TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Oral Cavity…………………………………………….……….………..…………1-2

II. Supporting Structures of tooth….………………………..….…..……3 A)Anterior…..…………….…………………………………………..……….………4 B)Posterior…………….……..…….………………………..……….

………………...5

III. Paranasal Sinuses……………….……………….………………………………6

IV. Periodontal Structures………….…………………………………………7

V. Principal Fibers………………………....……………………………………….…8

VI. Dental Notation……...………………………………...…………..……………9

VII. Divisions of Tooth into ThirdsA.)Anterior………………………….…………………...…………….…………….10B.)Posterior………………………………………………..…….……………………11

VIII. Outlines of Crown Forms A.)Anterior…………………………...………………………....……………………12B.)Posterior…………………………………………………...………………….……

13

Ix. Line Angles………………………………………………...………..…………..…..14

X. Point Angles………………….…………………………………………...………..15

XI. Crown Depression………………..……………………………….…...……….16

XII. Crown Elevation……………………………….…..………………….……..17

XIII. Mamelons……………………………………………....…..……………………..18

PARTS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

1.VESTIBULAR FORNIX-junction between the mucous membrane at the end of the cheeks and lips and the alveolar process.

2.VERMILLION BORDER OF LIP- a demarcation line between the mucosa. It is the covering of the lips which is translucent, thin and red in color.

3.HARD PALATE- bony structure made up of the palatine of the maxilla. The palatine process is covered by a thick layer of soft tissue whose epithelial covering is keratinized.

4.PALATINE RAPHE- a raphe running across the palate from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla.

5.PALATINE GLANDS- form a continuous layer on the posterior surface of the mucous membrane of the soft palate and around the uvula/ovula.

6.FOVEA PALATINI- two pinpoint depressions through which the ducts of some palatine glands open.

7.SOFT PALATE or PALATINI VELUM- thick fold of mucous membrane containing mucous and large densely packed mucous gland. It contains a lot of blood vessels and glands making it reddish in color.

8.UVULA- a bell-shaped mass found at the midline posterior border of the soft palate. It closes the oro-nasal opening in deglutition.

9.PALATINE TONSILS- can be seen in the back of the throat.

10.FOLIATE PAPILLA- found at the posterior part of the lateral border of the tongue. They are sharp.

11.CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLA- found immediately in front of the sulcus terminalis. The biggest is located near the midline and it decreases in size laterally.

12.FUNGIFORM PAPILLA- distributed among the filiform papilla.

13.FILIFORM PAPILLA- gives the tongue its velvety appearance with its grayish pink color. It is found more anteriorly to the circumvallate papilla.

14.PHILTRUM- a depression from the upper lip to the border of the nose.

15.INCISIVE PAPILLA- an oval or pear-shaped prominence that covers the oral opening of the naso palatine vessels.

16.MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY- a rounded bony protuberance found posterior to the alveolar process. It is covered by gingival tissue.

16.HAMURAL NOTCH- a variably deep groove found at the junction of maxilla and the palatine bone at the lower end of the pterygoid muscle.

17.RETROMANDIBULAR/RETROMOLAR PAD- an aggregate of the buccal glands immediately seen behind and above the retromolar papilla. It is covered by loosely attached mucosa.

18.MEDIAL SULCUS- marks the dorsum of the tongue. It divides the tongue into symmetrical halves.

19. PTERYGOMANDIBULAR FOLD- a curtain of tissue.

20.LABIAL FRENUM- the vertical band of oral mucosa connecting the lip of the residual alveolar ridge near the midline of both the maxillary and mandibular arches.

22.PALATINE RUGAE-extends from the incisive papilla posteriorly at the midline (may be ridge shaped in appearance with a whitish streak at the midline).

23.BUCCAL FRENUM- a fold or band of mucous membrane connecting the alveolar ridge to the cheek and separating the labial vestibule from the buccal vestibule.

24.BUCCAL VESTIBULE- part of the oral vestibule related to the cheeks. portion of the vestibule of the mouth that lies between the cheeks and the teeth and gingivae or residual alveolar ridges.

25.PAROTID PAPILLA- at the vestibule of the cheeks at the area of the upper second molar. Opening of the parotid duct.

26.VESTIBULE- part of the oral cavity which lies between the teeth and gingivae.

27.ANTERIOR PILLAR OF FAUCES- heavier arch that appears on either side runs downward, lateralward, and forward to the side of the base of the tongue, and is formed by the projection of the Glossopalatinus with its covering mucous membrane.

28.POSTERIOR PILLAR OF FAUCES- larger and projects farther toward the middle line than the anterior; it runs downward, lateralward, and backward to the side of the pharynx, and is formed by the projection of the Pharyngopalatinus, covered by mucous membrane. On either side the two arches are separated below by a triangular interval, in which the palatine tonsil is lodged.

29.FORAMEN CECUM- A small depression in the dorsal surface of the tongue where the median lingual sulcus meets the lingual.

30.VESTIBULAR FORNIX- horse shoe shaped furrow in the area of reflection of the root of the lips, cheeks,alveolar process.

31.LABIAL COMMISSURE- the lips are two fleshy borders of the mouth(upper and lower) that join at the labial commissure. Corners of the lips.

DENTAL NOTATION -a system wherein we designate roman numerals, numbers or letters in order to

know the proper location of each tooth inside the oral cavity.

PALMER’S DENTAL NOTATION- a system for designating teeth by number and quadrant. The oral cavity is divided into

quadrants and each tooth is designated by an Arabic numeral 1 to 8, starting with the central incisor in each quadrant and continuing posteriorly to the third molar. The quadrant is indicated by a right angle symbol oriented right or left and up or down. The system was popular in the

1950s but is no longer in general use except in orthodontic practices.

1.) Deciduous Set

Example: a.) Max. Left deciduous Lateral incisor

b.) Mand. Left deciduous second molar

2.) Permanent Set

Example: Mand. Right permanent first molar

ARMY TYPE OF DENTAL NOTATION

1.) Deciduous Set

Example: Mand. Left deciduoussecond molar

2.) Permanent Set

Example:Max. Right Permanent

Central Incisor

TWO DIGIT SYSTEM/BINOMIAL NUMBERING OF DENTAL NOTATION← -proposed by Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) for both the primary and

permanent dentitions has been adopted by the World Health Organization and accepted by other organizations such as the International Association for Dental Research.

1.) Deciduous Set

Example: Max. left deciduous 2nd molar -65Man. Right deciduous central incisor -81

2.) Permanent Set

Example: Mand. Right permanent 3rd molar -48Max. Left permanent 2nd premolar -25

PARANASAL SINUSES-mucosa-lined air cavities in bones of the skull,

communicating with the nasal cavity and including ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses.

FRONTAL SINUS-one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the frontal bone, each communicating with the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity.

ETHMOIDAL SINUS-Any of the evaginations of the mucous membrane of the middle and superior meatus of the nasal cavity, subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior sinuses

MAXILLARY SINUS-one of the paired paranasal sinuses in the body of the maxilla on either side, and opening into the middle meatus of the ipsilateral nasal cavity.

PAROTID GLAND-the largest of the three paired salivary glands, located in front of the ear.

LINGUAL GLAND-the seromucous glands on the surface of the tongue.

SUBLINGUAL GLAND-one of a pair of small salivary glands situated under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. It is a narrow, almond-shaped structure and has from 8 to 20 ducts, some of which join to form the sublingual duct. The sublingual gland secretes mucus produced by its alveoli

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND-submaxillary gland a salivary gland on the inner side of each ramus of the lower jaw.

PERIODONTAL STRUCTURE

Gingival Crevice-the space between the cervical enamel of a tooth and the overlying unattached gingiva

Free Gingival Margin- the edge or summit of the gingival tissue immediately adjacent to the cervical portion of the crown of a natural tooth. The tissue is normally unattached to a depth of 2 to 2.5 mm.

Crevicular Epithelium- the stratified squamous epithelium lining the inner aspect of the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus.

Epithelial Attachment- the epithelial-derived tissue device that connects the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface

Keratinized Epithelium-

Gingival Groove- a shallow line or depression on the gingival surface at the junction of the free and attached gingivae

Junctional Epithelium- lies immediately apical to the sulcular epithelium, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival margin, where it interfaces with the epithelium of the oral cavity.

Cementum- specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized.

Alveolar Crest-

Periodontal Membrane-fibrous connective tissue layer covering the cementum of a tooth and holdingit in place in the jaw bone

Attached Gingiva- the portion that is firm, resilient, and bound to the underlying cementum and alveolar bone.

Mucogingival junction- the scalloped linear area of the gums that separates the free gingiva from the alveolar mucosa. It can be seen easily by pulling the mandibular lip outward and looking at the labial mucosa of the mandible.

Alveolar mucosa- the covering on the alveolar process loosely attached to bone that extends from the mucogingival junction to the vestibular epithelium and from the mandible to the sublingual sulcus.

Alveolar process- the part of the bone in either the maxilla or mandible surrounding and supporting the teeth.

Alveolar bone- the specialized bone structure that contains the alveoli or sockets of the teeth and supports the teeth

Crown- The part of a tooth that is covered by enamel and projects beyond the gum line.

Enamel- the hard, thin, translucent substance covering and protecting the dentin of a tooth crown and composed almost entirely of calcium salts.

Dentin- the chief substance of the teeth, surrounding the tooth pulp and covered by enamel on the crown and by cementum on the roots

Pulp Cavity- the pulp-filled central chamber in the crown of a tooth.

Gum- The firm connective tissue covered by mucous membrane that envelops the alveolar arches of the jaw and surrounds the bases of the teeth. Also called gingiva.

Root- the part of a human tooth covered by cementum.

Blood Vessels- transport blood throughout the body

Cementum- the bonelike connective tissue that covers the roots of the teeth and helps to support them by providing a place of attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers and overlying dentin.

Periodontal Ligament- the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone, and serving to hold the tooth in its socket. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket.

Nerve- a cordlike structure comprising a collection of nerve fibers that convey impulses between a part of the central nervous system and some other body region.

PRINCIPAL FIBERS

Dentoalveolar crest fibers- the fan-shaped fibers of the periodontal ligament that emerge from the supraalveolar connective tissue; composed of circular, dentogingival, dentoperiosteal, and transseptal (interdental) fiber groups.

Transseptal fibers- a part of the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament that extends from the supraalveolar cementum of one tooth horizontally through the interdental attached gingiva above the septum of the alveolar bone to the cementum of the adjacent tooth. Also called interdental fibers.

Interradical fibers- the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament noted in multirooted teeth that extend from the cementum to the bone between the roots.

Apical fibers- the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament radiating apically from tooth to bone.

Horizontal fibers- the collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament that extend horizontally from the cementum to the alveolar bone.

Oblique fibers- the group of collagen fibers in bundle arrangement in the periodontal ligament that are obliquely situated, with insertions in the cementum, and that extend more occlusally in the alveolus

ANTERIORApex- end of a tooth root.

Apical foramen- an opening at or near the apex of the root of a tooth, giving passage to the vascular, lymphatic, and neural structures supplying the pulp.Supplementary canal

Bone-the structure or framework.

Cementum- the bonelike connective tissue that covers the roots of the teeth and helps to support them by providing a place of attachment for the periodontal ligament fibers and overlying dentin.

Periodontal ligament- the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone, and serving to hold the tooth in its socket. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket.

Pulp canal- the space in the radicular portion of the tooth occupied by the pulp.canal, root,

Gingival- pertaining to the gingivae.

Pulp chamber- the natural cavity in the central portion of the tooth crown that is occupied by the dental pulp.

Gingival crevice- a normal space located around a tooth between the wall of the unattached gum tissue and the enamel and/or cementum of the tooth. Also called gingival sulcus.

Gingival margin- the border of the gingivia surrounding, but unattached to, the substance of the teeth.

Enamel - the hard, thin, translucent substance covering and protecting the dentin of a tooth crown and composed almost entirely of calcium salts.

POSTERIORApex- end of a tooth root.

Bifurcation of roots-dividing the root portion into two or more extensions or roots with their apices or terminal end.

Pulp canal- the space in the radicular portion of the tooth occupied by the pulp.

Pulp chamber- The portion of the pulp cavity that is contained in the crown or body of a tooth.

Cementoenamel junction- the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel covering its crown meet, designated anatomically as the cervical line.

Pulp horn- an elongation of the pulp of the tooth that extends toward the cusp.

Fissure - a fault in the enamel surface of a tooth.

Cusp- a pointed or rounded projection, such as on the crown of a tooth, or one of the triangular segments of a cardiac valve.

DIVISIONS OF TOOTH

APICAL- at the top

MIDDLE- at the center

CERVICAL-part that resembles the neck

MESIAL-occurring along the dental arch near the middle of the front jaw

INCISAL- flat sharp front tooth

LABIAL- involving the lips or the labia

LINGUAL- relating to tongue

DISTAL-away from the point of attachment

OCCLUSAL-relating to the biting surface of a molar or a premolar tooth

BUCCAL-relating to or forming part of the cheek