or-pr 142 task 1 - terminology associated with o&p
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7/27/2019 OR-PR 142 Task 1 - Terminology associated with O&P
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Task 1
Describe the Structure and Function
Of the Musculoskeletal System
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COMPETENCY 1
IDENTIFY THE BASIC SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
ASSIGNMENT Read Information Sheet 1 to identify the basic body systemswhich an O&P technician needs to be aware of.
RESOURCES Information Sheet 1 “Basic Human Body Systems”
Medical textbooks in Orthotic Prosthetic Reference Library
EVALUATION If you have any questions about this assignment please ask the
instructor.
Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.
You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.ESTIMATED
COMPLETION TIME Two hours
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INFORMATION SHEET 1 (CONT’D)
BASIC HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels together. Themain purpose of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood to all cells of the body.
Blood delivers substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. It also removes
carbon dioxide and organic wastes from cells.
Veins Arteries
Blood is pumped from the heart to the body tissue through arteries. The large elasticarteries leave the heart and divide into medium sized muscular arteries, which in turn
divide into still smaller arteries called arterioles. As the arterioles enter a tissue, they
branch into microscopic vessels called capillaries. It is through the walls of themicroscopic capillaries that oxygen, nutrients and waste products are exchanged between
the blood and body tissues. As the capillaries leave the tissue laden with carbon dioxide
and waste, they reunite with each other and form small veins called venules. These inturn merge with other venules to form veins, which transport the blood back to the heart.
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INFORMATION SHEET 1 (CONT’D)
BASIC HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
The Respiratory System
The cells of our bodies require a continuous source of oxygen in order to function. Asour cells metabolize the oxygen that is delivered to them by the cardiovascular system,
they produce carbon dioxide as a by-product. The carbon dioxide is poisonous to the
cells and must be removed promptly from the body. Both oxygen intake and carbondioxide elimination are accomplished by the respiratory system, which consists of organs
that exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory exchange
takes place inside the lungs where delicate tissues allow air and blood to exchange gases
through diffusion across very thin membranes called alveoli. The cardiovascular systemtransports the gases in the blood between the lungs and the cells.
Respiratory System Alveoli
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INFORMATION SHEET 1 (CONT’D)
BASIC HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
The Nervous System
The nervous system is a vast electrical network which actsas a communication center and control system for the body.
It provides three main functions: First, it receives sensory
input within the body and between the body and the outsideenvironment. Second, it interprets the meaning of this
sensory input, and third, it responds to the interpretation by
initiating action resulting in a muscular contracture or a
glandular secretion. The main components of the nervoussystem include the central nervous system which consists
of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous
system which consists of all the nerve tissue outside of the
central nervous system. All body sensation must be relayedfrom receptors to the central nervous system if they are to
be interpreted and acted upon. The CNS is also the seat of higher functions such as emotion, memory and intelligence.
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COMPETENCY 2
BASIC MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT Study Information Sheet 2 to become familiar with theterminology used to describe musculoskeletal functions. Make
a checklist of this information and include it in your lab
manual.
RESOURCES Information Sheet 2 “Medical Terminology”
Medical textbooks in Orthotic Prosthetic Reference Library
EVALUATION Go over any questions you may have with the Instructor. You
must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.
You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.
ESTIMATED
COMPLETION TIME Six hours
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INFORMATION SHEET 2
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
ANATOMICAL POSITION
The anatomical position is the position that provides a reference point for describing thestructures of the body. In this position, the body is erect and the face forward. The feetare together, flat on the floor and the toes pointing forward. The arms are down at the
sides with the palms turned forward with the thumb side of the hand away from the body.
When the body lying face down in the anatomical position, this is the prone position.When the body is lying face up, this is the supine position.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
The body can be broken down by regions, or areas, that can be used to identify parts or features. For example, the area over the thigh is referred to as the femoral region.
THORACIC
LUMBAR
CERVICAL
S C A P U L A R
GLUTEAL
S C A P U L A R
POPLITEAL
TIBIAL
FEMORAL
SACRAL
S T E R N A L
P E C T O R A L
P E C T O R A L
ABDOMINAL
AXILLARY
PELVIC
INGUINAL
PATELLAR
SURAL
CALCANEAL
DELTOIDDELTOIDDELTOIDDELTOID
PUBIC
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Saggital Plane Coronal Plane Transverse Plane
ANATOMICAL PLANES
There are three planes through the body that are used to describe the position and orientationof parts of the body. These are:
• Saggital (or median) plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the
feet, and divides the body into left and right halves. When this plane passes through
the midline of the body it is known as the midsaggital plane. Any plane parallel to themid-saggital plane through the body is known as a parasaggital plane.
• Coronal (or frontal ) plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the
feet, and divides the body into front and rear halves.
• Transverse plane - This is any plane that runs left to right through the body and
divides it into upper and lower sections.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Anterior (ventral): of or relating to thefront surface of the body or appendage.
Examples:
- The sternum is located on the anterior surface of the torso.
- The quadriceps are located on the
anterior surface of the thigh.
Posterior (dorsal): of or relating to the back surface of the body or appendage.
Examples:- The scapula is located on the posterior
surface of the torso.
- The hamstrings are located on the
posterior surface of the thigh.
Superior (cranial): towards the head.
Example:
- The ribs are superior to the pelvis.
Inferior (caudal): away from the head.
Example:- The xiphoid process is inferior to the
sternal notch.
Superior
Inferior
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Flexion: Flexion occurs in the sagittal plane, when the angle of a joint decreased. It
occurs in hinge joints and ball-and-socket
joints.
Flex: To bend a joint. Limbs cannot beflexed or bent, only joints. For example, in
the act of touching ones nose the elbow is
flexed .
Flexor: A muscle that bends a joint.
Extension: Extension occurs in the sagittal
plane, when the angle of a joint is increased.
It occurs in hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.
Extend: To straighten a joint that has been
flexed or bent. Joints can be extended or straightened, but limbs cannot. For example,in the act of straightening a leg while in a
seated position the knee (joint) is extended.
Extensor: A muscle that acts to straighten a
joint.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Abduct : To draw a limb away from a position near or parallel to the center line or
median axis of the body. Standing erect with
both feet together, you abduct your right arm by moving it sideways to your right.
Abduction: The act of abducting a limb.
Abductor: A muscle that abducts a limb.
Adduct: To draw a limb toward thecenterline of the body. Standing erect with
the feet apart, you adduct your left leg by
moving it toward the right leg.
Adduction: The act of adducting a limb.
Adductor: A muscle that adducts a limb.
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Neutral:
Commonly used to describe the position of the forefoot or hand. In this position:
• the forearm is in such a position that
the closed hand is vertical with the
thumb situated on top.
• The surface of the forefoot is
perpendicular to the midsagittal line.
Pronation:
• A rotation of the forearm that moves
the palm from a neutral position to a
position where the palm is facing
down.
• A rotation of the forefoot so that the
sole of the foot is facing away from
the midsagittal line.
Supination:
• The opposite of pronation, the
rotation of the forearm so that the
palm is facing up. The hand is supine
(facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.
• A rotation of the forefoot so that the
sole of the foot is facing towards themidsagittal line.
MidsaggitalLine
Midsaggital
Line
MidsaggitalLine
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Dorsiflexion: Flexion of a joint in adorsal direction or toward the back of the
part. Refers usually to the foot or hand.
Dorsal; Dorsum: Of or pertaining to the
top of the foot or the back of the hand.
Plantar Flexion: Flexion of the ankle
joint in the direction of the sole of thefoot.
Plantar: Of or pertaining to the sole of
the foot.
Inversion: Inward rotation of the foottowards the midsagittal plane. Usually
used only in reference to the foot and,
like eversion, has no relation to toe-in or
toe-out.
Lateral Medial
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Distal: Describing a position or direction farther from the trunk or point
of origin.
Example: The ankle is distal to theknee.
Proximal: Describing a position or direction closer to the trunk or point of
origin.
Example: The hip is proximal to the
knee.
Anteroposterior: Extending from thefront to the rear. Sometimes abbreviated
"A-P." (Fig. A) Related to dimensions
in the sagittal plane.
Mediolateral: Extending from the
medial edge or side to the lateral edge or
side. Sometimes abbreviated "M-L."
Related to dimensions in the coronal plane.
Proximal Distal
Proximal Distal
Anterior
A-P Dimension
M-L Dimension
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Lateral: Farther away from themidsagittal plane or midline of a
structure.
Examples:
- The fibular head is on the lateral side
of the lower leg.
- The lateral malleolus is often more
prominent with a varus deformity at theankle.
Medial: Closer to the midsagittal plane
or midline of a structure.
Examples:
- The medial upright is usually edge-
bent when accommodating tibial torsion
in an AFO.
- With a valgus deformity the knee joint
moves medially as body weight isapplied.
MIDLINE
LATERAL
MIDLINE
MEDIAL
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INFORMATION SHEET 2 (CONT’D)
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Valgus: Bent outward. Denoting adeformity in which the angulation of the
distal segment of a joint is away fromthe midline of the body. An increase in
the normal angle of a bone or joint
structure.
GENU VALGUS CALCANEAL VALGUS
Varus: Bent inward. Denoting adeformity in which the angulation of the
distal segment of a joint is towards the
midline of the body. A decrease in thenormal angle of a bone or joint structure.
GENU VARUS CALCANEAL VARUS
LateralMedial
LateralMedial
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COMPETENCY 3
DESCRIBE THE BASIC MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
ASSIGNMENT Read Information Sheet 3 to recognize the features and namesof both the skeletal structure and basic musculature of the
human body.
RESOURCES Information Sheet 3 “The Skeletal System”
Information Sheet 4 “Basic Musculature”
Medical textbooks in the Orthotic-Prosthetic Reference LibrarySkeleton
Lab models
Anatomical charts
Bookstore study guides
EVALUATION If you have any questions about this assignment please ask the
instructor.
Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.
ESTIMATED
COMPLETION TIME Eight hours
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INFORMATION SHEET 3
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
While the previous anatomical systems are relatively important to understand to a degree,
the orthotic-prosthetic technician needs to be quite familiar with musculoskeletalanatomy, for the orthopedic appliances we provide must fit to and work with the
muscular and skeletal systems of the body. Therefore, special emphasis will be placed on
the presentation of these areas.
The skeleton forms the framework to support the weight of the body. Without it, we
would not be able to move about, grasp objects, or even breathe. The skeletal systemincludes all the bones in the body as well as cartilage and ligaments. Cartilage is a
specialized tissue that provides support without being rigid. Imagine if your ears or the
tip of your nose were hard and unable to yield to impacts from the environment.
Ligaments are tough fibrous structures that connect bones to other bones so that there is
stability to the framework. The skeletal system together provides the following major functions:
Support – the skeleton supports the soft tissues and provides a framework for the entire body.
Protection – the skeleton protects the soft tissues of the body from harm. For instance,
the skull protects the brain from impact; the ribs protect the heart and lungs.
Movement – the skeleton provides a point of attachment for the muscles of the body so
they have something to react against. When muscles contract, bones move and therefore
provide the ability to ambulate, chew food, change position, grasp, etc.
Storage – the skeleton serves as a repository for calcium and other minerals essential to
the health of the body.
Blood cell production – the marrow of the bone is responsible for producing red bloodcells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The lab skeleton:
You will be responsible to know the names and locations of many of the skeletal bones,as well as their individual features. Use the skeleton to locate the bones of the body and
bony features. We are fortunate to have an authentic skeleton in the lab. They are no
longer available. It is fragile, and we insist that it be treated with respect since it is theremains of a living person.
Other study aids:
In the bookstore are many aids for studying anatomy. Many students find the anatomycoloring books very helpful. There are laminated charts, which are small duplicates of
the charts we have in the lab, which can be purchased for a modest cost. There are
anatomical models in the lab for you to disassemble and assemble. Be sure to ask theinstructor for the booklet. The internet is a valuable resource for learning
musculoskeletal anatomy. The instructors will make anatomy texts available to you if
you ask. Many helpful references are located in the O&P Reference Library in the lab.
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INFORMATION SHEET 3 (CONT’D)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeleton – Anterior View
STERNUM
RADIUS
PATELLA
FIBULA
TIBIA
FEMUR
TARSALS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES
CARPALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
ULNA
HUMERUS
CLAVICLE
PELVIS
MANDIBLE
CRANIUM
RIB CAGE
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INFORMATION SHEET 3 (CONT’D)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeleton – Posterior View
HUMERUS
RADIUS
ULNA
CERVICAL
VERTERBRAE
THORACIC
VERTERBRAE
LUMBAR
VERTERBRAE
SCAPULA
SACRUM
COCCYX
CALCANEUS
FIBULA
TIBIA
TALUS
FEMUR
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INFORMATION SHEET 3 (CONT’D)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Upper Extremity – Anterior View
SCAPULA
CLAVICLE
HUMERUS
ULNA
RADIUS
METACARPALS
CARPALS
PHALANGES
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INFORMATION SHEET 3 (CONT’D)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Lower Extremity – Anterior View
GREATER TROCHANTER
FEMORAL HEAD
FEMORAL CONDYLES
PATELLA
FEMUR
FIBULA
TIBIA
FIBULAR HEAD
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INFORMATION SHEET 3 (CONT’D)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Foot – Dorsal View
TALUS
CALCANEUS
PHALANGES
METATARSALS
TARSALS
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INFORMATION SHEET 4
BASIC MUSCULATURE
ANTERIOR
Upper
Trapezius
PectoralisMajor
Biceps
Brachii
VastusLateralis
Satorius
Tibialis
Anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
Deltoid
Rectus
Femoris
Brachio-
radialis
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INFORMATION SHEET 4 (CONT’D)
BASIC MUSCULATURE
POSTERIOR
Deltoid
External
Oblique
Tendo
Achilles
Semitendinosis
Extensor
Digitorum
Gluteus
Maximus
Biceps
Femoris
Gastrocnemius
Lower Trapezius
Triceps
Brachii
Latissimus
Dorsi
Semimembranosus
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