j "' ....

'J~

... ' ~

' .:........

·' "

.. .

COMMONW&L'Dl 01' AUS~J._

NORTHERN TlmRI'l'ORY ~NISTRATION.

;

UPOR! ON

GBOLOCJIOAL INVES!IGATIORS

or UIU>IRGBOUND . WATER RBSOUllC&S AT

ALlOI SPIW1GS.

w·

B, B, Owen

])arW1n, H, 't.

i 14uoh, 19;4.

\ -~ . ' .

~/

lllmf·

Report on Geological Inveatigatiofta -ot UndergroUDd

Water Resources nt li.lloe Spr1ZJSe,

. T'ABLS OJ COlmm'l'B,

§tD4!.46BI· IJ.ml9DU9T1QI•

'ltie rears 19.39~. 2. The JG&ra 1943~. 3, Recent Inveet1gat1ou.

JlBRWI·

..

....

.. )

mli JI!!JR!BODP 'iAmR· l. Qual1t7: (e.) Sal1n1V

(bJ Bactun~ GQil$&m1uU=e . 2. Natural RepJ.eniahment t1 b Bo.IJ.Jl. 3. Movement o-r Water W1 thin the Storago Beda. 4. The Quanti~ ot Water ator~

Di! 1Qlla RIVER iNELL (Jio• l ~J •

OQNC!fUSIOQ tUJD ~UQII· AQJmQV~ .A.1fR imi!lf#!l• ..

Af.W!l?Ll· ~sian'' Dam at Heavitree Gap.

Pis. t ~:

4.

t. '·

;lQXQ~~-Pl4n or AUce Springe ahoWlns 1im1ta ot bae1a eto. . P~ ot baeill shoWi:ng points ot ingroaa ot wotol' efto• (a Transverse seoi1on ac~oe• 4!1oe I.PrlbSe. (b ·Section through Alice Sp:rUSge ti'DIII l~Baat ueo• to

Heavitree Range, - · Curves showing effect of prolonged rata oa 81'0\tbdWaW J.en~ · Id. tto. for short rainy period.

la} Rainfall during taat flUS,rter ot ,UjQ. · . . b Fluctuations of water l,eTela 10 boree A. 8 aD4 D. · o Ditto. bores Rb, Ra, R, 8 and T, ection showing wate~ leve._ a~ HeaVitroe aq, •

. I

(~ I

~1 _,. .',

. '·

...

.....

•

Report on Beological Investigations ot

Underground water Resources at

Alioe Springs.

by

H. B. OWen •

Geological and engineering ittVestigationa see~ng to establish the resources of potable undorground water at Alioe Springs have boon conducted inter.mittentlv stnco 1939. A8 one result of this work. it is now possible to 1nd1oat.o that the total storage w1 thin an alluvial bae1n beneatb and south of the town is of the order of 900,000,000 gallons. · 'l'he basin is ·replenished mainly by rapid seopage trom tho Todd Ri var when in flood and by minor addi tiona ot 'both potable and saline water at the margins of tb8 baaill.

The basin has a known maximUm depth ot 73 teet and bearock is Archaeozoic gneiss. Groundwo.ter oonttline4 in the gneiss is usually highly saline.

A test well drawing water from the bed ot the river tbove the basin has yielded promising resUlts bUt testing of water resouroes in this aroa is not complete. ·

Chemical analyses of water from various parta ol the basin are reoomnended to aid in tracing the source of salinitY' and to show whether salinity is increasing or not.

In an appond.ix unfavo\irable comment is made on a suggestion to construct a sub-surface dl:an at HoaV1 tree Gap •

.. ..

... ,

· .. /

Investigationso:c tho -vvo.to::c rc3c,urccs s.t Alice Springs were car·ried out o~r the:: v1ri tor somo;,vho.t. :L!1termi ttent]_y in the years 1939-1941 \1hen the :_)opulr.~tion of: tho tm7i1 was approximately 630 persons nnd tho domo.nd f'o:t> wa.to~e v:c.s lo.::cgely satisfied from private wells tlu·oughout r.-:ost of' the:: tmrr1, During 1943-1944 the Mili to.ry nuthori tics furt.hGr invos tigo.:t.cd the resources of the basin and for this l'Y11I'Posc sc.n.l~ o:bout 30 tGs3 bores which provi6.0d invo.1un'b1Grl· infor·m.ation~ More recently the Resident · Geologist D.t Alic0 Springs hr;;e continued tho vvork With a brief exo.mino.tion o:": o.l!. o.rc<::\ to trw north of tho toWl:."

Il-1ost.·~ if not all~, of' this vmrl: h;::;.s 'bcon conducted in close collaborc::c:Lo!.!. -,~lith tho D·Jp:-:c.:.:· tr~·~cnt 0f' ~.\·arks vrl1.ich bears rosponsibili ty for tho supply or, -~.ro-tor to -:_~Jw to>;YD.,,

Thcppurposo -Jf thi.a :prosunt. report iG to brine toget..11cr ell available: infor1:to. tion and to sho\'r that further geologj_eal invostigDt.ion n::.o.~f not "be neccssc.ry.

It is rm:mtioncd that tho pJ."oscnt r;op'LLlo.tion of Alice Springs is aD~?l"Oxir:m tely 2 ~ 700. Dr.:.ily -vmter consum]_J­tion varies between VJidc lir,l:i. ts o.nd. Da:v· -<.JX(';uod 500 ~ 000 gallons in hot ~eather~ "

HISTORYo

1~ ;Lnves ti,.g_u ti!:-:!!!.L.~l"9E;.L;.fJLl9.3..2.-i:t.l~ h 0 'i~hiG time +..he whole of Alice Springs to·rm TG.Y on t:r~o nest' "bo.rll{ of the Todd between Anzac Hill, the rnilvmy Jrlinc .:::.nd tho 1\0S]?i·to.J. but a few people resided on :Hscellnncous Lc:D.[3GS soutl1 o:i:' tho hospital tmvards Heavi tree Gap., · Govorruncnt •.crcl1.8 su1J·rj1J~r::C_ tm tor to the hospital, gao -;I., workshops, Govei'nrnqnt offices~. and somo rosi donees; the remaind.:;:r of the po1>ulation dxovl wo.tor from about 70 shallow wells dis tl~i buted throv.ghont tho ·~ovm.

Water le"~tels in 14 vJells 9 Golc.:c t.od "to give tlU'ee cast-vvost sections c.c:::-ooss tho to\,'ll at. right angles to the direction of the l ... i.ver ~ were r:.-.oo.s,lrod at i'ort.nightly intervals"' By tTunG of 1939 it '.Vas rco.lised thnt tho y.cnr was becoming an exceptionally ·1;0t one ( 919 points of rain fell during the first three months o.nd thc-,t. tho rosuJ.'ts ·~:rould not be applicable to more nol~i·Jo.l or dry condi ti.ons. Tho following year was unusuo.ll,y dry 8.1)0. mcas\J.rc:monts wore rcm:u:Jcd. i;TimcdiatcJ.y after rain had f.'J 1len in 1b.rGlJ. 1941 -oo.foro t:ac ·da tcr-J,.:.ablo had begun to rise.,

Concurr.:m.tly c:.tt._;:r:Jpr,s·.voro <;ndo y;j_t,h. a post-hole digger to rea.ch bod.-rock in the smJ.c1-fi1J.od ri •ruJJ 'bed CLt Heavi troe; Go.1J. Full cl..cki.ils of th:Ls v10rl: ho.Yo 1:locn lost "'11t it is krlovm thu-G n.o bores rco.chod. :~. groo.tm' depth than 8 feet. Many s trucl;: Yin tor c. t this or shc·.llo~J'rcr• depth. others struck reck~ prGsuJ·Jo.bly boulders~ o.nj_ ~:~oulc-J. not be col1tinued,

Forttuv.1 toly <l sketch section through Honvi trco Gnp has survivcct ancl it is now possi.b1c to ro1nte T.ho water levels shown in this section tc tho ',;mt:;r ... t,:.~)J.8s rl:J.sclosed by the Army test bol~os~ Thts has been d.onc J.n ?ig? 7, These results are of considol"Dblo r.,;i1:;:t·.d.fie:tnco cm.d ;)_ro mc:;Yti onod in an appendix to this re:portc

At thj.s s te.r.w it w2.s e.oncJ.uCtcJ6. tr!nt nlmos t all the water on.torj·.n.g the b0sin bcn.ontl'J. 2.JJ.c1 ocuth of' the tovm has ingress from tho Tod.d. Ri·v-cr cmcl tb.o.t Jchc bulk of tho v._rater floYving throuc;h tho .sc~na. in tho rj.v,;.;.r beG. leaves the present

..

..

... .,

3. ·tv ~ channel at a point about 20 chnins north-east of the hospital

and follows a former river course south·~wr.;storly to the railway line and thence to the Gap. The greater wealth of data that

·has become available since has proved these views to be eorra.ct and has made more exact delineation of the shape and Eliza of tha ·water bearing basin possible~

2. The Years 1943-1944e · The Military authorities sank ·30 test bores south and sou·ch-west of' the town. Graphic loiJJB of these bores, results o~ pumping tests and measurements of fluctuations of water levels provide a good picture of under-. ground conditions south of the town~ This information has permitted, for the first time, an approximate calculntion of the volume of water stored in tho southern portion of the basi~, and. by inference, un estimate of the quantity o:f' water avail­able in the remaining parts of tho area.

3. Recent Invostigat~ons.~ The Residant Geologist has discussed questions affecting local wntcr supply with the Divisional V!orks Officer, partieuln.rly in regard to a proposal to tap water from the river bod upstream ~rom tho basin.

PHYSI OGR.APHY o

Discussions under this heading have been kept to a minimum that has bearing on the question of water supplJ.

1. TopQgrnphlo Alice Springs is in the Macdonnell Ranges and occupies most of.a small alluvial plain with an elevation or 1,870 to 1,910 feet above sea-level. The plain is bounded on the north by tho irregular rocky hills that form the north front of the main ranges and which rise to a level of _2,300 to 2,400 foot with peaka of greater altitude. On the south the plain is bounded by the high :i..inco.r scnrp of Hen. vi tree. l~Mge, which rises to 3, 100 feet at. lilt. Gillen about 4 miles . south-west from the town., Tho plaj.n is a pocket of the Alice Valley which trends cast and west from the to~~ be~7cen Heavitree Range and the irregula.t- north0rn member of the Macdonnell Ranges.

Tho Todd River and its tributary, the Charles, drain an area of about 180 square miles of the northern range, and below their confluence flow through Alice Springs to Heavitree

··Gap. The river bed is filled with sand to o. depth of about . 30 feet. Comn1only the river is dry and runs only after rain on the catchrnont nreo.$ whichp being occuplod lnrgoly by bare rock, has high run-offo

2. g.c"omor,phq+..Q&Y.~ The fom of the Todd Ri vor is the tmportant factor to be considered undor· this hoadillG. The river has cut a narrow JOrge (Hcnvitroc Gnp) through Hoovitrce Range at right nnglos to the strike of the quartzite that constitutes the rangoo It is apparent that tho river is an antecedent stream whicb. nmintninod its course by cutting through tho slowly rising rn.ngo and by ncgro.ding its bod in the /""lice Valley~ Tho old river, Which probably meandered over the greater part of tho basin, excavated its channel to a ·

.knovrn maximum depth of 73 feet below prosent surface level, a devth that is believed to be considernbly below tho depth to the bedrock in Heavitreo Gap~

·'· 3. Climate'"' The c~matc .of A~ice Springs is a.ri<1/ · Me~ temperatures range from about 85 F. fo~ Jo.nuo.ry to about 55'-F. for July~ Extreme tcrqpcraturcs of 117'-'F and below freezing are experienced.

. Average rainfall over a period of 30 yea.rs is

l •.

'\ I ;

,_,

.. , .4 • 9. 93 in.ches · ( 99.3 points) but the unroli ability ot the rainfall is shown by the following figUres:- :a

-~--I .,....., IS ... .... •• •• a cu;i•• :$1

Year. Rainfall Year Rainfall Year Rainfall Points. Points. Points.

1899 653 1925 915 1931 629 . 1900. 578 1926 844 1932 932 1901 .770' 1927 785 1933 lOll 1902 544 1928 237 ' 1934 597

1929 506 . 1935 612 1930. :1.106. 1936 1040.

~--··-· -. Rainfall on the Todd catchment area is probably a

11 ttle higher. ·

Evaporation is very high - nearlY 100 inches per . annum.

...... _

. -~-.. a ... ___ FOOTNOTE:· Figures are taken tr6m a report to tho Director ----.... __ .... -... ___ of Works, Darwin, by J.C. IU.ng,....l'riW.:pe.l 3ng1noer",

· -........ _ -<~da..ted 30th January, 195.3..:---- · ..... _ ..... · .... ·~... - -··-- -..... __

.,_ ... - ... ~-·

... ~ ·~ ...

·-. ·· .. · ... \,_ .,_

..

'· ' . .. ,

'·/·

. _ _,/ ·V

· ...

r

s.

RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS • •

i"§QLOG;Y.

The following succession occurs within the area shown in Fig. l,

3. Quaternary: Soil; unconsolidated silt, sand . and gravel.

).o

2. Upper Prot- Quart~ite (Heavitree qua~tzite). erozoic.

1. Arehaeozoic. Gneiss with intusivo pegmatite and· basic dyke rocks. (Arunta G~oup) •.

1. Archaeozo!£. The gae.iss is a coarse-grained rock locally called 11 grani to", w1 th strong foliation treoo!ng easterly. The rock is woll jointed, weathering on tho joints gives tho outcrops a bouldery appearance. T~ere is a tendency for the rook to weather to alongnte or tabular boulders. Intrusive dykes are not sheared. Ooarao pagmatites vdth abuddant muscovite are common.

Rooks of the Group commonlY yield saline ground• water.

2. YRPer D£oterozoie. The Heavitree Quartzite overlies the.Archaeozoic basement rocks and forma the high homoolinal ridge of Heavitree Range. At Heavitree Gap the beds are at least 450 feet thick and dip south nt 45 degrees. . The section exposed at rail level in tho Gap is approximately:•

True Thickness Feet •

?

70 ·6.

36 25)

46 69

140 75

Scree

Dense light-coloured quartzite. Reddish quartzite Hard silicified quartzite Hard, :frac turod, bluish quartai te. Obscured by scree Scree with some quartzite in situ. Dense light-coloured quartzite Brownish quartzite with silty bands. Unconformity Archaeozoic gnei·ss.

Immediately to the south of the area in Fig. l the quartz~te rH'.. is overlain by dolomitic crystalline limestone ai.ab ot

Upper Proterozoic age.

3. Quat~rnarz • Unconsolidated sand, gravel and silt w1 th minor seams of clay fill the basin beneath and south of Alice Springs. This material has been deposited b~ the river when it was ponded or impeded by the rising thrust block of Heavitree Quartzite and the ovorlying lime­stone. This al]uvium attains a depth of at least 73 feet below the present natural sur:t"aoe. ThG beds o.re porous and highly pe~eabla· and constitute the underground wate~ storage on which the town depends.. They occupy an area of about 1100 acres. Little is known of the distribution o!

~-6.

the difte~-t--~de~ of pm:~l of which the bods. al'e ;:o;···.-•. ···"'· .•..... ~ .. ~.c,SJOC:~ cut it is e-c-.....-vr'tain thn t. . .Lo.n.ti.culnr bedding is .

common, and it is improbable that tho sediments of the basin, having been laid down and reworked by a meandering stream, contain any particular bed that persists for any great distance.

THE UNDERGROUND WATER.

l. QualitY-: {a). Salinity. Only few partial inorganic analyses, some of doubtful accuracy, are available. The

. following were made in OC!tober, 1953, cy B. Jephcott, Animal Industry Branch, for .the Dopartment of Works. Earlier analyses by other workers wc~~d have been. valuable for purposes of co~ariaon but cannot be quoted because .of: li10.ni:test errors.

Bicarbonate Chloride Sulphate ·Fluoride Galc.ium Magn0 si um · Sodium Silj.r:o.r:t, ferric

and o.l·.::!:.i.~.:i.,,m

oxides.

a qui valent in grains per Imperial gallon.

l. p.p.m.

165 25 10 0.16

24 J4 30

8

276

19. 5

1. Todd River bore. 2. Power House Tank. 3. Town well, 6u rnnin .. 4. Army well No. 2.

2. p.p.m.

110 30 10 o.oa

20 8

27 4

209

14. 5

3. 4. p.p.m. p.p.m.

213 3ll 70 165 40 105 0.44 0.72

20 35 16 l9 91 198 9 63

459 897

32 63

The )"0e~ .. t.:tnns of the sources of somples l, 3 and 4 ~re shown on Idg. 1. /It is interesting to note the increase ill. cc:.l"'::, '3~"'l.t.o·,1t to the so·uth. The above results suggest that the Army well may mnrk the southern lirni t of potable water. This matter needs imnediate investigation.·

It is possible that potable water occUpies the southern part o~ the basin as a layer that overlies, or floats on, more saline water, and that ovor-punwi~ or over-deepenf*s of the Army wells has brought about admixture of the layers. This is a common causa of increase in salinity where frosh water is drawn from a relatively small basin that is surrounded by ·saline ground-water.

If two layers exist at Alice Springs tho circumstances should be investigated so that a more accurate estimate of resources of available potable wator can bG made, und also saline contamination of future bores or wclls_might beeome avoidable •/

~- b Bacterial contamdnntio~ Eijkmnn taste giVing pos 1 ti ve resUlts 1. e. , shoWing the presenca of ~aecal types of: Bacterium coli) hnve been rec.ordod tram time to time and consequentlY water from tho Town and A~

wella is chlorinated before being reticulated. PartlY to avoid this pollution n well and a bore were sunk in the bed ot the Todd upstream from the Town. The wa~er is ot remarkably good quality as fnr as salt 1e conoerned, but the water has been found to bo polluted· to a degree that must be regarded with eusp1c1oL. For some considerable timO. atter the river has run the wnter-tablo at tho river bore and well remains at only a few inches· below the surface ot the loose river sand. The public, partioulnrl.y native membel'• of the public,. and animal~ bavo t"roe o.ceees to the tU"ea. This circumstance seems to afford a satisfactory ezplanation ot

.·the source of pollution.

2. Natural Rfc;lenishmont of tho Basin. Rain fnWng d1rectl7 on the basin oes not add appreciablY to tho storage by dawnwa~peroolation through the soil, as tho low run-ott on the alluvial plain is partly offset by high ovnporat1on-It is at least possible that $UCh direct a~dition to tho ground-water tram the surface is a cause of pollution. .

. The most irqportant addi tiona of water to the . storage· are made from the rivor When and shortly after it flowa •. Tllis~ 1a. tad1cated b~ tho curves in Figs. 4, 5 ana 6 which show rapid rise of wells ne~r the river after heav.r ra1~ Water also.entera the basin from the west at the north-wee~ oo:rmr of the Town aerodrome, probably a small qunnti ty trom. the north-west towards the railway station nnd alao trom· the west ~ear the southern boundacy of the Town aerodrome.

. . These additions are l1kel7 to be more saline than .the river water. and this point ahould be checked by· analreis at water frpJJl tas bpre aed by oonnellan Airways.

3. oveme t ot wa. ter w1 thin the. s tora e be • It 1s obv1ou. that the bulk o e wa er en era · e s o.t ud Dear .the northern end and that all of it leaves via Henvitree Gap at tll1e southern end. Movement of water within the baaUl however is complex; rates and direeti.ons of flow Will Vflr7 from point to point and, . at any gi von point, from time ~o t1luJ with the varying hydrostatio hoo.ds imposed by fluctuations at rive~ and water-table levels.

When the river first runs after a dry spell water enters the basin rapidlY on a steep gradient from tbe right. bank in the old town area, Qnd nlso nt a point 30 to 35 chains south of' the hospital. This wnter has little intluenoe on water levels at distances greater than about 20 chains west of the riv.er where movement along tho relativelY flat gradient is slow. (See Figs. 2 and Ja.).

Rapid rise of groundwater in tho strip adJoining the rivor.is followed by nearly aquallY rapid fall (Figs, 4!' and 6) as soma of' the water drains back into the depleted r ver channel and the remainder continues 1 ts s outhwnrd flow to the Gap •.

The movement of the water is too o~lex to per.roit ot any detailed ana~s1s. Disey (1950, p.l76) states that l.a teral flow of groundwater, whero the slope of the water- · table is low say 10 feet per mile, rang~s from a tow inches to several feet per day, and ho quotes {p. 175) H.B. Wo~ a a giving the figures 8 to l4 inches per hour for the rate ot

..

a.

downward percolation in coarse sand, a rate that common experience suggests is often exceeded.

Some measure of the rates of flow nt Alice Springs is afforded by the acco~anying curves, pnrticularly those of Fig. 6b, where a s.31aden rise in bore B on the river bank during 15-17th October, 1943 was followcd·by a correspondfung rise in bore n,, 800 feet away, on 2-4th Novcimber, equ.ivalent to a speed of~ feet per day. Ground-water velocities between the river bank and Bore (3) appear to be about 20

·to 25 feet por day. {Fig. 4). These rates are attained where the hydrostatic head reaches a value of 10 to 15 feet or more and the gradient is steep.

4. The Quantity ot: -~iater stored. The quantity or wator · stored depends upon the volmno of saturated rock.und its proportion of pore space. Available information indicates the following volumes of soturutod alluvial ground at Alice

·Springs :-

Northern basin "East Side" Old town

Southern basiXill

·Total

:& Es timn ted.

Avernga Thickness Feet,

10 ): 20 )~

.36

About 30,000 acre-feet

Area Acres,

220 200

670

ll

No determinations of porosity have been made at Alice Springs .. Measurements mndo elsewhere are given by .authorities as follows:- " '!...

Material

Soil and loam Sand Sand ana. graval Clean gravel SB.ndstone

Porosity P~rcent.

~eg?ett (1939t Dixey (op. cit. (l;iaxl.ma) p. 435} p.l5,3).

40 to 60

25 to 30

10 to 15

more than 40 mo.ximum 40

32 ~& 36 10 to 15 ·

It is considered rensonablo to assume that the uncompacted silt, sand and gravel underlying Alice Springs has a porosity of 12 percent. This figure allows for fine material, silt nnd cluy, which if present in appreciable amount decreases the porosity by clogging tho voids between coarser particles. Tho water moves freelY within the basin, therefore pumping will remove a high proportion of it, probably .90 per cent, Accepting these ~igures tho total available stored water under Alico Springs is -

30 1 000 X _1& X _2Q lOO 100 acre-feet

equals 3,.240 acre-feet or 900,ooo,ooo gallons.

.I

·· ....... · ..... l&

' · .U~-..th:is wnt~·could be withdrawn only by pumping fro~ -t,be..Jnw.o.et' point 1n...~e·""basin (in th&·vicinity of .i'lrnzy" test bore

~ Ea), but this course is not desirable as there is a possibility, \ as yet not tested, that the lowest levels of the basin contain

salt water.

It is stressed that tho figure ot: goo,ooo·,ooo gnllons ,i,., is an awroximation which indicates the order of' the quantity- of

stored water.

I@ TODD RIVER vVELL (NO, .3 WELL).

A wel~ and bore sunk through the sand in the bed of the river about 109 yards north of the junction ot the Charles has been successful insofar as preliminary tests show. Under pumping test the well yielded-6,000 gallons per hour wit~~, drawdown ot: 2.55 :f'eet after 2.-k hours pumping with almost·-conpleto recovery in half nn hour. This result was obtained whon the . watar level stood at only a few inches below the sand surface. The salient figures from part ot a report on tho test by D.D. Srndth, Divisional Works Officer, ara quotod.

Test on 25/2/53. Pumping and Recovery.

1. Pumping at rato of 6,000 g,p.h. began at 9.22i a.m. and continued to 12 noon.

Time R.L. ot a.m. Water. 6.15 11896.31 . 9.221 96.31 9.23 95.44 9. 25. 94.83 9.27 94.44

2. ReQovery

12 noon 1893.76. 12.01 p.m. . 94.61 12.02 II 95.11 12.03 95.40 12.05 95.68

Time a.m. 9. 29-i 9.35'

10.00 11,00 12 noon

12~10 p.m. 12.30 1.00 2.30 3.00

R.L. of water.

1894.11 93.96 93.86 93.78 93.76

1895 .. 95 96.11 96.23 96.31 96.31

Pumping the same well tor 5 hours on 24/2/53 at the rate of 4,000 gallons per hour lowered the water level by ' 2.09 feet in the well and by approximately 6 inches at·a radial distance of 25 feet. Results obtained in this test wero indicative only and cannot be rcgnrdcd as conclusive.

Tho apparent success of this well is tempered by several considerations.· First, no doubt owing to the shallow depth to water and the high permeability of tho sand above it bacterial pollution has been detected. At present no meane of chlorinating water from this well exists. Secondly, after a dry spell the water level will fall severnl feet and the yield will be reduced. Thir~ the well taps water from the river bed above the basin and consequently does not.draw on the reserves discussed in preceding sections ot this report. The resources available to this well are not known nnd cannot be estimated at present.

. ...

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1

lOe

. . Onl7 the third po.11lt needs discussion here. A.D.X. BaU, Resident Geologist at .Alice Springs, has pointed 0\lt that a well in the river bed at the Bung4low, hal:l" a il\ile upsveam tram No. 3 Well, goes back in the ~ season. Bell haa reco~~d that the Bungalow well be investigated b7 PUl!!P1DB tests. fbi& reoo:rmn.endation is strongly endorse.~~, .

Notw1 thstanding the suspected high bacter1a1 contamination and despite the possib111 ty of the suppl7 falling during a long d1'7 spell every endeavour should be made ~ deve1Qtt a supply :f'rom the river bed on account of the low saliD1 \Y at this water, and proVision should be made tor mixlrtg this we..ter w1 th the more saline supplies from the Artrq welts.

/

-~

'

...

ll.

There is ample water stored in the alluvial basin which extendS from both sides or the River Todd near ADzae Hill to Heavitree Gap but insufficient is known of the eal1n1 t;y of the water ·in the unused a outhern and south­western portions of the basi~

Measurements of water levels over periods ot months show that there is little fluctuation of the water table over the greater part of the basin and that rapid rise and tall are confined to the vicini t.y of the river channel from WhiGLh the u,nderground receives the greater part ot 1 ts replenishment. However there has been no opportunity to continue measurements during a long dry spell or over a period of several lean years. The slow-moving water in the western and south-western parts of the basin is probably contamdnated with saline ground.water derived from the weathered bedrock by slow drainage into tho basin and perhaps to a limited extent by di:ffusion.

At the present juncture insufficient is known ot the water resou·rces of the river bed above No. 3 W'ell; this information can be obtained only by pumping testa at the well and at points upstream to at least ae far as the Bungalow.

The folloWing recommends tiona are made : -

1. Analyses of water from Oonnellan Airways boro and from Artw test bore R, S or T should be made to determine amount and composition of salt content.

2. Similar analyses o~ water from either of Arm1 wells 1 or 2 sho~ld be made at regular intervals of not less than one month.

3. As far as possible water analyses should be made by the same analyst or at least should be made by the same method and be set out so that comparisons can be made read1l.Y.t

It is hoped that detailed analyses may show ditferences in the co~osi tion of the salts and enable the source of the salinity of the Army well water to be traced and perhaps avoided in future works.

4. The vertioal relationship between ~resh and salt water in the southern part ot the basin should be inveatigato4 it the analyses recommended above fail to throw suttieient ligh~ on the question •

. / 5. Pumping tests should be continued at the Todd

' • ..

well or bore. As these, being in very pe~eable sand have a small radius of influence, consideration shoul! be given to sinking additional teat bores in line across the river so that they may draw water from the whole or a substantial part of the eross-seotion.

Immediate attention should be· paid to testing ot the river be·d north to the Bungalow.

I

:''

At the ,~.isk of trespassing too f'ar into the f'leld ot the engineer some comment is o:f':fered on the future distribu­tion ot water in .Uiee Springs. It is understood that a reservoir is about to·be constructed on Anzac Hill at an eleva­tion of about 30 feet above the tanks on Billy Goat ~ill.t

12.

This difference in level will necessitate the division ot the. town supply into two zones at different pressures. In the likely event of No. 3 Well and its vicinity yielding a useful supply this source will be used to feed the Anzac Hill reservoir and that part of the town served thereby. The remainder of the town will draw its water from wells and bores south of' the hospital via Bil~ Goat Hill service reservoirs. Now, the withdrawal or water from the river above the basin must Ultimately increase the salinity of the s_tored water. henoe the southern part of the town will be serVed with wate~

A ot gradually increasing salinity. In any event, the present salt content of the~ well water (900 parts per.Rdllion}

\ is higher than desirable in a town sv.pply • Therefore prOVis-ion should be made for interconnection of the reservoirs to permit dilution of the southern water with river water if the ealini ty ,of the former increases to a degree which

· renders such a course necessary• _

Also there is a strong possibility that the suppl3 from the river will d1)1linish in time of drought to a point where it is inadequate for the northern section ot the town wbieh must then be supplied from the southern sources.

I . ' "'

··-

Gra totul acknowledgment 1s made of muol\ information contained in records of the Department at Worke that were ld.nd.Jy made available by the PriDCS.pal B~oer at Darwin Mr. J,q, -Xing~. Helpful d.iscuaeiona with the D1vis1o:Mi Works- Ot'ficer. at Alice Springa1 . Jlr, D.D. 8m1 th, are also gratot'\l.ll3' acknowl.edge4.:;

aererences have been made in ~e text to the toUowing works a-

LIGGET, R,lP • *

, .. "

1950:"A PRACTICAL HANDBOOX OP WADI SUPPLY", 2nd. edn. · Thomu Murby & Oo, . LOND.

1939. "GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING", McGraw-Hill.. N.Y.

•

•

The suggestion that a 11ldexican" or sub.svrace dam should be bUilt across the Todd River at Hea"'itree tlaP or elsewhere has been put t'orward IIl8ll7 times, most recently by Mr. Norman c. Bell of Alice Spr1nss.

Such a dam is designed to prevent the w·u\e,._ flow of streams that have a channel in imperv1oua rock or clay and thereby, under tavourable condi tiona, raise the water-table upstre~

At nowhere in the vicinity ot Alice Spril2gs exaept·at Heavitree Gap could suoh a dam be etreotive beoaus~ of the pervious ~aoter o~ the river banke1 and even at the Ga:p the suggestion is not favoured bJ' the writer tor the following reasons.

· l. The water leve1 at the Gap stands at enl3' a. ~ew f'eet below the surface ot the sand (See Fig. 7. ). Therefore the scope for raising the water level 1a severe~ restricted and onlY a relatively limited quantit,v at watez- coulA be added to the storage which alreaey exiate.

If it be assumed that an1 rise etteoted artificially at the Gap Will diminish to zero at the head ot the basin at Anzao Hill 1t can be calculated that the nett gain of available water for eaCh toot ot :rise at the dam will be

Average rise X Area X Efteot1ve porositTe

Ueing the same faotors that were used for cOJli)Uting the total storage the eXpression becomes •

l/2 X 870 X 12% X 90% acre-teet

1 47 acre·teet or 12,aoo,ooo gallons.

A rise of 6 feet, whiah is the most opti~stio figure that can be accepted, would therefo~o add aome~ less than 80 ooo,ooo gallons to the stornge, and ot tble some 6o,ooo;6oo gallons will lie south ot the ~ wella.

2. Raising the water level very near to the surtace may cause serious losses by evapo•at1on.

3. Difficulty might be experienced in pJtevea~ leakage through the well jointed quartzite that forma the ·----, bottom and walls of the river channel at the proposed 4ala site.

,,

4 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, ~'~ ''t' I .' -}, i

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