oracle spatial - hroug.hr
TRANSCRIPT
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Oracle Spatial Koordinatni sustavi, projekcije
i transformacije
Dalibor Kušić, mag. ing.
listopad
2010.
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 2
Pregled
Uvod
Koordinatni sustavi
Transformacije
Projekcije
Modeliranje
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 3
Uvod
Longley (2005):“...atomic element of geographic information: a triple of location, optionally time, and attribute.”
Geokodiranjenazivi mjesta, poštanske adrese, poštanski brojevi, koordinatni sustavi, linearno referenciranje, itd...
Atribut Lokacija
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 4
Koordinatni sustavi
Sustav unutar kojega set koordinata jedinstveno određuje položaj točke u prostoru (u odnosu na nekakvu referencu)
Kako primijeniti na površinu Zemlje?
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 5
Koordinatni sustavi
Pravi oblik Zemlje? (iz perspektive GIS-a)
Sfera Litosfera(topografija)
Elipsoid Geoid
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 6
Koordinatni sustavi
Elispoidalni koordinatni sustav“Horizontalna” lokacija: geografska širina (φ) i dužina (λ)
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Koordinatni sustavi
Problemi:1.
Koji elipsoid koristiti?
2.
Gdje ga smjestiti (u odnosu na Zemlju?)
a.
Povijesni nastao mjerenjima na tlu (Bessel 1841)
b.
Moderni nastao satelitskim mjerenjima (WGS84, GRS80)
a.
U središte mase (WGS84, GRS80)
b.
S pomakom radi bolje lokalne aproksimacije (Bessel 1841)
Pol
ožaj
ni d
atum
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Koordinatni sustavi
Problemi:3.
Visina?
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 9
Koordinatni sustavi
Geografski referentni koordinatni sustavSet koordinata
Elipsoidalne, kartezijske, sferične, cilindrične...
Datum
Elipsoid (GRS80, WGS84, itd...)
Položaj u odnosu na Zemlju (geocentrični ili lokalni)
Početni meridijan
Obično Greenwich
Mjerna jedinica
Stupnjevi, minute, radijani, itd...
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 10
Koordinatni sustavi
Geografski referentni koordinatni sustavMGI
Baziran na lokaliziranom Besselovom elipsoidu
HTRS96
Baziran na ETRS89 i GRS80 elipsoidu
WGS84
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Koordinatni sustavi
Izbor krivog Datuma?
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Koordinatni sustavi
Izbor krivog Datuma?
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00:25 Oracle Spatial 13
Transformacije
Promjena iz jednog referentnog koordinatnog sustava u drugi
MetodeRačunske (Bursa-Wolf, Molodensky, itd...)
Bazirane na matricama
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Transformacije
Bursa-Wolf metodaCoordinate frame rotation transformation, Position vector transformation
7 parametara:
Rotacija (Rx, Ry, Rz)
Pozitivni smjer rotacije varira
Translacija (dX, dY, dZ)
Skaliranje (s)
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡⋅⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
−−
−⋅++
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡=
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
zyx
RxRyRxRzRyRz
sdzdydx
wvu
11
1)1(
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Transformacije
Bursa-Wolf metoda
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Projekcije
Kako prikazati trodimenzionalni elipsoid na ravnoj plohi?
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Projekcije
Translacija 3D prostora u 2D
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Projekcije
Neizostavno degradiraju prostorna svojstva promatranog područja
Oblik
Površinu
Udaljenosti
Azimut
Projekcije obično održavaju 2 ili 3 svojstva no niti jedna sve!
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Projekcije
Plate CarréeNajjednostavnija
Meridijani i paralele se mapiraju u jednako razmaknute vertikalne i horizontalne linije
X = λcos φ1 (φ1 = 0 u općem slučaju)
Y = φ
Značajne distorzije sa udaljavanjem od početne paralele
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Projekcije
Plate Carrée
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Projekcije
Neke od standardnih projekcijaC
ilind
ričn
aK
onus
naPl
anar
na
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Projekcije
Što je sa visinom (ponovno)?Elipsoidna visina vezanog položajnog datuma
Drugi modeliGeoid - ekvipotencijalna ploha Zemljinog gravitacijskog polja
Visinski datum – referentni model za određivanje visine značajki
Geoid
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Projekcije
Što je sa visinom (ponovno)?
RH
H – h ≈ 44m – undulacija geoida
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Model koordinatnog sustava
Položajni datum
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Model koordinatnog sustava
http://www.epsg.org/
EPSG – European Petroleum Survey Group
OGP Surveying and Positioning Committee
Baza podataka elipsoida, datuma, koordinatnih sustava i ostalih komponenti
Referentna lista identifikatora
Integrirana u Oracle Spatial
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