oracle rediffmail
TRANSCRIPT
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Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-
relational database management system [2] produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.
Larry llison and t!o friends and former co-!orkers" #ob $iner and d Oates" started a consultancy
called %oft!are &e'elopment Laboratories (%&L) in **. %&L de'eloped t+e original 'ersion of t+e
Oracle soft!are. ,+e name Oracle comes from t+e code-name of a C-funded project llison +ad
!orked on !+ile pre'iously employed by mpe/.[0]
Contents
[+ide]
• 1+ysical and logical structures
o . %torage
.. 1artitioning
..2 $onitoring
..0 &isk files
o .2 &atabase sc+ema
.2. %ystem lobal rea
.2.2 Library cac+e
.2.0 &ata dictionary cac+e
.2.3 1rogram lobal rea
.2.4 &ynamic performance 'ie!s
o .0 1rocess arc+itectures
.0. Oracle processes
.0.2 5ser processes" connections and sessions
o .3 Concurrency and locking
o .4 Configuration
• 2 dministration
• 0 6et!ork access
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• 3 nternationali7ation
• 4 8istory
o 4. Corporate9tec+nical timeline
o 4.2 1atc+ 5pdates and %ecurity lerts
o 4.0 :ersion numbering
• ; $arketing editions
• * 8ost platforms
• < =elated soft!are
o <. Oracle products
o <.2 &atabase options
o <.0 %uites
o <.3 &atabase >features>
o <.4 ,ools
o <.; Ot+er databases marketed by Oracle Corporation
• 5se
o . Official support
o .2 &atabase-related guidelines
o .0 Oracle Certification 1rogram
o .3 5ser groups
• ? $arket position
o ?. Competition
o ?.2 1ricing
• %ee also
• 2 =eferences
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• 0 #ibliograp+y
• 3 /ternal links
Physical and logical structures[edit]
n Oracle database system@identified by an alp+anumeric system identifier or %&[3]@comprises at
least one instance of t+e application" along !it+ data storage. n instance@identified persistently by
an instantiation number (or acti'ation idA %B%.:D&,#%.C,:,O6E)@comprises a set of
operating-system processes and memory-structures t+at interact !it+ t+e storage. (,ypical
processes include 1$O6 (t+e process monitor) and %$O6 (t+e system monitor).) Oracle
documentation can refer to an acti'e database instance as a >s+ared memory realm>. [4]
5sers of Oracle databases refer to t+e ser'er-side memory-structure as t+e % (%ystem lobal
rea). ,+e % typically +olds cac+e information suc+ as data-buffers" %FLcommands" and user
information. n addition to storage" t+e database consists of online redo logs (or logs)" !+ic++old transactional +istory. 1rocesses can in turn arc+i'e t+e online redo logs into arc+i'e logs (offline
redo logs)" !+ic+ pro'ide t+e basis (if necessary) for data reco'ery and for t+e p+ysical-standby
forms of data replication using Oracle &ata uard.
f t+e Oracle database administrator +as implemented Oracle =C (=eal pplication Clusters)" t+en
multiple instances" usually on different ser'ers" attac+ to a central storage array. ,+is scenario offers
ad'antages suc+ as better performance" scalability and redundancy. 8o!e'er" support becomes
more comple/" and many sites do not use =C. n 'ersion ?g " grid computing introduced s+ared
resources !+ere an instance can use (for e/ample) C15 resources from anot+er node (computer) in
t+e grid.
,+e Oracle &#$% can store and e/ecute stored procedures and functions !it+in
itself. 1L9%FL (Oracle CorporationGs proprietary procedural e/tension to %FL)" or t+e object-oriented
language Ha'a can in'oke suc+ code objects and9or pro'ide t+e programming structures for !riting
t+em.
Storage[edit]
The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in t+e form of tablespaces and p+ysically in t+e form of
data files (>datafiles>).[;] ,ablespaces can contain 'arious types of memory segments" suc+ as &ata
%egments" nde/ %egments" etc. %egments in turn comprise one or more e/tents. /tents comprisegroups of contiguous data blocks. &ata blocks form t+e basic units of data storage.
&# can impose ma/imum Iuotas on storage per user !it+in eac+ tablespace. [*]
Partitioning[edit]
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6e!er 'ersions of t+e database can also include a partitioning featureA t+is allo!s t+e partitioning of
tables based on different set of keys. %pecific partitions can t+en be easily added or dropped to +elp
manage large data sets.
Monitoring[edit]
Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage !it+ t+e +elp of information stored in
t+e SYSTEM tablespace. ,+e SYSTEM tablespace contains t+e data dictionary@and often (by
default) inde/es and clusters. data dictionary consists of a special collection of tables t+at contains
information about all user-objects in t+e database. %ince 'ersion < i " t+e Oracle =&#$% also
supports >locally managed> tablespaces t+at store space management information in bitmaps in t+eir
o!n +eaders rat+er t+an in t+eSYSTEM tablespace (as +appens !it+ t+e default >dictionary-
managed> tablespaces). :ersion ?g and later introduced t+e SYSAUX tablespace" !+ic+ contains
some of t+e tables formerly stored in t+e SYSTEM tablespace" along !it+ objects for ot+er tools suc+
as O$" !+ic+ pre'iously reIuired its o!n tablespace.[<]
Disk files[edit]
,+is section reIuires e/pansion.
(September 2009)
&isk files primarily represent one of t+e follo!ing structuresA
• &ata and inde/ filesA ,+ese files pro'ide t+e p+ysical storage of data" !+ic+ can consist of
t+e data-dictionary data (associated to t+e tablespace %B%,$)" user data" or inde/ data.
,+ese files can be managed manually or managed by Oracle itself (>Oracle-managed files>).
6ote t+at a datafile +as to belong to e/actly one tablespace" !+ereas a tablespace can consist
of multiple datafiles.
• =edo log files" consisting of all c+anges to t+e database" used to reco'er from an instance
failure. 6ote t+at often a database !ill store t+ese files multiple times" for e/tra security in case
of disk failure. ,+e identical redo log files are said to belong to t+e same group.
• 5ndo filesA ,+ese special datafiles" !+ic+ can only contain undo information" aid in reco'ery"
rollbacks" and read-consistency.
• rc+i'e log filesA ,+ese files" copies of t+e redo log files" are usually stored at different
locations. ,+ey are necessary (for e/ample) !+en applying c+anges to a standby database" or
!+en performing reco'ery after a media failure. t is possible to arc+i'e to multiple locations.
• ,empfilesA ,+ese special datafiles ser'e e/clusi'ely for temporary storage data (used for
e/ample for large sorts or for global temporary tables)
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• Control file" necessary for database startup. > binary file t+at records t+e p+ysical structure
of a database and contains t+e names and locations of redo log files" t+e time stamp of t+e
database creation" t+e current log seIuence number" c+eckpoint information" and so on.> []
t t+e p+ysical le'el" data files comprise one or more data blocks" !+ere t+e block si7e can 'ary
bet!een data files.
&ata files can occupy pre-allocated space in t+e file system of a computer ser'er" utili7e ra! disk
directly" or e/ist !it+in %$ logical 'olumes.[?]
Database schema[edit]
$ost Oracle database installations traditionally came !it+ a default sc+ema called SCOTT. fter t+e
installation process sets up sample tables" t+e user can log into t+e database !it+ t+e
username scott and t+e pass!ord tiger. ,+e name of t+e SCOTT sc+ema originated !it+ #ruce
%cott" one of t+e first employees at Oracle (t+en %oft!are &e'elopment Laboratories)" !+o +ad a cat
named ,iger.[]
Oracle Corporation no! de-emp+asi7es t+e SCOTT sc+ema" as it uses fe! features of more recent
Oracle releases. $ost recent e/amples supplied by Oracle Corporation reference t+e default 8= or
O sc+emas.
Ot+er default sc+emas[2][0] includeA
• SYS (essential core database structures and utilities)
• SYSTEM (additional core database structures and utilities" and pri'ileged account)
• OUTLN (utili7ed to store metadata for stored outlines for stable Iuery-optimi7er e/ecution
plans.[3])
• BI" IX" HR" OE" PM" and SH (e/panded sample sc+emas[4] containing more data and
structures t+an t+e older SCOTT sc+ema).
System Global Area[edit]
Main article: System Global Area
ac+ Oracle instance uses a %ystem lobal rea or %@a s+ared-memory area@to store its data
and control-information.[;]
ac+ Oracle instance allocates itself an % !+en it starts and de-allocates it at s+ut-do!n time.
,+e information in t+e % consists of t+e follo!ing elements" eac+ of !+ic+ +as a fi/ed si7e"
establis+ed at instance startupA
• &atafiles
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'ery Oracle database +as one or more p+ysical datafiles" !+ic+ contain all t+e database data. ,+e
data of logical database structures" suc+ as tables and inde/es" is p+ysically stored in t+e datafiles
allocated for a database.
&atafiles +a'e t+e follo!ing c+aracteristicsA
• One or more datafiles form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace.
• datafile can be associated !it+ only one tablespace.
• &atafiles can be defined to e/tend automatically !+en t+ey are full.
&ata in a datafile is read" as needed" during normal database operation and stored in t+e memory
cac+e of Oracle &atabase. Jor e/ample" if a user !ants to access some data in a table of a
database" and if t+e reIuested information is not already in t+e memory cac+e for t+e database" t+en
it is read from t+e appropriate datafiles and stored in memory.
$odified or ne! data is not necessarily !ritten to a datafile immediately. ,o reduce t+e amount of
disk access and to increase performance" data is pooled in memory and !ritten to t+e appropriate
datafiles all at once
• t+e redo log bufferA t+is stores redo entries@a log of c+anges made to t+e database. ,+e
instance !rites redo log buffers to t+e redo log as Iuickly and efficiently as possible. ,+e redo
log aids in instance reco'ery in t+e e'ent of a system failure.
•
t+e s+ared poolA t+is area of t+e % stores s+ared-memory structures suc+ as s+ared %FLareas in t+e library cac+e and internal information in t+e data dictionary. n insufficient amount
of memory allocated to t+e s+ared pool can cause performance degradation.
• t+e Large pool Optional area t+at pro'ides large memory allocations for certain large
processes" suc+ as Oracle backup and reco'ery operations" and 9O ser'er processes
• &atabase buffer cac+eA Cac+es blocks of data retrie'ed from t+e database
• K1 buffer pool A speciali7ed type of database buffer cac+e t+at is tuned to retain blocks
of data in memory for long periods of time
• =CBCL buffer poolA speciali7ed type of database buffer cac+e t+at is tuned to recycle or
remo'e block from memory Iuickly
• nK buffer cac+eA One of se'eral speciali7ed database buffer cac+es designed to +old block
si7es different from t+e default database block si7e
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• Ha'a poolA5sed for all session-specific Ha'a code and data in t+e Ha'a :irtual $ac+ine
(H:$)
• %treams poolA 5sed by Oracle %treams to store information reIuired by capture and apply
+en you start t+e instance by using nterprise $anager or %FLM1lus" t+e amount of memoryallocated for t+e % is displayed.[*]
Library cache[edit]
,+e library cac+e[<] stores s+ared %FL" cac+ing t+e parse tree and t+e e/ecution plan for e'ery
uniIue %FL statement. f multiple applications issue t+e same %FL statement" eac+ application can
access t+e s+ared %FL area. ,+is reduces t+e amount of memory needed and reduces t+e
processing-time used for parsing and e/ecution planning.
Data dictionary cache[edit]
,+e data dictionary comprises a set of tables and 'ie!s t+at map t+e structure of t+e database.
Oracle databases store information +ere about t+e logical and p+ysical structure of t+e database.
,+e data dictionary contains information suc+ asA
• user information" suc+ as user pri'ileges
• integrity constraints defined for tables in t+e database
• names and datatypes of all columns in database tables
• information on space allocated and used for sc+ema objects
,+e Oracle instance freIuently accesses t+e data dictionary to parse %FL statements. Oracle
operation depends on ready access to t+e data dictionary@performance bottlenecks in t+e data
dictionary affect all Oracle users. #ecause of t+is" database administrators must make sure t+at t+e
data dictionary cac+e[] +as sufficient capacity to cac+e t+is data. it+out enoug+ memory for t+e
data-dictionary cac+e" users see a se'ere performance degradation. llocating sufficient memory to
t+e s+ared pool !+ere t+e data dictionary cac+e resides precludes t+ese particular performance
problem.
Program Global Area[edit]
,+e 1rogram lobal rea[2?][2] or 1 memory-area of an Oracle instance contains data and control-
information for OracleGs ser'er-processes.
,+e si7e and content of t+e 1 depends on t+e Oracle-ser'er options installed. ,+is area consists
of t+e follo!ing componentsA
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• stack-spaceA t+e memory t+at +olds t+e sessionGs 'ariables" arrays" and so on
• session-informationA unless using t+e multit+readed ser'er" t+e instance stores its session-
information in t+e 1. n a multit+readed ser'er" t+e session-information goes in t+e %.)
• pri'ate %FL-areaA an area t+at +olds information suc+ as bind-'ariables and runtime-buffers
• sorting areaA an area in t+e 1 t+at +olds information on sorts" +as+-joins" etc.
&#s can monitor 1 usage 'ia t+e V$SESSTA(T system 'ie!.
Dynamic erformance !ie"s[edit]
,+e dynamic performance 'ie!s (also kno!n as >fi/ed 'ie!s>) !it+in an Oracle database present
information from 'irtual tables (ND tables) [22] built on t+e basis of database memory.[20] &atabase users
can access t+e :D 'ie!s (named after t+e prefi/ of t+eir synonyms) to obtain information on
database structures and performance.
Process architect#res[edit]
Oracle rocesses[edit]
,+e Oracle =&#$% typically relies on a group of processes running simultaneously in
t+e background and interacting to monitor and e/pedite database operations. ,ypical operating
en'ironments mig+t include - temporarily or permanently - some of t+e follo!ing indi'idual processes
(s+o!n along !it+ t+eir abbre'iated nomenclature)A [23]
• ad'anced Iueueing processes (Fnnn)[24]
• arc+i'er processes (=Cn)
• c+eckpoint process (CK1,) M=F5=&M
• coordinator-of-job-Iueues process (CHFn)A dynamically spa!ns sla'e processes for job-
Iueues
• database !riter processes (&#n) M=F5=&M
• dispatc+er processes (&nnn)A multiple/ ser'er-processes on be+alf of users
• main &ata uard #roker monitor process (&$O6) [2;]
• job-Iueue sla'e processes (Hnnn)[2*]
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• log-!riter process (L=) M=F5=&M
• log-!rite net!ork-ser'er (L6%n)A transmits redo logs in &ata uard en'ironments
• logical standby coordinator process (L%1?)A controls &ata uard log-application
• media-reco'ery process ($=1)A detac+ed reco'ery-ser'er process
• memory-manager process ($$6)A used for internal database tasks suc+ as utomatic
%+ared $emory $anagement
• memory-monitor process ($$O6)A process for automatic problem-detection" self-tuning and
statistics-gat+ering[2<]
•
memory-monitor lig+t process ($$6L)A gat+ers and stores utomatic orkload =epository(=) data
• mmon sla'es ($nnnn@$????" $???" etc.)A background sla'es of t+e $$O6 process [2]
• process-monitor process (1$O6) M=F5=&M
• process-spa!ner process (1%1?)A spa!ns Oracle background processes after initial
instance startup[0?]
• Iueue-monitor coordinator process (F$6C)A dynamically spa!ns Iueue monitor sla'es [0]
• Iueue-monitor processes (F$6n)
• reco'erer process (=CO)
• remote file-ser'er process (=J%) - in Oracle &ata uard" a standby recipient of primary redo-
logs[02]
• s+ared ser'er processes (%nnn)A ser'e client-reIuests
• system monitor process (%$O6) M=F5=&M
$ser rocesses% connections and sessions[edit]
Oracle &atabase terminology distinguis+es different computer-science terms in describing +o! end-
users interact !it+ t+e databaseA
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• user processes in'ol'e t+e in'ocation of application soft!are [00]
• a connection refers to t+e pat+!ay linking a user process to an Oracle instance[03]
• sessions consist of specific connections to an Oracle instance.[04] ac+ session !it+in an
instance +as a session identifier or >%&>[0;] (distinct from t+e system-identifier %&).
Conc#rrency and locking[edit]
Oracle databases control simultaneous access to data resources !it+ locks (alternati'ely
documented as >enIueues>).[0*] ,+e databases also utili7e >latc+es> - lo!-le'el seriali7ation
mec+anisms to protect s+ared data structures in t+e %ystem lobal rea.[0<]
Config#ration[edit]
&atabase administrators control many of t+e tunable 'ariations in an Oracle instance by means of
'alues in a parameter file.[0] ,+is file in its %C default form (>pfile>) normally +as a name of t+e
format init<SIDn!"e#or!. ,+e default binary eIui'alent ser'er parameter file (>spfile>)
(dynamically reconfigurable to some e/tent)[3?] defaults to t+e format s%&i'e<SIDn!"e#or!.
it+in an %FL-based en'ironment" t+e 'ie!s V$PARAMETER[3] and V$SPPARAMETER[32] gi'e access to
reading parameter 'alues.
Administration[edit]
,+e >%c+eduler> (&#$%%C8&5L= package" a'ailable from Oracle ?g on!ards) and t+e Hob
subsystem (&#$%HO# package) permit t+e automation of predictable processing. [30]
Oracle =esource $anager aims to allocate C15 resources bet!een users and groups of users
!+en suc+ resources become scarce.[33]
Oracle Corporation stated in product announcements t+at manageability for &#s +ad impro'ed
from Oraclei to ?g. Lungu and :tuiu (2??<) assessed t+e relati'e manageability by performing
common &# tasks and measuring timings. [34] ,+ey performed t+eir tests on a single 1entium C15
(.* 87) !it+ 42 $# =$"running indo!s %er'er 2???. Jrom Oraclei to ?g" installation
impro'ed 0;P" day-to-day administration ;0P" backup and reco'ery ;0P" and performance
diagnostics and tuning *3P" for a !eig+ted total impro'ement of 4;P. ,+e researc+ers concluded
t+at >Oracle?g represents a giant step for!ard from Oraclei in making t+e database easier to use
and manage>.
Network access[edit]
Oracle 6et %er'ices allo! client or remote applications to access Oracle databases
'ia net!ork sessions using 'arious protocols.
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Internationalization[edit]
Oracle &atabase soft!are comes in ;0 language-'ersions (including regional 'ariations suc+ as
#ritis+ nglis+ and merican nglis+). :ariations bet!een 'ersions co'er t+e names of days and
mont+s" abbre'iations" time-symbols (suc+ as .$. and .&.)" and sorting. [3;]
Oracle Corporation +as translated Oracle &atabase error-messages into rabic" Catalan" C+inese"
C7ec+" &anis+" &utc+" nglis+" Jinnis+" Jrenc+" erman" reek" 8ebre!" 8ungarian" talian"
Hapanese" Korean" 6or!egian" 1olis+" 1ortuguese" =omanian" =ussian" %lo'ak" %panis+" %!edis+"
,+ai and ,urkis+.[3*]
Oracle Corporation pro'ides database de'elopers !it+ tools and mec+anisms for producing
internationali7ed database applicationsA referred to internally as >lobali7ation>. [3<][3]
History [edit]
Cororate&technical timeline[edit]
• **A Larry llison and friends founded %oft!are &e'elopment Laboratories (%&L).
• *<A Oracle :ersion " !ritten in assembly language" runs on 1&1- under =%N" in 2<K
of memory. mplementation separates Oracle code and user code. Oracle : is ne'er officially
released.[4?]
• *A %&L c+anged its company-name to >=elational %oft!are" nc.> (=%) and introduced its
product Oracle :2 as an early relational database system - often cited
[by whom]
as t+e firstcommercially sold =&#$%. ,+e 'ersion did not support transactions" but implemented t+e
basic %FL functionality of Iueries and joins. (=% ne'er released a 'ersion - instead calling t+e
first 'ersion !ersion 2 as a marketing gimmick.)[4]
• <2A =% in its turn c+anged its name" becoming kno!n as >Oracle Corporation>"[42] to align
itself more closely !it+ its flags+ip product.
• <0A ,+e company released Oracle 'ersion 0" !+ic+ it +ad re-!ritten using t+e C
programming language" and !+ic+ supported COMMIT and ROLLBAC functionality for
transactions. :ersion 0 e/tended platform support from t+e e/isting &igital :N9:$% systems to
include 5ni/ en'ironments.[42]
• <3A Oracle Corporation released Oracle 'ersion 3" !+ic+ supported read-consistency.[40] n
October it also released t+e first Oracle for t+e #$ 1C.[43]
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• Oracle pplication %er'er ?g (also kno!n as >Oracle % ?g >)A a middle!are productR
• Oracle pplications =elease i (aka Oracle e-#usiness %uite" Oracle Jinancials or Oracle
i)A a suite of business applicationsR
• Oracle &e'eloper %uite ?g (.?.3)R
• Oracle H&e'eloper ?g A a Ha'a integrated de'elopment en'ironmentR
%ince 'ersion 2" OracleGs =&#$% release numbering +as used t+e follo!ing codesA
• Oracle '2 A 2.0
• Oracle '0 A 0..0
• Oracle '3 A 3..3.?-3..3.3
• Oracle '4 A 4.?.22" 4..*" 4..22
• Oracle '; A ;.?.*-;.?.0; (no O1% code)" ;.?.0* (!it+ O1%)
• Oracle*A *.?.2Q*.0.3
• Oracle< &atabaseA <.?.0Q<.?.;
• Oracle<i &atabase =elease A <..4.?Q<..4.
• Oracle<i &atabase =elease 2A <..;.?Q<..;.0
• Oracle<i &atabase =elease 0A <..*.?Q<..*.3
• Oraclei &atabase =elease A .?..?Q.?..4 (1atc+set as of &ecember 2??0)
• Oraclei &atabase =elease 2A .2.?.Q.2.?.< (1atc+set as of pril 2??*)
• Oracle &atabase ?g =elease A ?..?.2Q?..?.4 (1atc+set as of Jebruary 2??;)
• Oracle &atabase ?g =elease 2A ?.2.?.Q?.2.?.4 (1atc+set as of pril 2??)
• Oracle &atabase g =elease A ..?.;Q..?.* (1atc+set as of %eptember 2??<)
• Oracle &atabase g =elease 2A .2.?.Q.2.?.3 (1atc+set as of ugust 2?0)
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• Oracle &atabase 2c =elease A 2. (1atc+set as of Hune 2?0)
• Oracle &atabase 2c =elease A 2..?.2 (1atc+set as of Huly 2?3)
,+e 'ersion-numbering synta/ !it+in eac+ release follo!s t+e patternA
major.maintenance.application-ser'er.component-specific.platform-specific.
Jor e/ample" >?.2.?. for ;3-bit %olaris> meansA ?t+ major 'ersion of Oracle" maintenance le'el 2"
Oracle pplication %er'er (Oracle%) ?" le'el for %olaris ;3-bit.
,+e Oracle #atabase A"ministrator$s Gui"e offers furt+er information on Oracle release numbers.
Marketing editions[edit]
O'er and abo'e t+e different 'ersions of t+e Oracle database management soft!are de'eloped o'er
time" Oracle Corporation subdi'ides its product into 'arying >editions> - apparently for marketing and
license-tracking reasons. (&o not confuse t+e marketing >editions> !it+ t+e internal 'irtual 'ersioning>editions> introduced !it+ Oracle .2).[;2] n appro/imate order of decreasing scaleA
• nterprise dition[;0] () includes more features t+an t+e >%tandard dition>" especially in
t+e areas of performance and security. Oracle Corporation licenses t+is product on t+e basis of
users or of processors" typically for ser'ers running 3 or more C15s. +as no memory limits"
and can utili7e clustering using Oracle =C soft!are.
• %tandard dition[;3] (%) contains base database functionality. Oracle Corporation licenses
t+is product on t+e basis of users or of processors" typically for ser'ers running from one to four
C15s. f t+e number of C15s e/ceeds 3 C15s" t+e user must con'ert to an nterprise license.
% +as no memory limits" and can utili7e clustering !it+Oracle =C at no additional c+arge.
• %tandard dition One"[;4] (%[;;] or %O) introduced !it+ Oracle ?g " +as some additional
feature-restrictions. Oracle Corporation markets it for use on systems !it+ one or t!o C15s. t
+as no memory limitations.
• /press dition[;*] (>Oracle &atabase N>)
•
,+e first /press dition" introduced in 2??4" offered Oracle ?g free to distribute onindo!s and Linu/ platforms. t +ad a footprint of only 4? $#" +ad a limitation to ama/imum of 3 # of user data [;<] and could use only a single C15. lt+oug+ it could installon a ser'er !it+ any amount of memory" it used a ma/imum of #.[;]%upport for t+is'ersion came e/clusi'ely t+roug+ on-line forums and not t+roug+ Oracle support.
• Oracle g /press dition" released by Oracle Corporation on 23 %eptember 2?"[*?] can support # of user data.[*] Oracle N does not support loading Ha'a code into t+edatabase.[*2]
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• Oracle &atabase Lite"[*0] intended for running on mobile de'ices. ,+e embedded[*3] mobile
database located on t+e mobile de'ice can sync+roni7e !it+ a ser'er-based installation.
ncludes support for in02" indo!s C" 1alm O%" and 1OC database clients" integration
!it+ OracleGs d'anced Fueuing (F) mec+anism" and data and application sync+roni7ation
soft!are (to enterprise Oracle databases). %upports ??P Ha'a de'elopment (t+roug+ H&#Cdri'ers and t+e databaseGs nati'e support for embedded %FLH and Ha'a stored procedures).
Host platforms[edit]
1rior to releasing Oracle i in 2??" Oracle Corporation ported its database product to a !ide 'ariety
of platforms. %ubseIuently Oracle Corporation consolidated on a smaller range of operating-system
platforms.
s of 6o'ember 2?" Oracle Corporation supported t+e follo!ing operating systems and +ard!are
platforms for Oracle &atabase g (.2.?.2.?)A[*4]
• 7Linu/;3
• $icrosoft indo!s (02-bit)
• $icrosoft indo!s (/;3)
• Linu/ /<;
• Linu/ /<;-;3
• %olaris (%1=C)
• %olaris (/<;-;3)
• 81-5N tanium
• 81-5N 1-=%C (;3-bit)
• N (11C;3)
• Open:$% (;3) [*;]
n 2?" Oracle Corporation announced t+e a'ailability of Oracle &atabase ppliance" a pre-built"
pre-tuned" +ig+ly a'ailable clustered database ser'er built using t!o %unJire N<; ser'ers and direct
attac+ed storage.
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%ome Oracle nterprise edition databases running on certain Oracle-supplied +ard!are can utili7e
8ybrid Columnar Compression for more efficient storage.[**]
Related software[edit]
Oracle rod#cts[edit]
• Oracle &atabase Jire!all[*<] analy7es database traffic on a net!ork to pre'ent t+reats suc+
as %FL injection.[*]
Database otions[edit]
Oracle Corporation refers to some e/tensions to t+e core functionality of t+e Oracle database as
>database options>.[<?] s of 2?0 suc+ options includeA
• cti'e &ata uard (e/tends Oracle &ata uard p+ysical standby functionality in g )
• d'anced Compression (compresses tables" backups and redo-data)[<]
• d'anced %ecurity[<2] (adds data encryption met+ods for bot+ data at rest and on t+e
net!ork)
• Content database (pro'ides a centrali7ed repository for unstructured information)
• &ata $ining ( O&$) (mines for patterns in e/isting data)
• &atabase :ault (enforces e/tra security on data access)
• n-$emory &atabase Cac+e (utili7es ,imes,en tec+nology)
• Label %ecurity (enforces ro!-le'el security)
• $anagement 1acks ('arious). Jor e/ampleA
• Oracle &atabase C+ange $anagement 1ack [<0][<3] (tracks and manages sc+emac+anges)
• Oracle ns!ers (for a"%hoc analysis and reporting)
• Oracle pplication /press" a no-cost en'ironment for database-oriented soft!are-
de'elopment[<4]
• Oracle oldenate g (distributed real-time data acIuisition)
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• Oracle $ultitenant - a container database (C&#) [<;] +olding pluggable databases (1&#s)
(from 2c)[<*]
• Oracle OL1 (adds analytical processing)
• Oracle 1rogrammer (pro'ides programmatic access to Oracle databases 'ia precompilers"
interfaces and bindings)[<<]
• Oracle =eal pplication ,esting (ne! at 'ersion g )@including &atabase =eplay (for testing
!orkloads) and %FL 1erformance naly7er (%1) (for preser'ing %FL efficiency in c+anging
en'ironments)[<]
• Oracle %patial and rap+ (includes 2&"0& and =aster geospatial data types" inde/es" and
spatial analytics and data models used in business applications and geograp+ic information
systems (%)) as !ell as orld ide eb Consortium =esource &escription Jrame!ork (=&J)
grap+ management and analysis
• Oracle ,e/t uses standard %FL to inde/" searc+" and analy7e te/t and documents stored in
t+e Oracle database.[?]
• Oracle N$L &#" a no-cost component in eac+ edition of t+e database t+at pro'ides +ig+-
performance tec+nology for storing and retrie'ing nati'e N$L
• Oracle are+ouse #uilder (in 'arious forms and sub-options)
• 1artitioning (granulari7es tables and inde/es for efficiency)
• =eal pplication Clusters (=C) (coordinates multiple database ser'ers" toget+er accessing
t+e same database)
• =ecords database (a records management application)
• ,ransparent ate!ay for connecting to non-Oracle systems. Offers optimi7ed solution" !it+
more functionality and better performance t+an Oracle eneric Connecti'ity.
• ,otal =ecall (optimi7es long-term storage of +istorical data)
&his list is incomplete' you can help by epan"ing it .
n most cases" using t+ese options entails e/tra licensing costs.[][2]
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S#ites[edit]
n addition to its =&#$%" Oracle Corporation +as released se'eral related suites of tools and
applications relating to implementations of Oracle databases. Jor e/ampleA
• Oracle pplication %er'er " a H2-based application ser'er " aids in de'eloping anddeploying applications t+at use nternet tec+nologies and a bro!ser.
• Oracle Collaboration %uite contains messaging" group!are and collaboration applications.
• Oracle &e'eloper %uite contains soft!are de'elopment tools" including H&e'eloper .
• Oracle -#usiness %uite collects toget+er applications for enterprise resource
planning (including Oracle Jinancials)" customer relations+ip management and +uman
resources management (Oracle 8=).
• Oracle nterprise $anager (O$) used by database administrators (&#s) to manage t+e
&#$%" and recently in 'ersion ?g " a !eb-based re!rite of O$ called >Oracle nterprise
$anager &atabase Control>. Oracle Corporation +as dubbed t+e super-nterprise-$anager
used to manage a grid of multiple &#$% and pplication %er'ers >Oracle nterprise
$anager rid Control>.
• Oracle 1rogrammer92???" a bundling of interfaces for 0L programming languages"
marketed !it+ Oracle* and Oracle<. [0][3]
• Oracle ebCenter %uite[4]
Database (feat#res([edit]
part from t+e clearly defined database options" Oracle databases may include many semi-
autonomous soft!are sub-systems" !+ic+ Oracle Corporation sometimes refers to as >features>
in a sense subtly different from t+e normal usage of t+e !ord. Jor e/ample" Oracle &ata
uard counts officially as a >feature>" but t+e command-stack !it+in %FLM1lus" t+oug+ a
usability feature" does not appear in t+e list of >features> in OracleGs list.[original research] %uc+ >features>
may include (for e/ample)A
• cti'e %ession 8istory (%8)" t+e collection of data for immediate monitoring of 'ery recent
database acti'ity.[;]
• utomatic orkload =epository (=)" pro'iding monitoring ser'ices to Oracle database
installations from Oracle 'ersion ?. 1rior to t+e release of Oracle 'ersion ?" t+e %tatspack
facility[*] pro'ided similar functionality.
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• Cluster!are
• &ata ggregation and Consolidation
• &ata uard for +ig+ a'ailability
• eneric Connecti'ity for connecting to non-Oracle systems.
• &ata 1ump utilities" !+ic+ aid in importing and e/porting data and metadata bet!een
databases[<]
• %FLMLoader" utility t+at facilitates +ig+ performance data loading.
• &atabase =esource $anager (&=$)" !+ic+ controls t+e use of computing resources.[]
• Jast-start parallel rollback[??]
• Jine-grained auditing (J) (in Oracle nterprise dition)[?] supplements standard security-
auditing features[?2]
• Jlas+back for selecti'e data reco'ery and reconstruction [?0]
• i%FLM1lus" a !eb-bro!ser-based grap+ical user interface (5) for Oracle database data-
manipulation (compare %FLM1lus)
• Oracle &ata ccess Components (O&C)" tools t+at consist ofA[?3]
• Oracle &ata 1ro'ider for .6, (O&1.6,)[?4]
• Oracle &e'eloper ,ools (O&,) for :isual %tudio
• Oracle 1ro'iders for %1.6,
• Oracle &atabase /tensions for .6,
• Oracle 1ro'ider for OL &#
• Oracle Objects for OL
• Oracle %er'ices for $icrosoft ,ransaction %er'er
• Oracle-managed files (O$J) -- a feature allo!ing automated naming" creation and deletion
of datafiles at t+e operating-system le'el.
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• Oracle $ultimedia (kno!n as >Oracle inter $edia> before Oracle g) for storing and
integrating multimedia data !it+in a database [?;]
• Oracle %patial and rap+
• =eco'ery $anager (rman) for database backup" restoration and reco'ery
• %FLM1lus" a program t+at allo!s users to interact !it+ Oracle database(s)
'ia %FL and 1L9%FL commands on a command-line. Compare i%FLM1lus.
• 5ni'ersal Connection 1ool (5C1)" a connection pool based on Ha'a and supporting H&#C"
L&1" and HC [?*]
• :irtual 1ri'ate &atabase [?<] (:1&)" an implementation of fine-grained access control. [?]
&his list is incomplete' you can help by epan"ing it .
Tools[edit]
5sers can de'elop t+eir o!n applications in Ha'a and 1L9%FL using tools suc+ asA
• Oracle Jorms
• Oracle H&e'eloper
• Oracle =eports
s of 2??* Oracle Corporation +ad started a dri'e to!ard >!i7ard>-dri'en en'ironments !it+
a 'ie! to enabling non-programmers to produce simple data-dri'en applications.[?]
,+e &atabase 5pgrade ssistant ()[] pro'ides a 5 for t+e upgrading of an Oracle
database.[2]
Hccelerator (6CO$1) - a nati'e-compilation Ha'a >accelerator>" integrates +ard!are-
optimi7ed Ha'a code into an Oracle ?g database.[0]
Oracle %FL &e'eloper " a free grap+ical tool for database de'elopment" allo!s de'elopers to
bro!se database objects" run %FL statements and %FL scripts" and edit and debug 1L9%FL
statements. t incorporates standard and customi7ed reporting.
OracleGs O1atc+ pro'ides patc+ management for Oracle databases.[3]
,+e %FL,N1L6 tool (or %FL,) pro'ides tuning assistance for Oracle %FL Iueries.[4]
Other databases marketed by Oracle Cororation[edit]
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#y acIuiring ot+er tec+nology in t+e database field" Oracle Corporation can also offerA
• ,imes,en" a memory-resident database t+at can cac+e transactions and sync+roni7e
data !it+ a centrali7ed Oracle database ser'er. t functions as a real-time infrastructure
soft!are product intended for t+e management of lo!-latency" +ig+-'olume data" ofe'ents and of transactions.
• #erkeley&#" a simple" +ig+-performance" embedded database
• Oracle =db" a legacy relational database for t+e Open:$% operating-system
• $y%FL" a relational database purc+ased as part of Oracle CorporationGs takeo'er of its
immediate pre'ious o!ner" %un $icrosystems
•Oracle 6o%FL &atabase" a scalable" distributed key-'alue 6o%FL database
[;]
Use[edit]
,+e Oracle =&#$% +as +ad a reputation among no'ice users as difficult to install on Linu/
systems.[citation nee"e" ] Oracle Corporation +as packaged recent 'ersions for se'eral popular Linu/
distributions in an attempt to minimi7e installation c+allenges beyond t+e le'el of tec+nical
e/pertise reIuired to install a database ser'er.[citation nee"e" ]
Official s#ort[edit]
5sers !+o +a'e Oracle support contracts can use OracleGs >$y Oracle %upport> or>$O%>[*] !eb site - kno!n as >$etaLink> until a re-branding e/ercise completed in October
2??. ,+e support site pro'ides users of Oracle Corporation products !it+ a repository of
reported problems" diagnostic scripts and solutions. t also integrates !it+ t+e pro'ision of
support tools" patc+es and upgrades.
,+e emote #iagnostic Agent or #A[<] can operate as a command-line diagnostic tool
e/ecuting a script. ,+e data captured pro'ides an o'er'ie! of t+e Oracle &atabase
en'ironment intended for diagnostic and trouble-s+ooting. it+in =&" t+e *+,- (8ealt+
C+eck :alidation ngine)[] can 'erify and isolate +ost system en'ironmental issues t+at
may affect t+e performance of Oracle soft!are.
Database)related g#idelines[edit]
Oracle Corporation also endorses certain practices and con'entions as en+ancing t+e use
of its database products. ,+ese includeA
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• Oracle $a/imum 'ailability rc+itecture ($) [2?] guidelines on de'eloping +ig+-
a'ailability systems
• Optimal Jle/ible rc+itecture (OJ)" blueprints for mapping Oracle-database objects to
file-systemsOracle Certification Program[edit]
Main article: Oracle +ertification .rogram
,+e Oracle Certification 1rogram" a professional certification program" includes t+e
administration of Oracle &atabases as one of its main certification pat+s. t contains t+ree
le'elsA
. Oracle Certified ssociate (OC)
2. Oracle Certified 1rofessional (OC1)
0. Oracle Certified $aster (OC$)
$ser gro#s[edit]
'ariety of official (Oracle-sponsored) and unofficial Oracle 5ser roups +as gro!n up of
users and de'elopers of Oracle databases. ,+ey includeA
• eograp+ical9regional user groups[2]
•
ndependent Oracle 5sers roup
• ndustry-centric user groups
• Oracle ,ec+nology 6et!ork
• Oracle 8ealt+ %ciences 5ser roup
• 1roduct-centric user groups
•
,+e Oak,able 6et!ork
• 5senet ne!sgroups
Market position[edit]
s of 2?0 Oracle +olds E &#$% market s+are !orld!ide based on t+e re'enue s+are
a+ead of its four closest competitors - #$ " $icrosoft" %1 and ,eradata. [22]
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Cometition[edit]
n t+e market for relational databases" Oracle &atabase competes against commercial
products suc+ as #$Gs  5&# and $icrosoft %FL %er'er . Oracle and #$ tend to battle
for t+e mid-range database market on 56N and Linu/ platforms" !+ile $icrosoft dominates
t+e mid-range database market on $icrosoft indo!s platforms. 8o!e'er" since t+ey s+are
many of t+e same customers" Oracle and #$ tend to support eac+ ot+erGs products in many
middle!are and application categories (for e/ampleA eb%p+ere"1eople%oft" and %iebel
%ystems C=$)" and #$Gs +ard!are di'isions !ork closely [citation nee"e" ] !it+ Oracle on
performance-optimi7ing ser'er-tec+nologies (for e/ample" Linu/ on 7%eries). ,+e t!o
companies +a'e a relations+ip per+aps [original research] best described as >coopetition>. 6ic+e
commercial competitors include ,eradata (in data !are+ousing and business intelligence)"
%oft!are Gs &#%" %ybase" and #$Gs nformi/" among many ot+ers.
n 2??*" competition !it+ %1 occasioned litigation from Oracle Corporation. [20]
ncreasingly" t+e Oracle database products compete against suc+ open-source
soft!are relational database systems as 1ostgre%FL" Jirebird" and $y%FL. Oracle
acIuirednnobase" supplier of t+e nno&# codebase to $y%FL" in part to compete better
against open source alternati'es" and acIuired %un $icrosystems" o!ner of $y%FL" in
2??. &atabase products licensed as open source are" by t+e legal terms of t+e Open
%ource &efinition" free to distribute and free of royalty or ot+er licensing fees.
Pricing[edit]
Oracle Corporation offers term licensing for all Oracle products. t bases t+e list price for a
term-license on a specific percentage of t+e perpetual license price. 1rospecti'e purc+asers
can obtain licenses based eit+er on t+e number of processors in t+eir target mac+ines or on
t+e number of potential seats (>named users>).[23]
*nterrise *dition +DB **,
s of Huly 2??" t+e database t+at costs t+e most per mac+ine-processor among Oracledatabase editions" at D3*"4?? per processor. ,+e term >per processor> for nterprise ditionis defined !it+ respect to p+ysical cores and a processor core multiplier (commonprocessors S ?.4Mcores). e.g. n <-processor" 02-core ser'er using ntel Neon 4;NN C15s!ould reIuire ; processor licenses.[24][2;]
Standard *dition +DB S*,
C+eaperA it can run on up to four processors but +as fe!er features t+an nterprise dition@it lacks proper paralleli7ation"[2*] etc.R but remains Iuite suitable for running medium-si7edapplications. ,+ere are not additional cost for Oracle =C on t+e latest Oracle g =2standard edition release.
Standard O-* +DB S*. or DB S*O,
%ells e'en more c+eaply" but remains limited to t!o C15s. %tandard dition O6 sells on aper-seat basis !it+ a fi'e-user minimum. Oracle Corporation usually sells t+e licenses !it+
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an e/tra 22P cost for support and upgrades (access to $y Oracle %upport@OracleCorporationGs support site)" !+ic+ customers must rene! annually.
Oracle */ress *dition +DB 0*, [2<] +Oracle 0*,
n addition to t+e Oracle database product family (beta 'ersion released in 2??4" production'ersion released in Jebruary 2??;)" offers a free 'ersion of t+e Oracle =&#$%" but onelimited to # of user data and to # of memory used by t+e database (%T1).[2] N !ill use no more t+an one C15 and lacks an internal H:$. N runs on 02-bit and ;3-bit indo!s and ;3-bit Linu/" but not on N" %olaris" 81-5N and t+e ot+er operatingsystems a'ailable for ot+er editions. %upport is 'ia a free Oracle &iscussion Jorum only.
s computers running Oracle often +a'e many multi-core
processors (resulting in many cores" all to be licensed)" t+e soft!are price
can rise into t+e +undreds of t+ousands of dollars. ,+e total cost of
o!ners+ip often e/ceeds t+is" as large Oracle installations usually reIuire
e/perienced and trained database administrators to do t+e set-up properly.
Jurt+ermore" furt+er components must be licensed and paid for" for
instance t+e nterprise Options used !it+ t+e databases. $any licensingpitfalls let e'en rise t+e costs of o!ners+ip.[0?] #ecause of t+e productGs
large installed base and a'ailable training courses" Oracle specialists in
some areas +a'e become a more abundant resource t+an t+ose for more
e/otic databases. Oracle freIuently pro'ides special training offers for
database-administrators.
On Linu/" OracleGs certifie" configurations include OracleGs o!n Oracle
Linu/ and ot+er commercial Linu/ distributions (=ed 8at nterprise Linu/ 0"
3 and 4" %u% %L% <" " ? and " sianu/)" !+ic+ can cost in a range
from a fe! +undred to a fe! t+ousand 5%& per year (depending on
processor arc+itecture and t+e support package purc+ased).
,+e Oracle database system can also install and run on freely a'ailable
Linu/ distributions suc+ as t+e =ed 8at-based CentO%"[0] or &ebian-based
systems.[02