Oral Histories in Public Health Video Series

Synopses

VID EO RA 424 . 073 guide

SYNOPSES

ORAL HISTORY VIDEOTAPES - PUBLIC HEALTH

Col l ·...:g :...: of Pub] i c l! ·~alth

Univ·:1 ·sity of South Flodda

MEDIA RESOURCES TAMPA CAMPUS LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA LIB 627 .

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CONTENTS

ORAL HISTORY TAPES - PUBLIC HEALTH

BOARD OF HEALTH . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pag•.: W· ~ b,.: 1 , W i J 1 i am J . , D . V. M

CHILD HEAL'I'H .................................. . Gat,_:s, Emily, M.D.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH ...................... . Ham] in, Rob·.:1·t H., M.D., Ph.D, D1·.P.II., L.L.D

DENTAL HEALTII ................................. . Am,.: s , R i ch a 1 · d , D • D • S • , M • P • H • . . • . . •••••••••• Oumbaugh, Rob·l1·t, D.O.S., M.P.H ............ .

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH HOW•lll, Ja1ni..:s T., M.D., M.P.H ....•.......•.. Jackson, E. Russcl l, Jr .....•.............•.

ENGINEERING, SANITARY Cowd,..;n, Bu1n-..;y, P.E., M.S., M.P.H .......... . Dy kc s , G 1 ·.: n n , P • E • , M • P • H • • • • • • •••••••••••••

ENTOMOLOGY ....•............•................... B,::ck, Eli zab·.:th ( "B-::t.h") .•...............•.• Mu 1 l".~ n n ,.: n , John , Ph . D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rogt.21·s, Andr·~w J., Ph.D •.......•...•......•.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH .......................... . Conger, Gerome N. ("J·.:1·1y"), M.P.1-I. •........ Dame, John, M.P.H ......••................... Galb1·cth, Wi11a1·d, M.P.H ........•........... G·.:h1·cs, G,:~01 CJ>".:, M. P.H. . ..•.................. Livingst.on•__:, Walt 1 :1, M.P.H., M.S ........... . MOlTison, A. J. ("Buddy") ...........•..•.... Ragan, Jf.~ff, M.P.H .........•.........•.....• Rhod~s, Cha1·1 i ,; , ~!. P. ll •..................... Rog·~rs, Ma1.-vin ...... ~ ...................... . T,::nnant, Bill ...............•...............

HEALTH EDUCATION Schoon o v c 1 · , Rob•.: r t. A . , M . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \visthuff, Richa1d, M.S., M.P.H ....•........•

HEALTH OFFICER/ ADMINISTRATION .........•...... Ba 1· ncs, p,_:ggy .............................. . Bomba, My1·a L·cntz, R.N., M. P.ll ............. . B1·umback, Carl L., M.D., M.P.H ............. . Conger, G· .. :Tom·~ N. ("J·~1Ty 11

), M.P.B ......... . CowJ.__: ry, Pat 1 i c i a C. , M. D. , M. P. B. . ........ .

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Crane, David, M.D., M.P.H .................. . Dame, Gco1·g,.2, M.D., M.P.H ...•...•••....•.... Dea son, Th·::: l ma .................•............ Ha l l , J . Bas i l , M . D . , M . P . H . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .. Windom, Rob.-.~rt, M.D ........................ .

HISTORY, HEALTH Bigl·~r, William, Ph.D.

IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMING ...........•............ Dodd, La11·y ....................•••.......... Janowski, ll·~niy ("Hank"), M.P.11. ........•...

LAI30RATOHY .................................... . l3uff, Elsi·:, M.S ........................•... F 1.· a z i ·: 1 · , Dw i g ht , M • S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Hartwig, Chai.·les, M.S., M.P.H., Ph.D ••...•.. Lewis, Authu1, D.V.M ....•..•..........••..•• Lo 1 · d , Don , M • S • , M • P • H • • • . • • •••••••••••••••• P 1 i c ·~ , Do n a 1 d L • , Ph . D . . • . • • • . . . . . . . • . • . • • . . Schnr:::id1:::1·, Nathan, M.S., M.P.H., Ph.D.· .•...• Sch1·i·:::b·:.:1.·, Minni,.:, M.S ....•.•.........•••...

Ll:GISLATIVE •.......•.•.•..........•...•.....•.. B•..:11, Samu·2l P., III, L.L.D ........•..•..••• Ph 1.: I p s , Joh n B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . Hod•.: s , R i ch a 1 · d , M. D . . .•......•..............

LIBRARY •....•..•.........•....••...•.•.•..••••• Hall, Ca1·olyn ............•.....•••..........

MIDWIFERY ...................................•.. B·:~11, Vc1·onica ........•............••....•.. Nelson, Cathr..:1·i.nc .....•.•....•..•.•....••••. Milton, Gladys ..........•...•..••........... W i 1 1 i ams , G·2 1 · t 1 · u d c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . Z ,::: i. g 1 ,.:; 1 · , J a m n i c • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vaus,:::, Alma, H.N., M.S., C.N.M ..•...•.......

NU RS I NG • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . ......•..•...........•• Fowler, B·:::ssi•:::, R.N., M.P.ll. Lee, Ge1·t1·udc, R.N •....•.•......••......•.•. Ryals, Aud1·y L., R.N .•...•.....••.•....••••. Towns·:::nd, Anita, R.N ......................•. Wcnnlund, Dc~lo1,.2s, R.N., M.P.H ........••.••.

NUTRITION .•....•..............•••.•••.....••••. Kaufman, Mildn:::d, M.S., M.P.11., R.D.

PHARMACY .....•...........•........•.....•..•... McMahan, Al, Ph.G.

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STATE HEALTH OFFICER ..............•..•......... Howc 1 1 , James T. , M. D. , M. P. H. ~ .•..••..••... Mahan, Cha1·l 1.::s, M.D .................•....... Prathc1·, E. Cha1·lton, M.D., M.S., M.P.H ..... Sowdr:1, Wilson T., M.D., M.P.H .............•

TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL .......................... . Manni, Law1·-.:nc·.~, M. D. . ..................... . McEucn, Ma1·iann,2, M.D ...................... . Wal kc1·, Embry ..•.•...•...•.....•••••...•....

VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL .........••••.•.......• Wrot,·.:n, Jack ..•..............•.......•......

VITAL STATISTICS ........••........••........... Williams, Ev,.::1·,.:tt E., M.S.

INDEX .•....•...................•.•.••• · .•.......

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ORAL HISTORY TAPES - PUBLIC HEALTH

List,:d a1phab,::-tica11y by Prog1·am Cat,:gory and Int.:rview,Je

130AHD OF HEALTH

W,:2b,::-r, William J., D.V.M. Dr. W,..:bY-was-a1n.~mb,•r of th,:c Floi-ida Stat,:: Board of H,,~a1th at t.h,' tim,::- of it's dissolution in 1969. H,:r,::- he sp,c:aks to th,:c fun ct.ion of t.h,:c Board in matters of pol icy f o 1- pub 1 i c h .,~ a 1 t h pro gr am i n g i n F 1 or i d a . As a V0:t,·:rinarian, h,• was th,: main spok,,:sp.-::-rson on the Board for att,,:ntion to th,: zoonos,?s. H•: rr?calls very early concerns about mosquito-borne encephali.tis and trouble­some rabies outbreaks.

CHILD HEALTH

Gates, Emily, M.D. A p~diatrician, Dr. Gates joined the Maternal and Child H,::oalt.h Program of t!F: Florida Stat,? Board of Health during th,: war y,:ars of th,: ,:arly 1940's and assisted impl,:m,:ntat.ion of a f,:d,:ral ly fund,:d medical care program for wifes and children of low ranked military personal. After th,,: war sh,: mov,:d to Ca 1 i forn ia and ·~nt,~red the privat,: practic,: of p,:cdiatrics; th,?n on to a research/ t,.=.:aching position with th·:c Univ,'2rsity of Ci;J.lif. Medical School. Her resea1ch focus was SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrom,~). But aft,:r 20 Y"=ars in Calif. the "Florida Sand in h,:1- sho,:s" b,:gan to itch - She r,?turncd to Florida in 19G3 as Epidemiologist for the newly establ ish,:::-d "Enc,:phal it.is R,?s,.=.:arch Cent.-:~r" in Tampa. Upon closure of the Center she returned to the Head­quart,:rs of th,~ Board of H•-::a 1th as Director of its Office of Child H,:alth. Th,:cr,: sh,,: distinguished h,:rself in nutrition programming for moth,:1·s and childrr:n, was i.nstrumental i.n implementing the federally funded WIC program and co-author of th,: Florida School Health Act which b•:cam,? a mod,:1·-ror th•-: Nat.ion. H,.=.:r career, its up's and downs, its succ,:ss,.=.:s and disappointments are ent,,:rtainingly and nic,~ly rc::vi,::"W·::d.

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Hamlin, Robert H., M.D., Ph.D., Dr.P.H., L.L.D. Dr. Hamlin was brought out of retirement by the University of South Florida to develop plans for th,=: Co 11 eg,,: of Pub l i c H,:2a 1th, to "work" the pl an through the Board of Regents fo1· it's approval, and to spear-head

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th,' plan tl1\ouyh tli,· L,:yislatu1•!. 'l'l1is was accomµlish,:~d and h,, continu,!d, as J\ct i ny D,~an of Lh·~ n,,w Col J,:2g•=, to put th,2 n,:.:w School into pl ac,::'; to incl ud,:.: r,2crui tm,2nt of staff. His tap,:! ov,!rvi,:.:ws his i J lust.rious car,2r:2r ,:::arly with t:h,.:2 Harvard M•:!dical School, Law, pcJrt.icipation in ,:.:st:abl ishin9 schools of high, 0~r 1,,:arning and multiple facult.i.c;s about th,:! nation and abroad, and public h<-=!alth programing _and practic,2. H,~ sp,:.:aks at l,:..'ngt:h about the "up's and downs's", ha1-d work, politics and diplomacy •?ncount.,.:21-,:.:d and r,~qui r,~d in g,:.:t.ti ng pl ans through th,::' rnult.i-lay,:.:r,:d app1·oval proc,::.:ss for establishing th,2 Col J,:.:g•! of Pub] ic lkalth in th,:.: Univ,,:rsit.y of South Flo1·ida. Most: informativ,_., fun to list,:..'n to! {S,:.:•:..' "L~gislativ,2" - B,:.:11 and Ph,,:Jps sp,:.:ak to th,:: L,::;yislat.iv.:~ proc,__:ss of approval of t.h,:.: Col l,2g,2.)

DENTAL HEALTH Am~s, Richard, D.D.S., M.P.H 5~ Amt::S s~rvcd mor,:.' than thirty y,·ars as Di r,:.:ct.or of thr: Broward County H,,alt.h D,!part.m,_:nt's l),__:ntal Hi.,alth P1·ogram. H•: joi n,:__:d t.h,_. h,:.:a 1 t.h d,.:part:m,:nt. from 9 y,:.:ars o f pr iv at ,:2 pr act i c,::: i n th•:.: r u r a 1 m i yr an t fa rr;i a r ,2 a of 13,,!ll,: Glad<: in w,__:st.,:.:rn Palm 13,··ach County - rnotivat.,:.:d by a strong ChristicJn ,:thic toward public S•!rvic12, particularly to t:11<:: poor. His "st.ory" of d,c.:v,2loping a county public h,2alth d,2nt.al scrvic,,: from ,:.:ss,2ntially not.hi ng to a mod,:.: 1 of public h,::a 1th programing is fascinating - and instruct.iv,:.' for stud,2nts of program dev,:.: 1 oprn,~n t .

Dumbau~ Rob,:.:rt, D.D.S., M.P.H. 01-. Dumbauyh is th,:: long tim,:~ dir,·ct.or of t.h,c.: Palm B,:.:ach County H,:alth D,:.'partm,:.:nt Public 1-kalt.h D,c.:nt.al Program -the "Oral Hr,~alt.h" Program. An "Ext,:::rnship" with the U.S. Public fkalth S,0~rvic,c.: during his Junior y,:c;ar in D,.:2nt.a 1 School focus,,,d his car•.:'.•:.:r to pub] ic h,.:2a 1 t:h as a lif,::: work. Joining th,c.: Public H,2alth S,,:rvic,,~ after graduation, completing post-graduat,:.: work, including an M.P.H., a short stint with th,:.' Indian H,2alth S,=rvic,:.' and a p,2riod of assignm,:~nt to th,:.: Coast Guard, h,: 1·,:.'signed to acc,::pt th,::; position of Assistant. Dir,~ctor of th,::: Dental H,::;alth Program of th,:.' Palm 8,,ach County H,::;alth Departm,::;nt. Aft,:::r a' short t.hr•:.'•c: y,,~ars h,,~ succc:::eded the r,.:'tiring Dir.:,~ct.or upon his r,:tir,:rn,~nt. Und,c.:r Dr. Dum-baugh' s sup,::rvisi on th,:.: program ,.:'Xpand,c.:d gr,2atl y from th,:: " on, : d ,:::: n t. i s t. o f f i c ,2 " to it. s pr ·= s ,:~ n t f o u r o f f ice s and a full time staff of nin,:.'. Programing is broad encompassing essentially the full range of oral health services for childr~n and the elderly. Dr. Oumbaugh is rccogniz,:.'d nationally as a l,:.'ad,,~r i.n matt,2rs oral health and pub 1 i c h 1:.' a 1t h d •:.' n t i st r y . Hi s pro gr am i s tout.,::' d as a model fo1· the nation. His history r 0:.'cordc.:2d h,2re about work in Palm Beach County is wort.by of careful study for all p,.:'rsons int:.~rest,.__:d in program d,::v,:lopm,::_,nt.

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.

Howell, James T., M.D., M.P.H Dr. How,~ 1 1 s": rv,~d th r,~e di ff.~ rent occasions as Fl or ida' s State Health Offic~r. Most notable, for our present purpose, he was appointed, in 1997, the first Secretary of the newly creat:~d Florida Department of Health. His report here - "th,.:: Birthing of a State Health Departm,,~nt" -summariz,.::s th,.:: labors involved in ,.:;stab] ishi ng and making op,.:;rational this new Department of Stat•:! Gov,~rnm,!nt. 'I'h,.:; n,.::w Department is viewed as pivotal in public h,.::alth programing for Florida.

Jackson, E. Russell, Jr Mr. Jackson was "sparkp1 ug" for k,.::,'.'!pi.ng int,:!rest in a separate D·~partrnent of stat,:; gov,~rnment for Health -Public H,:.;alth. H,.:: wrot,.:: most, if not all, drafts of legislativ": bills for a D,=:partm.:::nt of Health and was influential, if not definitive, in the verbi.age of the final Bi 11 that passed th.~ Legislature. All who know th,::: history of ,::ffort.s to g,:l a State Department of H~a l th - spanning two d,::cad<c.:s - credit Mr. Jackson's persevr.:::ranc,:: and un.:::qua l,.:cd i nl,:::rest and enthusiasm as th;:=:: rea 1 for c2 that: r,~ su 1 t,::d in the u 1 t ima te pas sage of the Act establishing, in 1996, the Florida Depart-ment: of Health. He overviews here the highlights of that history, interspersed with a lot about the history of pub1 ic hea 1th organization in general - from th,~ original Act in 1889, th,.:: dissolution of the State Board of Health in 1969, and the massive reorganization of h,.::alth s,.::rvic,:cs in 1975. Mr. Jackson began his career in Florida with the State Health Organization (the Division of Health) in 1975 as "Legislative Liaison". Th,:n in th,.:: mid-1980's, after a short tour with th,:: h,.::allh s,~1-vic,:cs in an HRS District and the Palm Beach County H,.::alth D,:cpartm,.:nt., he joined the Florida M,,~dical Association wh,:cr•: h,.:: has dist.inguish,~d hims,~lf as histo1·ian, writ,.::r, and s,,:rvic,.:: as "Special Ass i st ant. to t. h,: Pr·~ s id,..:; n t" .

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ENGINEERING, SANITARY

Cowden, Bu1·ncy - Sanita1·y Engincc1· Ml'. Cowdc!n joined th·..:: Bu1·cau of Sanital'y Engincel'ing, F 1 o l' i d a St a t e Bo a l' d o f H c a 1 t h , f n~ s h out o f co 1 l e g e in 1940. His ·2a1·Jy attention was to sewage disposal, but he was called into mi lita1·y sc1·vice at the beginning of WW II. Upon 1·ctu1·n, he continued in the a1ea of sanitary disposal of sr:wage but gave attention also to safe wat,::;1· suppl ics and wast...:: disposal. In 1946 he t ransfcn ,~d to the Po 1 k County Hca 1th D·::partmC!nt to supc1·vise th,:: Sanitation program and to 01ganizc an engincc1·ing p1·og1·am. Thcl'c attcnti.on was di.1·ectcd to a11 aspects of a h,.::alt:hful environment - const:i-ucting sanital'y p1·ivics and 11 s12l 1 ing 11 thci1· use was an immcdiat:·..:: assignment:. An ,:_:a1 ly project was fi 1ming (with his own 8 mm. movie camc1·a) the envi1·onmenta1 11 p1"ob1c.:rns" of Polk County; the movi~ was usr..::d fo1· pub1 ic education, including '!l,..::cted officials and, as hr2 puts i t , 11 a n y g 1 o u r h ·..:: co u l d g, : t tog,..:: th,:: 1 11

• Th a t mo v i c , tTansfc1Tt:d to vid-:_:otap,:_:, is available: for vi,..::wing. He n~ t: i 1 ,~d i n 1 9 7 6 .

Dyk,::s, G 1 enn - San i ta 1·y Engineer M1·~kcs sp·..::aks to waste wat.cl' disposal, inj,::ction wells, ocean outfalls, scpti.c tanks, the Clean Watc1· Act, the Depa1·tm-:..::nt of Envi ronm·..::nta l Prot.·::::ct ion, the scpa1·at.ion of cnviromw~nt.al ·..::ngincc1·ing and public hca 1 t:h, th·:: Fl 01 i da Envi 1 onm·..::nta 1 P1·ot.cct ion Agency, Flo1·ida 11 wat:·..::1· p1obl·.:ms 11 and vi1uscs in drinking water.

·ENTOMOLOGY

Beck, E1izabcth ( 11 B·..::th 11).

Mrs-.-Bcck b,:gan hc1· ca1·.::~cr in Entomology at Flo1·i.da Statc Coll,..::g,..:: fo1 ~\lom· .. :n in Tallahass,..::c. Upon g1·aduation she was employed by h,..::r P1·of·..::sso1, 01·. M.F. Boyd to pa1·t:i.cipat,..:: in his ,:_:xt·:_:nsivc studies into t1,~at:mcnt. of third-stag,: syphilis with mala1·ia-induccd r~..::vc1·. Mrs. Beck's job mainly was t.o 1·aistJ the mosquitos and infect th,:m with malal'ia! 01 .Boyd was inte1·nat.ional acclaimed as a Pa1·asitologi··st. and acknowlcdg,.:d as the world ·2xpc1·t in Mala1·iology. It was hc1·c sh,~ met. M1·. John Mu11 cnnr..::n, Di 1··..::ct.or of Entomology for the Board of Health. Tog·::t.her, the th1·ec of them developed the program for "Malaria Cont.1·01 in Wai· Ar,-::as" for the U.S. Arm·::!d Fo1·c~s in th(: vc1 y early months of W\vII - and provided app1opl'iat.c t1aining for military entomologist. and personnel. After the wa1 she joi ncd the State Entomology P1og1am under Mr. Mul1·cnncn. During her four decade association with st.ate ·~ntomology program, she had oppo1·t.unity to b,~ di1·,..::ct1y involved with all things "medi ca 1 entomology"!

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Mu 1 n:::nnen, John, Ph.D. Dr. Mu1 r,:::nn,:::n sp,...:aks to t.h,::: 1 if,:: and work of his famous dad - Mr. John Mu1rennen. Mr. Mu1rennen was the Board of H,,:alth's first. ,::ntomologist - ,::mp1oyed in the early 1930's to d,,2v,:::1op programs for the control of insect related diseases. It was only a short time before he was internationally recognized as the expert in Mosquito borne diseases. His early work i.n Malaria with Dr. M.F. Boyd and his work with th,...: mi 1 i tary during WWII given to mos q u it o cont r o 1 a r o u n d m i 1 it a r y i n st a 1 1 at i. on s f i rm l y established his expertise. Dr. Mu1rennen speaks to hi.s father's involvement with the Florida Anti.-Mosquito Association, State-County collaboration (and fund sharing) for local mosquito control - control modalities largely worked out by Mr. Mu1rennen - the Florida L,~gis1atur,::, ,...:nc,:phal itis surv~...:i 11anc,::, rats, fleas and typhus, ticks, the screw-worm fly. It was Mr. Mu1rennen who said "without. mosquito control th,::r,~ would be no Florida''! B:::caus2 of hi.s many, many contributions to th,::: h,:::a1th and w,...:1far,:: of Florida, th,:: University of F 1 or id a ( h i s A 1 ma Ma t. ,...: r ) aw a r de d h i m , i n 1 9 7 2 , t h c Honorary Doctor D,::g r,,2,'~. (The son, Dr.Mu]renn,::n, also an Entomologist, spent som,'.: 25 y,::ars with th,~ U.S. Navy. His formal career ended as Director of the State Entomology Program -the same position his father held more than 4 decades!

Rog,~rs, Andr,...:w ~ Ph.D. Dr. Rogers decided early that he wanted to be a Medical Entomologist. He took graduate work and hi.s Ph.D. in medical entomology from the Univ. of Maryland. Spent th,:: WWII y,2ars invo]v.:~d in insr...:ct control in War Areas and instruct,::d military p,.crsonn,::1 in malaria control. After th,.:: war h,::: join,.:d t.h,...: Univ. of Fl. as Professor of Medical Entomology and resigned in the late 1960's to accept a position with the State Board of Health as "Di r,2ctor of the W,...:st Florida Entomology Research Center". Th,:::r,:.: prim,:: at.t,:.;ntion was given to Dog Fly control. In 1974, he returned t.o the headquarters of t. h <:2 St at.,::.; He a 1t h organ i z at i on ( th·~ n the " Divis i. on o f Health within th,: D,:cpart.mcnt. of Rehabilitative Services) a s D i r, ~ c to r o f t h, : S t. a t. ,.:: En t om o l o g y Pr o gram . Dr . Rog·~ r s is r,,:cogniz,:d nationally as an •'Xp,:rt in Mosquito-borne dis,.~aS,,!. 11,:r,: lk highlights his illustrious car,:.!er spanning a 1 most 4 d,~cad,:.!S.

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

Cong,..:r, Gerom,::: N. ( "J,::rry"), M.P.H. Mr. Cong,.::1- b,:::ganh is car,:::,~r with th2 Palm Beach County H,~a]th D,:2partm,:nt in th,..: ,::arly 1950's as a fi,::!1d sanitarian. Particular duti,:s includ,:.:d att,:2ntion to Migrant Labor Camps. In du,..: cours,: h,:: mov,..:d to th,~ H,::adquart,·:2rs of tl1<:: St.at,..: Board of H,~a 1th in Jacksonvill,:! as a R,;gional Sanitarian Consultant. with th,·c Division of Sanitation. Th,,;r,,: hr:: was involv<:!d with all asp,:cts of th,:.: Sanitation Program on a statewide basis. After a f.:cw short years he was tapp,::d by th,:.: Stat,:2 H,::.:alth Offic~.::r as a Sp,:.:cia] Assistant. Here h,2 was involV,,!d with a11 asp,:cct.s of th,..: st.at.,:2 public h,:!alth program including dir,:ccting th,2 Board of Health's "Planning Offic,::.:" and direct. sup,,:rvision of "Florida H<:::a 1th Not,~s". And soon r,::pr,;s,::.:nt.ed th,::.: St.at.,:: Health Organization and th,..: St.at,-~ H,~alth Offic,:2r b,::fore the Stat,:: L1c:gis1atur,2. From th,::r·= h,2 moved into th,:::! posit.ion of dir,:.:cting th,..: "Certificat,..: of Ne,::!d" program for th,:: D,2partm,2nt of l-ka1th and R,::habi 1itativ.-:: S,::.:rvic.-=::!s. His progr,:2ssiv,:!. mov,2 up t.he administrative ladd,:1- provid,,:d uniqu,; insight. into th,..: "turbu],,;nt" tim,::s through th,: mult.ipl,~ r,:::!organizations of th,:c DHRS.

Dam~, John, M.P.H. Mr":-oam.; was th,: 1 ong ti m,,: Di r,::ct.or of Envi ronm,::.:nta l H,::a1t.h for th,: Polk County l-kalth D•:crartm,,;nt. lk:r,,:: h.:: sp,:..:aks in son1<:..: d,~tail t.o th,:.: ,:2arly days of "sanitation" programing; and Uk rol,:2 of th,..: sanitarian in th,:; big pictur,..: of public h,..:alth. 1-1,:: r,:!.calls how growing population, ,:2xpanding d,:v,:lopm,:..:nt, changing industry all st.rain "infrastruct.u1,:.:" and tlk changing/growing rol,~ of th,2 sanitarian, and chang,:2d ,=.:!ducat.iona1 r,..:quir,2-m <: n t s , i. t. a 1 1 c a u s ,::.: d . Th ,.: " b 1 i n d mo s q u i t o " p r o b 1 em 2 x em pl i f i e s t: h ,:}. d y n am i c s o f a s ,::.: r i o u s p u b 1 i c he a 1 t. h issu,..: ,:2m,:.:rging from changing ,::nvironm,:!.nt du,,: to incr,.:;asing population density and industrial chang,:2s.

Mr. Dam,:}. sp,:2aks bri.,:fly to tlk out.st.anding car,::er in Florida public h,~alth of his famous fath,c.!r, G,::orge Dame, Sr., M.D. 1-k dL:d in ,;arly 1950's. S,::,:}. th,::.: synopsis und,..:r "Ikalth Offic,::rs". '1100, Mr. Darn,:}.s' broth,..:r, G,..:org,: Dam,:, Jr., M.D., M.P.11. 1,::ft his mark on Florida Public Ikalt.h - h,.; s,,:rv,:.:d as County Ikalth Offic,2r in s,:v,.:ral count.i,,:s: St. ,Johns, Polk, Pin,_;llas and possibly oth,..:rs. llis car,>..:r was cul short by his untim,..:ly d,:!.ath.

Galbr,,)th, \\Tillard, B.S., M.P.H. Mr. Galbreth s2rv2d the Environmental Health Program of th,:: Broward County H~.:a 1th Department mor,~ than 42 y.~ars - the last 34 as Dir,:}ctor. Over those y,:2ars h2 wi t:n,::;ss,:::d growth both of th,,~ rnogram and of th,~

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County from 6 Sanitarians to 67 and somr.-.: 300,000 population to on.:2 and on,-2-half millions, respectively. H•:!rr~ h,:! r2vi,:2ws and summarizes th,:! "pains" of growth -from adequate funds and personnel , to the "po 1 it ic s" of programing, to n,.-.:wly d,,,v,:2loping environmenta] thr,-:ats. In t.h,~ .-..:ar l y days conc,::rns were given mainly to sanitation issu,:s; in r,:!cent times chemical matters w.::r,:2 th,: c,~nt:ral focus. Mr. Galbr2th' "report" is instructiv,: in rnat:t,:rs giv,.-.:n to program manag.:iment.

G,~ !1 r ,.-.: ~-L G~: ~.'.::. , M • P . H • Mr. G,..chr,:!S joi n,:d th,_: Stat.<:.! Board of H(;a 1th fol 1 owing WWII and a car,:2,,:1· with th,:2 U.S. Public Health S•.-.:rvice. f-k cam.~ t:o d,:v.::lop and administ.,:2r a training program for fi,_:ld sanitarians. f-l,c;r,:2 h,:: ov,.-.:rviews, along with int,::!r,.-.:sting highl iyht.s of his early history, the proc,~ss of developing tl1-:: training curriculum and it's full impl,::m,:cntation. Ik d,:2lv,:2s som.: into the organizational travails of g,.-.:tt.ing t:h,:2 "1-kalth Planning Office" functional. All int.ertwin,.-.:d with amusing, interesting, and historically import.ant anecdotes about his long career and the evolving Florida publi.c health programs.

Livingston<:2, Walt,,:r, M.P.H, M.S. Mr. L} vi ngston~1as s p,.-.:nt. his ,".-.:nt ire profess ion a 1 ca re.--~ r with th,:: Miami -Dad,: County 1-ka l th D,c:partment (except for a br i ,: f 5 y,::a r P·--' r i od as Di r,::ct:or of Continuing Education for th,: Hial,!ah lios!)it.al - 1970-1975). 13<::ginning as a Sanitarian in 1959 he progressed up the ladd,,!r of r,.-.:sponsibilit:y to Director of the Environm,.-.:ntal H·!alth Programs in 1983. Along the way and additional formal ,_:ducat.ion in Industrial Hygien,~ and also in Radiologicnl Health, he served sti.nts as Industrial Hygi,:2nist. (four years) and Public Health Physicist (8 y,!ars). Pr,~s;.:::nt.ly, sine,~ 1996, he i.s Admini st:rator, Offi c.-.-.: of Em,::rg,:::ncy Management. His training and ,'!Xp,::ri,::nc,::: in matt,_:rs of environmental h.::;alth ar,! obviously quit,,: broad. His tape speaks to ,.-.:m•::rgi ng probl ,:ms and solutions at.t,.-.:ndant to rapid growth of th,_: South Florida population and its great div2rsit.y of ,:t.hnicity and cultUJ"t:_;.

Morr is on , A. '.:!_:.. ( ~l_l_~i'i) Mr. Morrison was th,,: first. and long tim,:: director of th,:: St.at,.:: ,.:nvironm,:ntal h,::alth program (th,:.: "Sanitation" program). H,:..: b,:gan his ca1·,_:,.:.!r with the Dade County Hea 1th D,.::pa r t.m,-:n t. in th,.:.! 1930 's. Indeed, he had been ,::mploy,,:d by th,: ll<:!alth D•:!partmo:.:nt. while a highschool stud.::: n t as a s an i t. a r i an ins p,,~ ct or ! Fo 1 1 owing tr a i n in g at the Univ. of Florida and basic courses at the Alachua County H•.-.:alt.h D,:::part:m,.-.:nt and some years as Director of the Dad<:: County Envi ronm,,:nta1 Hea 1th Program, he was i n v i t.:: d t: o J a c ks on v i l 1 ,::: by t h c:-: St a t ,:: H ca 1 t h Of f ice r ( Dr . Wi. l son T. Sowcl,.:r) t.o h,::ad-up and d,.-.:V•":: 1 op a statewide

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and compr,::h,::nsiv,c •:cnvironm,::ntal sanitation program. An early effort was a s ta t,,:wi de inv,.::!n tor y of ,:::nvi ronm,:::n ta 1 health programs within Count.y Health Departments and other agencies of government. The picture left a lot to be desired, he recalls. He overviews beginning efforts for a statewide uniform program, efforts and successes at establ i.shing minimal standards both for programs and the education of sanitarians. Partial was establish-m,~nt of t.h,.:; Sanitarian R,-::gistration Board. H,::: 1-,:::ports that in th,': ,::a1·ly days Sanitation Insp,::ctors (in Dade and a f,::w oth,.:;r places) wore uniforms and carried official badg.=:s (th,:: tap,-: pictur,.:;s his own). Bri.efly summarized arc the beginnings of many environmental h,:.:a l th prograr,1s. Th,:: tap,:: is a ni c,:.: ov,:::rvi.,:::w of environmental health programing in Flori.da. It is notabl ,:: that tv!r. Morrison r.:::pr,-..'.sent,:::d the Board of Health before the Legislature for many years. And obviously w,::-~11 judging from numb,::rs of h,:::alth bills pass,'"d and sign,:cd into law during his days as "lobbyist"

Ragan, Jeff, M.P.H. Mr. Ragan was th,:c long t im.:.: di r,::ctor of th,:: environmental h,.ca l t.h program of Manat,::e County. H,::: also is a licens,.:;s barb,:cr and did barbering prior to joining th,:: h,,:alth d,::part.m,:::nt.. He served many y,::ars on th,:: Stat,.~ 13arb,:.:r Lic,:nsing Board and a majority of those as its Chairman. l·k addr,.:;sses h,~re th,:: d,:::ta i ls of th,-.:; cooper at iv,:: program b,::tw,::,::!n th<:: State Board of H ca l t h , t h •:'. Un i v ,-:: r s i t y o f Fl or i d a , a n d th,::: Al a ch u a County H,::alth D,.:;partm,::nt for training sanitarians. His ov,::rvi,::w of "ways and m..:ans", "probl,..'.ms and solutions", "joys and pains" in ,::nforcing th,:: sanitary law ar<:: instruct iv,,i.

Rhod,::s, Charl i.::, M.P.H. Mr. Rhod,::s was t.h,:: long tim·:.: dir,::ct.or of th,.c Palm Beach County H,:.:alt.h D,::partm,::nt Environm<::ntal H•:'.alth Program. He not,::.:s that h,,: cam,:.: to Fl or i da and Palm Beach in the ca r 1 y 1 9 5 0 ' s b ,: ca u s ,:.: Fl or i d a pa i d San i tar i an s $ 4 0 more per month than North Carolina! H·:: not,:::s furth,:r with passing int~:r,:st that h,:: was a train,::d Sanitarian with a Mast,:::r 's d,::gr,:::e in. public h,,~a l th but was assigned to Bell,.:; Glad,::.: in th,:: rural farm ar,.:;a of west.,:::rn Palm Bt:::ach County! In just a short. 3 years though he was elevated to the Di r,:.:;ct.orshi p of th,:: County H,::alth Department environm,::ntal h,.:;a]th program. H,:: serv;.:;d in that capacity som,~ 40 Y•..'.ars. And saw the program grow from 8 s a n i t a r i a n s to mo r •...'. t. ha n 1 0 0 ,:: mp 1 o y •>: s i n c 1 u d i n g a legal staff and a lahoratory. Mr. Rhodes' "report" i.s a study in d,!Ve.:loping program to m1:~·:::t. incr,,)asing and varying n,:2,::ds. V,:ry i nst.ruct iv,,! for stud,::nts of program d,~v,:: l opm,::nt.

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Rogers, Marvin Mr. Rogers was employed by the Hamilton County Health Department in 1947 as Sanitarian. At that time the H.:2alth Departm,::!nt shar,:2d a sanitarian with another County. His basic training was obtained through the cooperative program at the Alachua County Health Department. H,:2 was the first full time environ-m ,:2 n ta l h, ; a l t h · : mp l o y ,c:,:; o f t h c Co u n t y . He con t i nu e d a s th,,; only Sanitarian for this small rural, farming County through some 45 years! He was instrumental i.n the formation and organization of the Florida Environmental Healtl1 Association, the Sanitarians Registration Board and the Florida Environmental Health magazine for which he was t:h,,; Edi tor for many y,~ars. Notably, he r.::pr,:!S•;nt,.:;d th,,: Association befor,:; the Florida Association of Counties for a long time. Too, he served as a forceful spokesman for matters environmental health before the Florida Legislature. And epitomizes the importance of "being heard" before influential bodies.

'l'ennant, Bi 11 Mr. T,-!nnanC-b,~gan his care,::r in Public Health as a Sanitarian with the Escambi.a County Health Department; and became Director of the Environmental Health Program i.n the early 1950's. He is best remembered as the "sparkplug" for formation of the Sanitarian Registration Board (for which he served as chairman for many years), organi.zation of the Flori.da Environmental Health Associati.on, his legislative influence in establishment of minimal educational and exp:criential requirements for sanitarians, s,-:pt i c tank laws. He speaks to the necessit.y of the sanitarian's role in local and state politics and involv,:;m,.:;nt in organizations important to accomplishm,:cnt of goals in ,::!nvironm~.:ntal h~;alth program­ing. H,:2 is a past-pr,:csid,..;nt of most, if not- all, organizations to which he has belonged. An over-riding mcssag,:; h,:;r,-; is th,.:; importance of the Sanitarian "being i n v o l v ,,; d " w i t h h i s co mm u n i t y .

HEALTH EDUCA'J'ION

Sc hoonov~~ r, Rob,c; rt A·-. Mr. Schoonov<:2r was the long timt:: Editor and writer of Florida B,~alth Not,:.!s - a monthly publication of the Florida State Board of Health and its successor, the Divi.sion of Health within the Dept of Health and Rehabilitativ,~ S,:2rvic,,~s. Start,~d in 1892 by Dr. Porter, Florida's first Stat.::! H,:2alth Offic,:;r, the Notes were published monthly through 1976, except for 5 or 6 years in th,:.! v,:;ry ,:::arl y 1900' s and another few years during th12 lat,:.! 1920's. Its purpose always was to educate about matt.!rs important to p.-..;rsonal and community h,2a l th. It was di str i but.:d fr,!,,; to a 11 1 oca l

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health units, all practicing physicians, all County commissions, all schools, all libraries, all state health departments, all foreign health authori.ti.es and anyone requesti.ng it. Loaded with facts Mr. Schoonover reviews the great history of the Florida Health Notes and its impact - a l l i n t er twin,::: d w i t: h en t ·~rt a i n i n g anecdotes.

Wisthuff, Richard, MS, MPH Mr. Wisthuff join,:=:u th,:.: Florida State Board of Health i.n the mid 1960's as a Health Educator in i.ts Division of Health Education. And spent essentially his entire career spanning more than 30 years i.n health education endeavors - though his working title and administrative setting vari.ed widely. Mr. Wisthuff nicely revi.ews the origins of community health education attention in Florida and its course over time to abolishment of all organiz,:..'d •:..'fforts by th,: D,:pai-tm•;ntal (IIRS) reorganization of 1975.

HEALTH OFFICER/ ADMINISTRATION

Ba1.:_nes, Peggy Mr s . 13 a r n es s ,2 r v ,:.: d f o r ma n y y ·.:: a r s a s t he p, :..' rs on a l S•::.!Cr·:.'!tary to th1e: Stat,,; f-1,:.:alth Offic,:2r and as Ex,:::cutive S,·:cr,::.!t'.ary to th,.:: Offic,.:: of the Stat,:.: H,:.'!alth OfficE~r. Prior to this position sh,2 had worked as s;::!crctary to a numb,-..:r of offic,:::s within th,.:: Stat.,:'! H,:..:alth organization. Th,:'! s,:.:v,::.!ral rcsponsibl,.:: jobs provid,~d her advanced know­ledg,::: of th,,~ working and int;...:r-workings and functions of th,::: stah::.! health p1·ograms. Here sh,::.! sp,:::aks eloquently to th,.:: pl,:::asur,..:s and pains of "b~ing in th,c.: middlt.:.'! of wh,:..:r,:c it all hapr,:..:ns". H,:r insights yl,:.:ane~d out of working dir,:2ct.ly with 5 diff,.::r,2nt. Stat.,.:: H,.::alt.h Offic,:::rs, a sixth on,.:: "Acting" and th,..:ir r,:;sp,:..:ctiv,,: "Assistants" arr::! informat.iv,2 and inst.ructiv,.::. Too, h,.::r m,::mories of th,.:: mov,:.: of t.h·,, Stat,:.: H,:.":alth organization from Jackson­vil lt.:.'! t:o Tallahass·..:·~ in 1976 and work within t.ht:..' larg,.:: bur,:.":aucracy of th·:..' D1::partm,,,nt of H,.::a 1th and Rehabilit.at:ive Services are historically significant.

Bomba, Myra L,:.:ntz, R.N, M.P.H. Mrs. Bomba was th,:.: long time dir,:2ct:or of public health nursi.ng fo1· th1:: 81:.oward County H,:.:alth Department in Ft. Lauderdale. In 1976 and the establi.shment of "Districts" by th,:'. Fl D·:..'pt. of H,:.:alth & R,::habilitative Services, Mrs. Bomba (th·~n Mrs. L,:.:ntz) was loaned by th,:.: H,::!alt:h D1::pt. to th,:.: Dist.rict: t:o s;~rve. as acting Deputy District Administrator. Sh<-2 had s,':!rVe:d •::!arlier, upon appointm~nt by the D,::partmc.nt Secr·::t.ary, as a memb,~r of a St.at:,: l,.cv,:l Task Fo1·c,.:: d,:..'veloping r(icommcndations for oryanizat.ion of th,_: n,::W districts. In dut:..' cours,: sh,:.: was appoinh,~d "District Health Program

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Supc:rvisor" with r,.::sponsibiliti,:!S for all h,.::alth programs within th,.:: Dist.rict. Lat,.::r she was appointed to th,:; newly ":stabl ish,..:d posit.ion of "Administrator, County H·:.:alth D,.'.:!partrn,.::nt.". From there she was appointed Deputy Administrator for the HRS District - the position from which sh,:2 r,:;t i r,::d a ft c r 2 8 years service to the c i t i z •cc n s o f Brow a rd Co u n t y .

Mrs. Bomba speaks to public health services admini­stration and programing during the years publi.c health servic,::s were sup,:crvis,::d by th,3 super umbrella agency HRS.

Brumback, Carl L., M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Brumbacklsa l,:cg,-:nd in his own time! Probably the most cclebrat~d local health officer in a11 of U.S. history. Public H,::;alth "firsts" are almost countless. He came as Health Officer and Director of the Palm Beach County Health Department in 1948 from the Tennessee Val l,::y Authority wh,.::r,-2 h,:: was dir,2ctor of pr,::ventive m,::;dicin,:: (th,: "h":alt.h Offic0:1· 11

). He had earned his MPH from th,:: Univ. of Mi ch. some time before - He says h,,: wanted to come to a "rural health department" (and in 1948 Palm Beach essentially met that cri.terion! !) for trying out/putting i.nto place some of his theories/ ideas for effectiv,:: and succ.:-~ssfu1 local public health programing. And inde,::!d he did!! Again, his "firsts" in 1 o ca 1 pub 1 i c he a lt h pro gr am i. n g a r e l e gen d . Her e he mentions few - his humility is obvious. He does mention and outl i.nes some of the important ingredients important to developing program - the most important one being "involv,-= the community" and "it's leadership" inc 1 u d i n g t h ,.:: ,.:: 1 cc t. e d o f f i c i a 1 s , pro f •.'.:! s s i on a 1 organizations, particularly th,~ M,::dical Association, and community organizations. His attention to Migrant Heal th and the "program" h,:; s,:;t up soon became a mode 1 . for t he n a t i on w i t. h f ,,: de r a 1 f u n d i n g . Pa 1 m Be a ch w a s th,:: first local h,.::alth d,::partm,.:::nt to obtain "front end" funding for M,:.:dicaid m,::dical services, to include administrative 1·":sponsibility for th,:: County hospital. And building upon that, the full range of diagnostic and th,.::rap,.::utic m·~dical servict::; for the County indigent. With fort:csight and car,::.!ful staff selection, the dental program has long b">::.!n lauded nat.iona11y as a model. Details for tllc "WIC" program had their origins under Dr. Brumback. His was the first. local health department to be approv,::::d by the American Board of Preventive Medicine and Public Hcalt.h for offering to physicians Resi.dency training. Also, not mentioned here are the many, many national and intcrnati.ona1 recogniti.ons given to Dr. Brumback for his innovative public health programs and program succ,~ss<'~S. His professional life and knowhow arc wort.hy studit::s by anyone interested in successful local public health programi.ng. Of course

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he is list,:.:d in all th,:: "Who's \vho's!

Cong,:.: r , ~~~!!'.'...:: N :_ ( " J,:.: r r y " ) , M . P . H . Mr. Conger served a number of years as Special Assi.stant to the State Health Officer, Dr. Sowder. Please see his tape under Environmental Health for details.

Cowderu Patricia f_:_~ M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Cowd.-:.:ry was long time Director of the City of Jack­sonvi11 t.:~ D,:.:partm,:::nt of H·:.:a 1th and Envi ronm,=;nta 1 Services t he C i t y H ,:.: a 1 t h O f f i c ,:c r . Not ab 1 y , J a ck son v i 1 1 0 had established a city health department in th~ mid-1800's. (Pensacola, Key West and Tampa had had operating public hea 1th 01·gan i zati ons ·~V·::n before then!) Dr. Cowdery was Jacksonvilh,:'s first. f,c:!mal·.::: D,,:partmental Director. How­ev,:.:r, shr:.: had b,,:gun her public h,:!a 1th car._~,=;r eVt:'.n as a college student - with summer employment in the Laboratori,::s of th,::: Stat,:.: Board of Health; and continued th i s s umm,:.:r t: i me: ,:.:mp 1 oym,,:nt t h1·ough hc:cr m,::d i ca 1 schoo 1 ytc:ars. But upon compl,::t.ion of medical training, she opened an office for practice in Family Medicine in Jacksonville. But. the "public health bug" had bitten h,:.::r and sh,:.: joined th,:.: Stat,:.: Board of 1-kalt:h afb:r only a f ,.:.:: w y •:.:: a r s of p ri v a t e pr act ice . Not 1 on g the r ·~ a ft er , h,.::r first "mark" on Florida's public health sc·::ne came wi.th her appointment to head the state's fi.rst quality control team for nursing homes. On her tape she speaks at so m ,:.:: 1 <:! n gt: h t o t h •:.: t r i a 1 s a n d t: r i bu 1 a t i on s o f b c: i n g the only female, the first female, in the male kingdom. And along the way gives practicable advice about achieving success as a d,::partm,:.:ntal dir,:.:ctor in a political syst~:.:m. Too, h·:.::r commentary about. how attitud·~s of. Gov,:.:rnors i nfl u,-~nc,-~ prograrni ng is instructional.

Crane, David, M.D., M.P.H. Dr . Cr an e u-:: co u n t. s w i th p 1 ·~ a s u re h i s e a r 1 y ye a r s w i th the Foreign S,;rvicc and tours-of-duty in far away p 1 ace s . St i 1 1 a s a you n g man , t hough , he " sett 1 e d down " into a job with the Dadc:c County Health Department as Dir,!ctor of Mat,:.:rnal and Child.H,:.::allh. A thirty year cc1r,:.:,~r with th,: Florida public h,}alth syst,:rn was launch<::d. lkre h<~ focusc::s on his many y._:ars directing a local county h<::a lth d,~partm,.::nt. Time in Sarasota and Leon are hi.gh-1 iyht.ed. Though h2 surved some time as Di1·1.:,ctor of Local Health Servic,::s for th,~ St.ate Health Organization, and Assistant Director of the State Health Department, ht:! gives only passing attention on th": tape to th,:.:se duth:s, pr,:.:ferring to .~mphasizc.! his views of public h,'2a1th action "through tht:: eyes of the local health offict::r". Along t.h2 way, hl~ speaks at length to the Florida Statue, Chapt.t-:r 154, touted as the model for the nation for st.at,-~-local relationship in provision of public health services.

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Dam,~, G,c.!0_1=__9'__'=-!._ M. D. , M. P. II. (Mr. John Dame, son of Dr. Dame, recounts the long and

meritorious service in publi.c health to the peoples of Florida by his Dad. See his tape under Environmental Health for details.) Dr. Dame join,~d th,:: State Health Department in the very early 1920's - from private practice of medicine in Inverness, Florida. While he served in many roles under a numb,~r of Stat,~ H,::alth Offic(~rs, he is best remembered as the organiz,~r and long time director of the Office of Local Health Services. He was the author of Flori.da's now famous law - Chapter 154 FS - provi.di.ng for a partnership between state and local governments for providing local public health services. It passed the Legi.slaturc and became law in 1932. Also, Dr. Dame is the "daddy" of th,~ American Board of Preventive Med­icine and Puhl i c H,:::a 1th - in that he "thought" of it, design,~d it, and lobbied it through the American Medicine Association. (As an i.nteresti.ng aside, holders of low numbered Certificates all were physici.ans of the Florida public health organization!!) Dr. Dame left many marks on th~ Florida public health system. His commitment to th·"' betterment of the public's health, his organizational skills, his political skills, his compassion for persons in need, his counsel to physicians and oth,::rs joining public health all are cherished memories of thos2 who were privileged to know and work with him. Among his legacies are two sons both of whom sp,c:nt prof,;ssional careers in Florida Public Hf·..:!alth - G,::org1; Dam,~, Jr., M.D., M.P.H who served sev,::ral count i,}s as di r,,~ctor of the local department, and John Dame, M.P.H. who was the long time Director of Environm,::ntal Health for the Polk County Health Departm<::nt. S,::,,~ his tape! for an ov1:::rview of his long career in Florida public health.

Dea son, Th·:: 1 ma Mrs. D,~asonserv,::d many years as "Cl erk" for the Liberty County Health Department. Indeed, she was among the 1 ong,2st, if not th,:; 1 ong,~st serving Clt:;rk in the 75 year history of local h,:;alth d,:;partm,::nts in Florida. She was on,:: of th,.= two fuLl Lim,..: ,~mploy,,>"'s in the Liberty health dt::partment in its ,::arl i,::st years. The other was the Public Ikalth Nurs·::. In th,:: .~arlit~st days, a part-ti.me Sanitarian cam,:: by p,c:riodically for routine inspl~ctions and on an as-n,:;,::d basis for probl~~ms. He was shared some years with the Gadsden County Health Department and others with Calhoun. The Health Officer also was shared with oth,::r Counti,::s. Early with Gadsden, then with Calhoun and Jackson, then with Calhoun, Franklin, and Gulf. Mrs. Deason recalls that her duti.es involved " be i n g t h ,::: c 1 ... ~ r k " , p u r ch a s i n g age n t , f i s ca 1 o f f i c er , bud g ,:; t o f f i cc-; r , j a n i to r , .-: v ,:: r y t h i n g r c q u i red f o r

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supporting all th,2 programing carried out by the: nurse, physician health officer, sani.tarian and occasional "consultants" from the: State Board of Health in Jackson vi 11 ,:: . Al so, she was the "Go-Between" between the Board of County Commissioners, the health department and the state health department. She speaks at some length here about th~ changes from long standing practice brought on by the many organi.zational and a d m i n i s t 1-a t. i v ~:: ch an g •:: s " i n Ta l 1 a h a s see " d u r i n g t he turbu],:;nt y,:ars of "HHS". Mrs. D,2ason's tap~ is insightful and inst.ructiv,--2 for the functioning of a small, rural county h~:alth dc;partm(:;nt during "the old days".

Hal 1, J. Basil, M.D., M.P.H. Dr. Half is Florida's old,-2st. living Local Health Officer. Pres,2nt ag,::: 96. His first work with the Florida public health system was in 1936 while Medi.cal Di rector of t h ,:.'. S . E . R •:.'. g i on of the Ci vi l i an Conser vat ion Corps ("CCC's). A rabi,2s problem in the Ocala National Forest prompted his visit. Buth~ sojourned in Avon Park in 1942 while in pilot training with the U.S. Army Air Corps (how.--2v,~r, fol lowing basic "ground training" h,~ w a s "w a s he d o u t " f 1-om f l y i n g be ca u s e o f a v i s ion problem). He rose rapidly to the rank of Col. and serv·~d throughout th·~ 2nd world war. A high] i ght: of his military care,:::r was m·-2,:::ting and rooming with Charles Linburgh and development of a lasting friendship with the Linburgh family. lk: was attract.-2d back to Florida following UH war by his brot.her who was H,2alth Officer for Alachua County. He was employed by the State Board of Health to dev~lop a Cancer Control Program. This he did - but visions of increased pay attracted him to the position of Director of the Lake County Health Department - th,~ position he held for 27 years and his ret: i r,::ment. His ca r-~·~r th·~r·-; is famous. He: became a nationally noted writer on matters of the public's health. An ea1-ly pap·~r on 1-abi.:::s control cast him into the national and international public health spot] ight -requests for r,!prints of th,-2 articl,:: numb,:..:r.::d some 15,000! A publication - "Uul letin for County Health Offic,~rs" - in its January 1962 edition highlighting Dr. Hal 1 's car,>i:r, had th·::: fol lowing to say: "If you take a large portion of k,2-~n int.:ll,2ct, a gcn,::rous h,;;'lping of k now- how a n d a b i l i t y , m i x tlk m w i t h t. h ,:; r i g h t am o u n t o f liv.-~ly wit and v,.:ry likabl;,, p•'--:1·sonality -- tht::n you hav,~ all th,~ i.ngr,::di1.:,nt.s that go together to makt:cup one of Florida's 2xc~pt.ional health officers, Doctor Basil Ha 1 1 . "

Maguire, Charlott.,,, M.D. Dr. Maguire was Florida's fi.rst female pediat1·i.ci.an! ! Aft0r spccia 1 t.y training sht:c r~turn,.:.!d to her home town of Or l a n do a n d , : s t. a b 1 i sh,::: d a p e d i at r i c pr a c ti c e . She

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soon was consulting to the Flori.da Crippled Children's Commissi.on, holding clinics about central Florida, providing in-hospital servi.ces at the Crippled Children's hospital i.n Umatilla and appointed to the Commission. Upon consolidation and reorganizati.on of the State's human servi.ces i.n 1969, Dr~ Maguire accepted the position of Director of the new Crippled Children's Bur,,~au. But l ,:cft it after a few years to accept the position of Special Assistant to the U.S. Surgeon General for Childr.-:.:n's Affairs. Upon changes in the Surgeon G,:cn,~ral, she returned to Fl ori.da as Assistant S,2cr,:tary, Florida D,2partment of Health and Rehabi.Jit­at:iv.--_'. S,::rvices. Among multipl,~ duties there sh,:! developed and implemented the Medical Quali.ty Assurance Program for state institutions. Her C.V. is studded with notable accomplishments - and for her li.fe-long devotion to the health of children, Florida State University took note: Dr. Maguire was awarded the Honorary Degr-:-~e Doctorat·::! of Humanities in 2002.

Windom, Robe~ rt, M. D. Dr. Windom, an Int:,;;rnist in Sarasota, showcased his great interest and concern for the pub] ic's health early in his professi.onal career - as consultant and volunteer physician to the Sarasota County Health Dt::partm,~nt. H·: was i nstrument:a l in designing and im­pL::m,~nt i ng a corps of volunt:,::::-2r, retired physicians, and establishing a clinic for ''Seni.or Citizens" with­out: ready access to physician services. He was a strong and effl:cctiv,:: advocah~ for all matters of the public's health b,::fo1·,:: County authorities, leyislative bodies and other groups. Upon becoming President of the Florida Medi.cal Association, his effectiveness was enhanced. He was an influe::ntial lobbyist_ for all public health conc,.::rns and "pitched" th·~ n,::ed for a separate depart-m en t o f he a l t. h . Th i s " o u t - spoken ._c, s s " for t he pub 1 i c I s health resulted in his appointment to the Position of Assistant Secretary for Health within the U.S. Depart­ment: of ~::alth and Human Services - the position, that among much more, included supervision of the Nati.anal Cent,~rs for Disc:ase Control (the '.'CDC").

HISTORY, HEALTH

Bigler, William,_ Ph.D. - Biologist and Historian Dr. Bigler join~d the State Board of Health and its Veterinary Public lkalth S1:~ction, in the mid-1960's as a wildlif·~ biologist. Early att12ntion was given to the ecology of St. Louis ·~nc1:2phalitis. However, opportunity presented for work with many zoonoses. Over time he develop,'::!d a k,~·,n int,::r"~st in the hist.ory of public health in Florida and established himself as the knowledgeable

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repository for histo1·ic matters pertaining to public hea 1th programing. Ikre he provides a thumbna i 1 sketch of Florida's public health history and addresses the necessity of making a written record. He mentions sources o~ historic records: The Annual Reports of the State Board of Health, the "Epi-Update" ("Florida Past"), the published accounts of Florida public health history, Florida's notable public health historian, Dr. Albert V. Hardy, the historic place of the "Julia Str,~et Building" and notes coming publications: a compreh~nsive review, an updat,:; of "Millston,:;;s and Milestones", compilations of "Fl ori.da Past.", and updated history of the many individual programs.

IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMING

Dod~ Larry An early director of the State Board of Health children's immunizati.on program. Direct.ed i.mplementation of the "Compulsory Immunization Act" ( for school entrance). Important participant. in the meas] es eradication efforts of the state - organizing and supervising mass immunization campaigns; and the "Swine Flu" immunization effort.

Janowski, H,:;;nry ("Hank"), ~!.P.H. Under Mr. Janowski 's leadership, th·2 state immunization program became the model for the nation. Immunization levels of children and school enterers reached all time highs - ,~xc-.::~-2ding all oth,:;;r stat·2)s! Concomitantly, rates of the immunificant childhood diseases reached all time lows! H,:.;r,~ ht:.! 1-(:-~vi,ccws "programing travails", probh::ms in vaccin·::.! availability and distribution, motivation of l o ca l h <.:.! a l t. h d c: pa r t m,: n t s t. a f f s , f u n d i n g , r cc or d s y st ems , i n t rod u c ti on o f new v a cc i n ,:.: s - a l 1 t: he i n gr e d i e n t s n,~cessary to succ,::.!ssful immunization programing. He takes little credit save bringing together an outstanding s ta f f . Mr . J a nows k i beg a n h i s ca re,:;; r i n pub l i c h ,:;; a l t h as a "v·.:.:n,.21·,:::al dis,::.:as,:2 inv<.:.!stigat:or", but rapidly moved up th<.:! responsibility ladder into the epidemiology staff and b0fore long Dir,~ctor of Epid·:"!miology. His entire career was spent: with th~ Florida state health organization - and ~s an outstanding example of a life "committed-to-purpose".

LABORATORY

Bu f f , E 1 s i ,2 , M . S . M~Buff]oin,:2d thc:2 Stat<.:"! Board of llea1th Laboratories in th•::.! ·~ a r 1 y 1 9 5 0 ' s to h ,:;; ad - up a n d organ i z ,:"! a v i r a 1 og y servic~2. This sht::: did - to th1.:: point. that Florida's viroloyy laboratory b·.:cam,:.: 1auch:d as th,~ nations most

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comprehensive. Here Miss Buff highlights the beginnings and evolution of the "virus ]ab." Interspersed are in­formative and entertaining tidbits about people, AIDS, encepha]i.tidies, arboviruses, rabies, rubella and other things viral and administrati.ve.

Frazier, Dwight, M.P.H. Mr. Frazier joined the laboratories of the State Board of Health fo11owing WWII in 1948. He was one of the two original students to be accepted for graduate study in bacteriology through the newly established Cooperative Program between the State Laboratories and the Univ. of Florida Department of Bacterio] ogy. (Dr. Albert V. Hardy was Director of Laboratories and Dr. W.R. Carrol was Professor and Chair of Bacteriology.) Thi.s two year. program l~ading to a Maste1·'s Degree in Bacteriology provid8d classroom study at th,! University and laboratory experience in the State Laboratory. Mr. Frazier soon dir,:2cted enteric bactr:~riology. His expert­i.se in thi.s area was the basis of his being chosen by the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, Commission on Enteric Infections (Dr. Hardy, Chairman) to accompany Dr. Hardy and other enteric disease experts to Korea to study a raging epidemic of diarrheal disease among Korean pri.soners of war. Back home in Jacksonvi.lle and soon upon compl~tion of these studi.es, Mr. Frazier was appointed Di.rector of the Regional Laboratory in Miami. Over the next 25 years there he replaced much of the "one hands-on prOC!:!dUr•= at a time" to automation. His tape is an informative overview of evo1vi.ng state laboratory services.

Hartwig, ~b_ar1,~~L M.S., M.P.H., Ph.D. Dr. Hartwig obtained his early training through the Mast,-~rs D,~gre,.:2 in bacteriology at the University of Florida under Dr. W. R. Carrol. He was drafted into the Anny during th·~ Korean war and spent most of his time as a 1aboratorian - with particular experience i.n radioi sotop,~s. Upon discharge he was employed by the State Board of Health Laboratories and assigned to the tuberculosis 1abo1·atory at the 'l'ampa Tuberculosis Hospital as chief bacteriologist for ongoi.ng special studies into "Atypical Mycobact.eria". In due course and several promotions he was elevated to the position of Assist.ant. Direct.or of St.ate Public Health Laboratories. Along the way he was selected for state-supported add­itional graduate studies and earned his M.P.H and Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh. It. was not long before the Director r~tired and Dr. Hart.wig was named Direct.or. During hi.s some 25 yea1·s as Direct.or he witnessed and supervised major changes in prime focus of st.ate laboratories - from things biological to chemical contamination of U1t:! ·~nvi ronmenta1. Attention to viral di.sease increased. The laboratory facility greatly

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enlarged and a numbf:.!r of new faci lilies designed and built. Indr2t:::d, undt:,r Dr. Hartwig the laboratories experienced more expansion both i.n types and number of serviccis than in all its preceding history!

Lewis, Authur, D.V.M. Dr. L,:::wis is th,::! "daddy" of virological laboratory services through the Florida State Board of Health. He was assign,:::d to Florida in 1953 by the National Cent,::!rs for Diseas,2 Control (the "CDC") and worked primarily in the: animal disease laboratory. In a few years and completion of his U.S. Publi.c Health tour of duty he joined the Florida Laboratory. By necessi.ty caused by several outbreaks and growi.ng concerns for others, he soon was thrust into laboratory testi.ng for viral diseases. It was not long before he was recognized as expert in arboviruses, rabies, poli.o, tissu·:c culture::. St. Louis ·:.:nc,:.!phalitis app,:.:an:cd in St. P,2t,;rsburg in 195Y with a f,:cw human cast:cs; and a massive outbreak occurred in 1961. An Encephali.tis Research Center was established in Tampa, complete with a virus laboratory as Dr. Lewis its head. Within a few years the research productivity i.nto the ecology of St. Lewis petered out and attention was turned to other epidemi.c concerns -the name of the Center was changed to tht:::'. "Florida Epid,:::miology Res,:.!arch Ct2nter". Dr. Lewis head·.cd the laboratory (a Dr. Flora May Wellings, Ph.D. di.rr:.!ctt2d th,:, C,:cnt,:c1·). Dr. L·~wi s' tape overvi cws a number of the exciting and fascinat.ing epid~mic problems undertook over the some 25 years of the Center's life.

Lord, Don, M.S, M.P.H Mr. Lord, 1 ong t. i m•:.! Di 1·,2ctor of th•:c P,.:::nsaco 1 a R,2giona 1 Laboratory, Florida's first public health laboratory outsid,:.! Jacksonvill,:.!, speaks to public h,.:::alth laboratory s c r v i c ·:.: s i n F 1 or i d a du r i n g t h · .2 · 1 9 4 U ' s ; t h ,:.! or i g i n s o f v,2tcrinary laboratory servic,.:s, basic laboratory training at th,: Florida Stat.:.: Col 1 ege for Wom,.2n under Dr. Boyd and tlk evolution of laboratory t<::~chnology -among a lot of oth,::r subjects, including th,:.: "Julia St.r,2,~t Building".

Price, Donald L., Ph.D. Dr. Pi-ice is a-Medical Zoologist and Parasitologist. After s.:::rvice in \\lW I I, he remained in the Army Reserve, pursued g1·aduate studies at the Univ. of Mary­land and ea1·ned his Ph.D.; transferred to the U.S. Army Medical Servic0 Corps, assign,~d to the Walt.c~r Reed Army Institute of Resea1·ch, and spt:.!nt the next 25 years traveling about the wo1ld chasing epi.zootiological p1:oblems of concern to the military. Fascinating, fas c i. n at in g ca 1 e ·~ r ! ! Hi s Cur r i cu 1 um Vitae and t. ape are f i 11 ea w i t h ,:c x c i t i n g st: o 1 · i ,~ s into sea 1 ch in g out the ecology and 1 ife cycles of 1a1e and not-so-1·are

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parasites. S c h n e i d ,.: 1 · , Na t h a n , M . S . , M . P . H . , P h . D . Dr . Sch n ,~ id er w a s II hand - chose n II by Dr . A . V . Ha rd y , the long time Dirccto1· of the State Public Health Laborator­ies, to foll ow him as Di rector. Dr. Schneider assumed the duties in 1955. He had been the Director of the Miami Regional Lab. prior to transfer to,Jacksonville. Between Miami and Jax he earned an M.P.H and Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh through a Board of Health sponsored p1og1·am fo1· doctoral level training for laboratorians. Dr. Schneider was the first to "go­away" for advanced training und1-3r this program (many others have followed him, including Dr. Hartwig). Here he speaks to the 01igi.ns of beginnings efforts by the state laboratori,::s in laborato1·y diagnosis of viral diseases and the stimulus provided by mosquito-borne encephalitis, polio, and rabies; evolving technology in labo1·ato1·y procedur,:!s, the changing focus from parasites a n d b a ct. e 1 i a to ma t h.: 1 · s o f t he en v i r on men t ; need s f o r labo1·atory registration and technologist: certification; and the never-ending battle for funds.

Schrieber, Minnie, M.S. Miss Schrieber was the long time Chief of Bacteriology with the Laborat:01ies of the State Board of Health. From her beginnings in the mid-1940's she witnessed great advanc<::S in technology from "simple" procedures and frequent use of the microscope, to great reliance on i.mmunoch•::mi st ry, to g,::net i c screening. And sharp i.nci·eases in "n,::w" pathogens. Anarobes acquired in­creased importanc·::. Many of th1:; "old" classics -d i p ht h ,:; d a , st 1 e pt o co cc us a n d other s - de c re a s e d i n importanc·.:. Miss. Schri,::ber's "story" is a study in the "history" of public ht:::!alth bacteriology.

LEGISLATIVE

Be 1 1 , Samu e 1 P . I I I a n d Ph,-:: 1 p s , John ~ M1·. B,:ll is a fo1m·~1· L,,gislator repl't::!senting Volusia Count.y. lk p1,'s,:ntly is a p1acticing Attorney in Talla­h a s s e ·~ . M 1 . Ph,.: 1 p s i s p 1 ,_; s ,:.: n t. 1 y C l ,,n k o f t he House , F l or i d a Hou s ,::: o f Re pr·~ s en ta t i v e s a n d f or mer 1 y set: v e d with the Hous,i Commi tt·)•.:: on H~~a l th and Rehabj 1 itat i.ve S l:'! r vi c ,~ s as 1-k a l t h An a l y st . Un d ,::: 1 · Mr . Be 1 1 s l ea de r sh i p and sponso1·ship and M1·. Phelps' staff work, the College of Public Health at th,2 University of South Florida had its origins. Th12i1 discussion hc1·e overviews the early legislative cffort.s at establishment of the College; and its ultimate accomplishment.

Hodes, Richa1·d, M.D. Dr. Hodes, a practicing anesthesiologist i.n Tampa, and a pa s t: p 1· e s i d, ~ n t o f t h ~ F 1 01 · i d a Mt:~ d i ca 1 As soc i at ion ,

served f 01· many y,:ca 1·s in t.he Fl or i.da House! of Representatives. The1·e, among other assignments, he Chain~d th,:: B,::alt.h Committee oft.he Hous,:c i.n the 1960's and served on th,:! Hca 1th and H.ehabi.1 itative Services Commi.ttee upon its establishment after 1969 (a Constitutional rewdte had greatly altered state governmf:cnt organization and placed al 1 human services of state government into a single department, the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services). Here Dr. Hodes speaks to the Constitution Revision, the p1:!rceived nc,::d by the Legislat.un'.! fo1· cn::ating the massive Dept. of HRS, and the early organizational pains of the reorganization effort. An excellent overview of the origin of the Department of Health and Rehabil-itative Services. (From its very beginning in 1969, the new Department: was disintegrating. By the mid-1990's most of the functions had been transferred else­where. Then in 1996 the last two of the old "Di.visions" were separated into two Depa1·tments and the HRS was no more - one of th 0:: "n,~w" departments was Hea 1th and the other the Depa1·tment of Children and Families.)

LIBRARY

Hall~ Carolyn M1·s. Hall is a Lib1·a1·ian. She came to the State Board of H,'.!alth in th,:: V"}l"Y •:!a1·1y 1960's to supei·vise the Public Health Lib1ary. Notably, that lib1·ary was acknowledg,":!d by al 1 as the "b,::st" and most complete public health libra1·y of any state or local health dcpartm,2nt in th,~ nation. 1-l<.!te Mrs. Hall speaks to it's hist:01·y and function; and to it's dissolution in 1976.

MIDWIFERY

Bell, Veronica; Nelson, Cathe1·ine; Williams, Gertrude; ~nd-Zei_g_],":!r, J,::mnie. "Gi·anny Midwifes" all. This vid,::otap,::, 1·,~co1d,~d in 1986, is inte1·views with th(:: four midwi f,::s nam·..:d abov,:. AU a1·e resid,::!nts of Gadsdc:;n County but. woi·k,..:d (d,:: 1 i Vl.:.!tr::d babies) over much of No1t:h F101ida. The tape was donall.:.!d to the "Oral Histo1y Proj·.~ct" by Mis. cJody Blalock, AHNP, of the Florida Stat-~ lkalth D·~pa1t.ment.. Th,,~ int.::rviewees l'l:! v i e w t. h ,:: i 1 r ,:: s p, ~ c t i v e h i s to 1· i (..:! s ( " s to 1 · i .~ s " ) i n 1 a y midwifery from "what got them interested" to recounting co101·fu1 and fascinating life-time careers.

Milton, Gladys Mrs. Milton is Florida's most famous "Granny" Midwife. She died in 1999 after almost 5 decades of delivering babi·::s to the poor and rich, the whit,:: and black, in

Flol"i.da panhandle rural counties and southern Alabama. She made her home i.n the little settlement of Flowersview, Florida, Okaloosa County. And had "lying­in" suites at her home for to-be mothers. Two national TV networks (including PBS) and a "local" station filmed h,~1 in the later years "remembering" her career. She was the subject of many many newspaper accounts given to her work and life. The County gov,~rnment of her home county honon~d her with a "Gladys Milton Day" c~1~b1·ating a milepost in numbe1· of babi.es delivered. A book was w1 ittsn about her 1 ife: "The Story of Gladys Milton - midwife" written by Wendy Bovard and Gladys Milton. It was published in 1993 by the Book Publi.shing Company of Summ,:rt:own, T,::nn. The Pref ace, pinned by Ina May Gaskin of Summ,.::rtown says: "Gladys Milton is a national t1·easure. Du1·ing the late 1950's, she was 1:ec1·u i t:,::d and trained by the Hea 1th Department to serve as midwife to he1 ru1·al community when there was no o th r:: r ca re prov id s r a v a i l ab L~ t o poor f am i l i e s . Her 3 5 year career in midwifery in the tiny. community of Flowersvi.ew, Florida, is a testament: to her wisdom, compassion and pcrseve1·ance. Her refusal to be ground down when the pow·,!1·s that 0 b,::' tried to end her dist:i.nguished midwifery servi.ce stands as a shi.ning light to all who want to see midwifes restored to their prop,.::r 1·ole as the gua1·dians of normal childbirth." Mrs. Milton's gr1.:;at compassion and profound concern for her ft!llowman com,;; th1ough loud and cl,::ar on the tape. It is a compilation of tapes made available to the Oral History P1·oject by WJHG, Panama City, WTVTk, Dothan, Ala and WEAR, Pensacola.

Vause, Alma, R.N., M.S., C.N.M. Mrs. Vause was a long time "Nurse Consultant" with the Public Health Nu1·sing program of th,:: State Board of Health and its successo1s. She exhibits deep concern for the saf,:::!ty and wel fa1·e of mothers and infants; and spent hr~r p1·of·2ssional career t:rav,~ling about the state h~ a ch i n g a n d sup,:: r v i s i n g 1 a y m i d w i f ,.:: s ; indeed , it w a s he1· duty to manag,.:: th,~ ent in~ midwife program including certified nu1·se midwifes. In her tape she speaks with great joy about h,-:!1·-long career and includes her studies in several countTi,:s of Eu1ope into midwifery practice, he1.· work in Family Planning and involvement in selection and evaluation of candidates fo1· the Family Planning Nu1·se Practition,::r sp,:!cialty. And still she took time to s1::1·ve as Assistant Nursing Di rector for the State Public fkalth Nu1sing p1og1·am.

NURSING

Fowler, Bessie, R.N., M.P.H. Mrs. Fowler was th,_:: long time Directo1· of Public Health Nu1·sing fo1· the Lee County H,.:::alth Department. Among the "firsts" inaugurat:t.::?d by Mrs. Fow] er was a Home:; Nursing SE::rvice and 01·gani zat ion of a Vis it ing Nurses Association - p1·og1aming that soon was adopted as a mod,:::l foi.· the stat,..:. She sp,:::aks to th,.:c ,..:volution of public health nursing, "dir,:::cting" a large public health nu1·sing p1·og1am, the County Commission and local pub] ic h,:.ca 1th pi og1·ami ng, and th,3 di ffcl'i.ng criteria for health programing to Mig1·ant: farm labor populations.

Lee, Gert1·udc, R. N. M1·s. L,::-,2 was the long tim,.::: Director of Public Health Nursing fo1 th2 smal 1, rural county of Holmes. In the ea1·]y years she and th,::: "CL:.crk" we1·e the only full time employees - th,..: part-time physician-di1·ector ("County H •cc a l t h Of f i cc 1· " ) w a s s ha 1 · e d w i t h 3 o t h c r co u n t i es a n d the part-time sanita1·ian was shared va1·i.ously with two or th1·ee neighboring counties. Info1·rnative and in-structive an..: Mis. L,~e's discussions into the t:i-aining of a public health nu1·se, the evolution of public health nursing i.n a small 1·ural county, and "b,~coming dir,~cto1· of the public h,::alth nursing p1og1am".

Ryals, Aud1·y ~ R.N. Mrs. Ryals serv1c:d as a public h,.:ca1th nurs·2 fo1 the Gadsd,,:n County H,:ca l th D,:.cpa1·tm·:.:nt ov,~1· 40 y,..:ars - from " f i ·~ 1 d n u 1 · s ,..: " , to Sup,..: 1 ·vi so 1 · , to As s i st: ant Di 1 ·,_::ct o 1.· of Nui:sing, to Di1.·ecto1· of Nu1·sing. Th,..: "story" of her career spanning som·::: half doz,..:n County Hea 1th Officers, a nu r s i n g st a f f o f t. h 1 ,::: ,.::? a t t h ·2 b ,::: g i n n i n g t o two doz en , the "poor,..:st' county of th,=--: state with lhi..: high(c;st infant death rates in the nation, varyi.ng administrative configui.·ations at th,::: stat,::: ]eve], ea1·]y days "in HRS", the "many reorganizations" is informative and instruct­ive. And in spite of it all, the dedication and commitment_ of local staff to purpose, kept the "ship on an ,3ven ke•2 1 " and p1·og1-· am progressed. Het· overview of tr a i n i n g nu 1 · s es i n to th•::! pub 1 i c h ,3 a 1 t h s er v i c ·.:c i s o f particular historic inten~st.

Townsend, Anita, R.N. M1·s. Townsend was th 1.:: long tim,~ Public Health Nurse in th,:: Wakulla County 1-!t.-,alth D\~pa1tm·2nt. For the first onc-thiTd of h,:c1· y,:.ca1 s th,:.!Hc, sh,.:: was th,.:: only nurse. She and the Clr~1k wen~ th,:.! only fu]1-time cmploy,~es. Th• . .:: pa1t-tim,:.! lh:,alth Officc1· and paJ"t-tim,2 sanitarian cam,..: in f1·om ,_::ls,.,wh,.::1·:c. H·::1· d,::sc1ipt.ion of "doing public h,~alth" in a "on,:.! nu1·s,," County is almost entertaining! The evolution of a nu1sing prog1·am in a

very smal 1 county in instructive. As is her "must do" role in relating to the County Commission and other community 01·ganizations and agencies in the mai.ntenance and progH.:!SS of public hea 1th prog1 aming - and the funding.

Wennlund, De101·es, R.N., M.P.H. M1.-s. Wenn]und di1,:.::cted t.he state Pub] ic Health Nursing Program f1·om 1974 into the early 1990 1 s - very turbulent years for public health programing in general, especia]]y fo1· public health nu1·sing. Programmatic philosophy fo1· the newly 1·eorganized State Depart-ment of Health and R1.:~habi1itat:ive Services saw it's "health arm", with its local h,~alth departments, doctors and nurses, as the medical care, the "sick care" system for all clients of the Department. Mai.ntenance of prog1·ami.ng for the public's health was increasingly di.fficult - nu1·ses we1·e ca11ed upon more and more to care for the sick. Mrs. Wennlund did a superb job of balancing the conflicting interests. Here, in different terms, she speaks to much of this. Her overview of the "history" of pub] i c health nU1·sing in F] orida is informative. Sh·.:! has written this history - a copy of her manuscript was given to this "Oral History Collection" and is available fo-r study.

NUTRI'I'ION

Kaufman, Mi 1dred, M.S., M.P.H, R.D. Miss Kaufman was the Jong time: DiT,~ctor of the Pub] ic Health Nutl"ition Program for the State Public Health 01·ganization. Somewhat because of the upheaval in the s,:.::cmingly "always 1·,:.::01ganizing" D,:.::pa1·t.ment of H,.:!a1th and Rehabilitative Se1vices, she accepted the position of Professor and Chair, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Unive1·sity of No1·th Carolina. Here she speaks to he1· y,:.::ars in Florida, p1ovides a detailed ove1·view of th·,: d,;v,:lopment of nutrition progi.·aming in Florida, the 01igins and implementation of the F,.:!dci·al "WIC" program (she la1·gely w1·ote the Federal Act and nurtu1·cd it th1·ough passage), the impact the WIC program has had on gcnc~ra 1 public hea 1th nutriti.on p1·og1ami.ng, and mentioned, almost in passing, her recently publish·:..!d book "Nutrition in Public Health -A Handbook fo1· Dcvelopi ng Program and Services". Miss Kaufman's impact on nutrition p1·ograming, and probably the nutritional status of Flol"idians, is sizable.

PHARMACY

McMahan, A], Ph.G. Mr. McMahanwas ,~mp]oyed by the State BoaJ"d of Health to 01·ganize and manage~ a "Pharmacy Prog1am" - a "drug store" - fo1 the statewide pub1 ic hea 1th opf.:!rat ion. He was the Board of Health's first "dispensing" pharmacist. Here he overviews the development of that "drug store" and its ope1at:ion over the nc~xt 30 years. Over that pe1iod the work load, and variety of inventory <::'.n1arged tremendous 1 y. He moved from a "one room, one re fr i.g-e ra tor" operation to three fu11 time pharmacists and supporting/mail room staff - including a secretary! H i s " s t o 1 y " i s c n tc:.; l" t a i n i n g , i n f o 1 ·mat i. v e , a n d i n s t r u ct -ivc. A l,:sson in p1·oy1am d1..:v,.:lopm· . ..:nt.

STATE HEALTH OFFICER

How12] l , James T. , M. D. , M. P. H . Dr. How,311 scrv12d thr,~c diffen3nt occasions as Florida's State Health Officer. Most notable, fo1· our p1esent pu1pose, he was appointed, in 1997, the fi1·st Secretary of the n,~w1y creat:,:.;d Florida Dcpa1·tment of Health. His repo1·t h,:~1·e - "the BiTthing of a State Health Department:" -summa1·iz,:.;s th,..: labo1s invo1v,'.3d in establishing and makiny opcl'ationa1 this new Depa1t:ment of Stat·..: Gov,~1·nmcnt.. Th,.:: nr..:w Dcparf.mr..:nt is viewed as pivotal in public health p1"og1·aming for Floi-i.da.

Mahan, Cha1·lcs, M.D. 01·. Mahan is pi ·,:s,..:ntl y th,..: D,..:an of th,..: Col1,2y,..: of Public Health, Univc1sity of South Florida. He sc1·ved some 7 years as Florida's St.ate~ H\..:alth Office1· and Assistant Secr-!t.a1·y fo1 Ik:alth with the D,..:pa1tmcnt of Health and Rchabi1itat.iv·..: S,..::rvic-..:s. 13,:for·.:: that h,..: was the Di1·cctor of the Mate1na1 and Child Health P1·og1am while a l so f or ma n y ye a rs a pl" o f c s so r o f Obst et 1· i cs a n d Gynecology at the University of Florida. lh~J"e he speaks to Matc1·nal and Child Health prog1·aming, Imp1·ovr3d Pregnancy Out.come, H,..:adsta1t, the Chiles Center, Distant Lca1ning, Local Health Depa1t:ments, the new Stat·..: Ih.::a 1th Dcpartm• . ..:nt and of course his years as Di 1··.::ctor of the St.at,..: Public H,..:a l th P1ogram.

Prath,..:r, E. Charlton, M.D., M.S., M.P.H. 01·. Prathi..:1· sp-~nt. m01 ·: than 35 y,..:a1·s with th,..: Fl od da St at. c Pub l i c I k a l th 01 g an i z a t i on . Ea 1 · l y as a 1abo1·ator·ian in bact~1 iology, as cpidcmi.o1ogist and finally as Di1·cctor of the State Public H,.;a]t:h program and State H~a l th Off i ccr. He rct i n~d in 1 988. The present tap,~ sp,2aks to his ,.;arly y,~ars "g,"t:ting ready"

fo1· a ca1"t:2er in Epid,:.:mio1ogy -"disease detective work". (Due to time limitation, the taping was cut short. However, plans arc to resume th(:: interview at some future date. At that time this summary will be comp] etcd.)

Sowdt.~r, Wi.1son T., M.D., M.P.H. 01·. Sowder was F]o1·i.da's State Health Officer from 1945 into 1 974. W! se1·ved under 5 Governors! By a 11 standards he is cons idcn~d cit her the state's most or second-most productive St.ate Health Officer. To most st. u d c n t s of pub l i c h ,.; a 1 th program i n g in Fl or id a , its a "toss-up" bctwccn Dr. Sowder and Dr. A.Y. Porter, F 1 or id a ' s f i 1· s t St: a t e H ca I t h Of f ice r - c l ea 1· 1 y , each o f them arc belly-butt.on above all the othe1·s combined in terms of improvements i.n the public's health! Here Dr. Sowder reviews th,2 ,~a1.ly days of public health action in Fl 01· id·a, the p1 og1·cs s i vc dcve l opm,.:;n t of programing over t:irnc, and som,_: of th·.2 s,:.:t-backs to p1·ogrami.ng and the n_: a son s why , t. h ,.; fun ct i on i n g of th c group o f cit i z c n s i d c n t i f i e d a s t h c " Bo a 1· d " - t he Bo a rd o f He a l t h , t he demise of 01·ganized public health programing first begun by the Constitution 1·evis ion of 1968 and completed by the reo1·ganization of the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services in 1975. Throughout he inter­jects interesting ani.:~cdot:·~s like his early days with the Red Light Dist:1·ict in Pensacola and Georgia's quarantine of Flodda b,.2caus,:.: of Polio. 01.·. Sowder is a good story t e 1 l ,.2 1 · a n cl h · ~ has a l o t o f st o ri cs t. o t c 1 1 ! Hi s tape is a "roust_" fo1· anyon~ inUin~stcd in the history of public health in Florida.

TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL

Manni, Lawr,,nc,:.:, M.D. D 1· . Ma n n i s p 12 n t: --t: h · , who 1 c o f h i s prof cs s i on a l l i. f c i. n t: he f U:: 1 d o f Tub,.; 1· cu 1 o s i s d i a g nos i s , c 1 in i ca 1 ma n a g e -mcnt:, th,:.:rap,:ut i cs, and community control . He was att:1·actcd t.o Flo1ida f1om Michigan to direct the ncwl y O[)l:n·..:d Stat,; 'I'ubc1·cu 1 os is Hos pi ta 1 in Ta 11 ahasscc; the W. T. Edwai-ds llospital. (M1·. Edwa1·ds was largely responsible fo1· convincing the State Legislature that the state should build special hospitals for the care and treatment of p,.;1sons with tubc1·culosis - and the establishment of a governing board to oversee their operation. Mi-. Edwa1ds was appointed it's first Director - the "Flo1·ida Tuberculosis Control Board. It was only a few yca1s lat.r.2r that Mi·. Edwards died and Dr. Manni took his place~. He continued in this capacity i. n to t he ea 1· 1 y 1 9 6 0 ' s w h c n d c c r i.:: a s i n g i. n c i. d c n c e o f tuberculosis caused the closing of two of the state's four hospitals and abolishment: of the Board. (The remaining two hospitals were transfc1-red to the care

of the State Boa1·d of Health. Dr. Manni. became Di.rector of the Board of Health's Tuberculosis Control Program. His tape reviews his long and effective, multifaceted, history in the tuberculosis control field. His "mark" on t he h i story o f t u be 1· cu 1 o s i s i n F 1 or i d a i s b 1· o a d .

McEuen, Mari.anne, M.D. A Radiologist. Was employed by the Tuberculosis Control P1·ogram of the Flol"ida St.ate Board of Health in 1959 to "read" 70 mm. X-ray films - chest films taken in communi.ty su1·vcys by mobile X-1·ay units (but also films fi·om health departments and hospitals with 70 mm. machines). Ovc~r time she.! became Flo1·ida's lead expert in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of tub-:crculosis - as wcl l as Cl :inical Dircct.01· of the state wid'.c: program. During hr21 tenure she saw the p1·cva]encc of acti.ve tube1·culosis in the state fall from i.ts high·2st level in hist.01·y to its lowest!! but, she reports, a new beginning b·~gan to ad.sc sho1·t1y aft.er discovery of AIDS.

Walker, Embry Mt. Wa]kc1· was a very long time employee~ of the State Tuberculosis Control Program. In the military during the 2nd World War, he was trained as an "X-ray technician" and was cmp 1 oycd by State Boa 1·d of Hca 1th immediately after discharge. He witnessed and par­ticipated in the ea1:ly development of the Florida TB Control Program (under DL. Cy Sharp). An early duty was organizing the t1·avel ing "TB Su1·vcy T1·ucks" which went about the state t.ak:i ng chest. X-1·ay f i 1 ms ( the t1·ucks were equipped with 70 mm. X-i-ay machines and electric generators). It was an early duty also to organize "mobile X-ray units" which consisted of po r t. a b 1 e ma ch i n cs w h i ch w ,2 r c ca tT i c d by t: cc h n i c i a n s to counties without X-1 ay ,:!quipmcnt fo1· the prime purpos.:.) of "fol low-up" X-1ay studies. Notably, the film all were carried back to the Boa1·d of Health in Jacksonville fo1 d,~v,2loping and 1·cading. M1·. Walkc1· sp'.!aks to tht...!sc..:: mat.t,21s in detail including the place and 1·olc of the:: Florida Tubt~l culosis Association in educating th1.2 public, assisting w_it.h surveys, and help to n ,~ ·.2 d y pa t: i ·~ n t s . Th ,.2 " ch a p t c 1 · " i n t h c h i st o 1 · y o f F 1 or i d a ' s at. h--2 n t i on t: o Tub·__: 1 cu l o s i s 1· ,2 cord c d h <2 r c i s not els-~whcrc prcsc1 vcd.

VENEREAL DISEASE CONTROL

WroL~n, Jack Fl Ol." i da 'sTong ti me di 1.·cct:01 of Vcn~!1·ca 1 Di scasc Cont:1·01. Was a U.S. Public Health Service (C.D.C.) employee and assignc:d to Flo1·ida in the early 1960's for assisting n~ncwcd focus on Syphilis control. Over time

the ~merging problem of antibiotic resistant gonorrhea became the p1·essi.ng i.ssue and attention to syphilis declined. Then Pelvi.c Inflammatory Di.sease. Then AIDS. Mr. W1:oten nicely reviews the direct r.elationships between fundi.ng and successes and the program impacts of frequent organi.zational changes withi.n a large bureaucracy ("HRS").

VITAL STATISTICS

Wi] J iams, Everett E., M.S. Mr. Wi 11 iams was the 1 ong time Di u::!ctor of the Board of Health's Office of Vita] Statistics. Here he overviews the history of death and birth registration; and covers in some detail the history of death and birth registr­ation in Florida. Closely 1·e]ated is the beginning of the Office of Vital Statisti.cs - this too he covers in some detail - all sprinkled with a nice helping of humor, easy listening to one especially informed about his field and vc1y enthusiastic about his subject.

Ame s, Richard

Barn e s, Pe ggy ....... . Be ck, El i.zaa b e th ... . .

· Be ll, Samu e l ........ . Be ll, Ve ronica ...... . Bigler, Willi.am ..... . Bomba, My1·a Lentz ... . Brumback, Car 1 L. Buff, Elsi .e ......... .

Cong e r, Gerom e N.

Cowd en, Bu1·ncy ...... . Cowd e ry, Patricia C. Cran e , Davi .d ........ .

Dame , Ge o1 ·g e ........ . Dam12, John .....•..... Deason, Thelma ...... . Dodd, Larry • .•.•..... Dumbaugh, R6b e 1·t. .... . Dyk e s, Gl c nn ........ .

Fowl er , Be ssi e ...... . Frazi e r, Dwight ..... .

Galbr e th, W;illa1 .d . . . Gat e s, Emi . ly ........ . Ge h t:c s, Ge org e ...... .

Hal.1., Carolyn ....... . Ha 1 1 , J. Bas i.1 ...... . Hamlin, Rob 8 rt ...... . Ha1: twig, Cha1 ·1 e s .... . Hod e s, Ri .chai:d ...... . How e ] 1, Jam e s T ..... .

Jackson, E, Russ ~ 1 l Janowski., He nry ..... .

INDEX

pag e 2

1 0 4

1 g

20 1 5 1 0 1 1 1 6

6 1 2

4 1 2 1 2

1 3 6

1 3 1 6

2 4

2 2 1 7

6 1 7

2 0 1 4

1 1 7 1 g

3 2 4

3 1 6

L Ge , Ge r t rud e .. .• .. . . 22 L e wi .s , Authur . . . .. .. . 18 L i vin gsto n e , Wa lt e 1· . . 7 Lo r d , Don . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8

Mahan, Chai·] e s ..... . Manni, Law1 ·e nc e .•... McEu e n, Mari .ann e ... . Mc Ma ha n, A 1 ........ . Milton, Gladys ....•. Mon .·i.son, A. J ..... . Mulr c nn e n, John •....

Ne 1 son, Cath e r in 8 ...

Ph e lps, John ...••... Prath e r, E. Charlton Pri.c ,~, Donald L.

Ragan, J e ff ........ . Rhod e s, Cha i-1 i e .... . Rog e rs, And1· e w- J. Rog e rs, Marvin ..... . Ryals, Audry _L •.....

Schn e i .d~r, Nathan •.. Schoonov e r, Rob e 1·t A. Schri e be r, Minni e Sowd e r, Wilson T,

T c:nnant, Bi 11. ...... . Towns .-.Jnd, Anita .... .

Vaus e , Alma ........ .

Wa 1 k c i-, Emb1·y ...... . Wc b c 1· , Wi l 1 i a m J. We nnlund, Dc lo1 ·e s ... Wi.11 i ams, Ev e r e tt: ..• Williams, Ge 1.·t rud c .. Windom, Rob e rt . .... . Wi s lhu ff , Rich a 1·d ..• W1 o t: c n, Jack .... . .•.

Zc igl c 1· , Jamni e

24 25 26 24 20

7 5

20

1 g 24 1 8

8 8 5 g

22

1 g g

1 g 2 5

g

22

2 1

26 1

23 27 20 1 5 1 0 26

20