006)
• London based secretariat• Affiliated to World Council of Optometry
![Page 24: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Work of ECOO
• Four functions– Exchange of information– Working for the harmonisation of the
profession and its education– To lobby EU institutions on behalf of
members– To support individual member
organisations
![Page 25: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The European Dimension
• The profession varies in every country– education– regulation– scope of practise
• European Directives
![Page 26: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Current Projects
• Development of European Diploma– more accessible– competency based– recognition of prior qualification
• Web Site development• Specialist meetings• Common platform• Impact of EU law on the practice of the
profession• Relations with ophthalmology
![Page 27: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Scope of Eye Examination
• Subjective refraction– 92%
• Objective refraction– 88%
• Diagnostic instruments– 76%
• Prescribing– 80%
![Page 28: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Optometry and Ocular Pathology
• Diagnostic drugs– 12%
• Use of fluorescein– 88%
• Recognition and referral– 76%
• Diagnosis, recognition and referral– 20%
• Monitoring of ocular pathology– 8%
![Page 29: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dispensing of Optical Appliancesby Opticians and Optometrists
• Dispense corrective lenses– 100%
• Fit contact lenses without restriction– 40% (optometrists UK only)
• Fit contact lenses after special training– 48% (dispensing opticians UK)
• Fit contact lenses to ophthalmologists Rx– 12%
![Page 30: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Who Can Sell Optical Appliances
• Sale restricted to professionals by law– 75% (UK some restrictions)
• Prescription, sale and fitting of contact lenses restricted by law– 75%
![Page 31: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Education of Opticians and Optometrists
• Technical school post 16– 60%
• Technical school post 18– 76%
• University or equivalent– 80%
![Page 32: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The European Diploma in Optometry
• European syllabus• Set at highest entry level of any country• Political value
– To establish a high standard of optometry• Educational value
– To encourage raising of educational standards
– To meet the expectations of students
![Page 33: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Development of the Diploma
• Started in 1988• Development supported by EU and
industry• First examinations 2000• Exam cycle every year• Three part examination nine modules• Theory (MCQ’s) and Practical
![Page 34: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Problems
• Big bang examination• Lack of preparation of candidates• Low pass rate• Private examination – no national
recognition
![Page 35: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Future
• Accreditation of prior learning• Accreditation of national qualifications• Top up examinations• Recognition by national authorities
– General Optical Council (UK)
• Establishment of a European Academy• Achieving a common platform
![Page 36: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What are Competency Standards?
Competency standards list the skills, knowledge and attributes which a person needs to be able to perform the activities associated with a particular trade or occupation to a defined standard appropriate for the workplace.
![Page 37: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Future
• Forward looking business plan• Web Site launch in early 2006 (www.ecoo.eu)• Publication of comparative statistics on the
optical sector• Part of WCOE5 World Council education
conference Milan, May 2006• Seeking wide recognition of the Diploma• Establishment of accreditation aggency• Establishing closer relationships with industry
and ophthalmology
![Page 38: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
European Diploma in OptometryObjectives
• to achieve a uniform high standard of optometric practice throughout Europe
• to facilitate mobility and employability of optometric practitioners in Europe
• to reinforce representation of the optometric profession in Brussels with national health care departments and higher educational institutions
![Page 39: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The European Diploma
• Profession not harmonised in EU terms• Free movement restricted by national
qualifications• Diploma sets common standard for optometry• Seeking recognition by UK General Optical
Council• Development supported by optical industry
and EU
![Page 40: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The European Diploma• The examination for the European Diploma
unlikely to remain in its current form• The diploma is a “big bang” approach which
does not address needs of countries where optometry is still developing
• It is inflexible• Gives no credit for prior learning• ECOO members have no sense of ownership
![Page 41: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
What is the Way Forward• Accept a common standard of
competencies, not just within Europe, but worldwide
• Acceptance of the definition and standard of each competency, irrespective of whether a particular competency is practised in a particular country
![Page 42: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The benefits of a competency based approach
• It enables countries to develop at their own pace in manageable stages
• It provides a common language, i.e. we all understand precisely what is meant when we talk about a particular skill, and the standard
• Europe needs a step by step approach
![Page 43: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The benefits of a competency based approach
• Each country can then identify which competencies are relevant to it within its current scope of practice
• Each country can then work towards ensuring that its competencies match the defined standard
• Enables countries to match their competencies with those in other states
![Page 44: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Way Forward
• Development of educational standards to train professionals to the defined competency standard
• Gradual development of educational standards will increase the number of competencies
• To practice in another country, in Europe or World-wide, where optometry involves more competencies, only the missing competencies need to be acquired – this recognises prior learning and experience
![Page 45: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Future
• Accreditation of prior learning• Accreditation of national qualifications• Top up examinations• Recognition by national authorities
– General Optical Council (UK)
• Establishment of a European Academy• Achieving a common platform
![Page 46: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Optometry in theUnited Kingdom
![Page 47: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
UK Eyecare Professionals
• 1,500 Ophthalmologists– 2.5/100.000
• 8,500 Optometrists (FTE)– 14.2/100,000
• 5,000 Dispensing Opticians– 8.3/100,000
![Page 48: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Past, Present and Future
• Education• Regulation• Scope of Practice
![Page 49: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Education
• 1890’s – Institute technical & craft Northampton
• 20th Century – mirrors development in technical education
• 1966 University status– BSc Degrees
![Page 50: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Education
• 21st Century• 8 universities
– 8 BSc Courses of 3 years (4 years Scotland)
– 1 MOptom (4 Years)– 600 graduates a year
![Page 51: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Pre Registration Year
• Clinical experience in practice– for BSc graduates only
• Supervised and assessed– supervisor– mentor
• Professional Qualifying Examination– College of Optometrists– single entry standard
![Page 52: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Regulation
• Pre 1958 – Self Regulation
• Post 1958– The Opticians Act– Statutory Self Regulation – The General Optical Council
![Page 53: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Regulation
• General Optical Council– 9 optometrists– 6 dispensing opticians– 4 ophthalmologists– 9 lay members
![Page 54: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Regulation
• Registration– optometrists– dispensing opticians
• Education– quality of education– standard of examination
• Conduct– discipline
![Page 55: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
UK Statistics - 2003
• 8,200 optometrists • 5,000 dispensing opticians• 633 ophthalmic medical practitioners• 16.9 million eye examinations• 96% by optometrists
– 66.4% National Health Service– 33.6% Private
![Page 56: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
UK Statistics - 2003
contact lenses5%
new or changed Rx62%
referrals5%
no change or no Rx28%
![Page 57: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
NHS Eye Examinations
• Under 16 or 19 in full time education• Over 60• Glaucoma and close relatives over 40• Diabetes• Complex Rx over 10.00D• Low incomes
![Page 58: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
NHS Vouchers
• Under 16 or 19 in full time education• Income support• Low income• Complex prescription
![Page 59: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Scope of Practice
• Dispensing• Refraction• Eye examination• Contact Lenses• Diagnostic Drugs• Orthoptics• Shared Care
![Page 60: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Dispensing
• Deregulated• ready made readers to +4.00 (no Rx
needed)– any prescription up to two years old
• Regulated– children up to 16– partially sighted
![Page 61: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Refraction
• Regulated– Optometrists– Ophthalmologists– Dispensing Opticians (under supervision)
• Has to be part of a full eye examination– Must include internal and external examination
• Requirement to hand patient written Rx
![Page 62: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Eye examination
• Full internal and external examination– direct and indirect– dilate if necessary
• Tonometry– applanation– air puff
• Visual Fields
![Page 63: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Diagnostic Drugs
• Cycloplegics• Mydriatics• Fluroscein and other ocular dyes
![Page 64: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Contact Lenses
• Fitting and supply regulated– optometrists, medical practitioners– dispensing opticians with extra qualification– requirement to give specification– plano tinted cosmetic lenses– internet sales
![Page 65: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Orthoptics
• Within optometric scope of practice• Limited number actually practice• Mainly referral
![Page 66: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Shared Care
• Primary and Secondary Care– Local schemes
• Diabetes• Glaucoma• Cataract• Low Vision
![Page 67: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Future
![Page 68: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Education
• Four year degree course?– therapeutics
• Increased post graduate education– Specialist qualifications
• Competency based assessments
![Page 69: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Regulation
• Compulsory continuing education• Specialist lists• Revalidation• Code of conduct• Disciplinary process – human rights
![Page 70: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Scope of Practice
• Eye Care Pathways – NHS– Glaucoma– Cataract– Macula Degeneration– Low Vision
• Therapeutics• Specialist Qualifications
![Page 71: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
SWOT Analysis
• Strengths• Weaknesses• Opportunities• Threats
![Page 72: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Strengths
• Organised and regulated• Virtual monopoly on eye examinations• De facto primary care provider• Wide scope of practice
![Page 73: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Weaknesses
• National Health Service– fees– medical power
• Deregulation– dispensing– contact lenses
• Chains• Lack of career structure
![Page 74: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Opportunities
• Care pathways– Inter professional co-operation
• Diagnosis and treatment– therapeutics– de jure primary care practitioners
• Direct referral
![Page 75: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Threats
• Chains and supermarkets– 70% of market and growing
• Deregulation– contact lenses– two tier eye examination
• Scope of practice– dispensing opticians– nurses– orthoptists
![Page 76: Optometry in Europe - gozder.com• Over 200 languages • Economic variations. Barriers to Movement • Political – market protection ... (MCQ’s) and Practical. Problems • Big](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022041508/5e2674c1157b211cc555a257/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The UK Optometrist
☺ Health care professional☺ Autonomous☺ Educated☺ Regulated
Primary eye care practitionersComprehensive Care☺ Refraction/ dispensing☺ Detection/diagnosis
Disease management☺ Rehabilitation of visual system