or l v -ams
TRANSCRIPT
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SootParticle-AMS or
LaserVaporizer-AMS
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
et al.
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SP-AMS Instruments in the Field
# Research Group Instrument Status
1 Aerodyne Research, Inc. SP module
2 Aerodyne Research, Inc. SP module
3 University of Manchester SP module delivered
4 University of Toronto SP-AMS delivered
5
Lund University, Division of Nuclear Physics,
Sweden SP module delivered
6
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
(ETH), Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima, Zurich,
Switzerland SP module delivered
7 FMI Helsinki SP module delivered
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Laser Vaporizer
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SP-AMS Orthogonal
Detection Axes
Sampled Particles
Ion Extraction and MS detection
• Characterization of particle-laser interaction region:
• Vertical Particle Beam Walk
• Horizontal/Vertical Beam Width Probe
• Horizontal/Vertical Laser Beam Walk
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Ionizer Configurations
Standard AMS
• Filaments on sides of ion chamber
• Filament position is mechanically set
• Filament wire is typically well positioned with respect to well formed slits in ion chamber walls
SP-AMS
• Filament is on bottom of ion chamber
• Filament position is moveable (vert & horz)
• Filament slit width and breadth may vary due to custom procedure
• Large holes in sides to accommodate laser beam
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Detection Scheme
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SootParticle-AMS Refractory Black Carbon (rBC)
“Refractory black carbon” is used here specifically to indicate
an aerosol component with a color temperature (determined
through the SP2 color-ratio measurement) in a range seen to
be uniquely associated with laboratory black carbon samples
and ambient rBC out of all tested aerosol constituents likely to
be found in the ambient (Schwarz et al. 2006).
Schwarz, J. P., J. R. Spackman, R. S. Gao, a. E. Perring, E. Cross, T. B.
Onasch, A. Ahern, et al. (2010) “The Detection Efficiency of the Single Particle
Soot Photometer.” Aerosol Science and Technology 44 (8): 612-628.
Refractory black carbon (rBC), defined as discussed above,
has been shown to be representative of the refractory
carbonaceous material produced in flames …[and] as the most
refractory and most strongly light absorbing carbonaceous
aerosol material in the atmosphere.
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LaserVaporizer-AMS Measured Species
25oC 600oC 4000oC
NR-PM R-PM rBC
NR-PM = Nonrefractory Particulate Matter
R-PM = Refractory Particulate Matter
rBC = Refractory Black Carbon
Metals = Refractory Metals and Metalloids
Metals
The laser is not the vaporizer, the absorbing particles are the vaporizer!!
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SP-AMS Vaporizer
Configurations
Vaporizer Measured Species
Tungsten NR-PM * E B
Laser (rBC + R-PMǂ + NR-PM
ǂ) * E S
Laser and Tungsten (rBC + R-PMǂ + NR-PM
ǂ) * E S + (NR-PM - NR-PM
ǂ * E S ) * E B
NR-PM = Nonrefractory Particulate Material measured by a standard AMS [Jimenez et al., 2003 ]
R-PM = Refractory Particulate Material measured by the SP-AMS (see text for details)
rBC = Refractory black carbon measured by the SP-AMS (and SP2) [Schwarz et al., 2006 ]ǂ = Particulate Material on rBC particles as mesaured by the SP-AMS (see text for details)
E B = Particle bounce related Collection Efficiency of the AMS
E S = Size and shape related Collection Efficiency of the SP-AMS
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Mass Spectral Information:
Denuded Flame Soot Black Carbon Signal Fraction
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Calibration: mIErBC
mIErBC ~ 150 ions/pg
Nascent Flame Soot CE ~ 0.7
Denuded Flame Soot CE ~ 0.4
Calibrate versus CPMA/APM (lab), SMPS using effective densities, SP2
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SP-AMS
Onasch et al. (AS&T 2012)
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SP-AMS vs. SP2 Mass Loadings
CalNex2010
The CE is low when size is small.
Massoli et al., 2012
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Particle Size Distributions:
DOS Coated Glassy Carbon Spheres
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SP-AMS vs. SP2 Size Distributions
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Particle Temperature Profiles
Particle
Temperature
Time Time
Laser Vaporizer Tungsten Vaporizer
600oC
NR-PM
R-PM
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LVOOA
SVOOA
2
SVOOA
1
HOA
SP-AMS HR-AMS PMF
Similar PMF factor identification - slightly different spectra Massoli et al, 2012
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Nascent Flame Soot Refractory Oxygen
Laser and Tungsten Vaporizers
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Application Examples
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Ambient Results
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Fullerenic Fraction of Soot Ambient and
Vehicular Fortner, Williams et al.
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Source Identification at Detling
Williams, Fortner et al.
Wood burning Vehicle Emissions
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Mixing State of BC particles 1 NR-PM on BC particles
Cappa, Onasch, et al., Science 2012
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Mixing State of BC particles 2 Mass fraction of BC aged
Cappa, Onasch, et al., Science 2012
Mass
Fra
ctio
n o
f B
C a
ged
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Ambient Measurements and
BC2 Laboratory Results
Cappa, Onasch, et al., Science 2012 Cross, et al., Science 2010
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Hydrocarbon and Black Carbon m/z Peaks
Additive-Derived m/z peaks
Diesel Exhaust Spectrum
Cross et al., 2012
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Caldecott Tunnel
Dallmann, Harley et al., 2012
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Absorbing Refractory Particles
• Refractory Black Carbon
• Metals
• Metalloids
Schwarz et al., 2004
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Silver Nanoparticles
Sintered Unsintered
Pagels @ Lund et al.
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Summary
• SP-AMS technology has matured and is opening new
avenues for applying MS to refractory particles
• Ambient refractory black carbon particles
– Mass loadings, size distributions, chemical compositions
– Fraction of total PM associated with BC containing particles
– RBC = PMBC/BC for BC containing particles
– Mass fraction of BC that is ‘fresh’ versus ‘aged’ (uncoated/coated)
– Primary Organic Aerosol (POA) chemical information
– Source identification and apportionment (fullerenes, refractory
metals)
• Metal nanoparticles in the laboratory
– Generation and process tracking