Oral Language Development

Oral Language DevelopmentNewborn 2 MonthsCry : Main form of communicationSense and turn toward human facesWhat about a blind infant?Know and prefer their mothers voice React to their mothers smellRespond to vocal prompts (Video 2)

Bardies, 1999

Turns head when hearing a voiceParticipate in turn taking, echoing, and fleetingCoos single syllable (Video 4)

Bardies, 1999; Hermosa, 20023 Months

Babble strings of consonants (Video 8)Produce first laughter and cry (Video 7)Produce sound for showing emotion and demandBardies, 1999; Hermosa, 20024 Months

(to be lifted or reach something)

4Vocalize vowel sounds to toys and to image in mirrorExperiment with sounds (Video 9 and 10)Imitate some soundsRespond to names5 Months

Bardies, 1999; Hermosa, 2002Responds to shadowCreativity in baby names

5Babies SmilesEffect on Others:Calm othersEstablish affectKinds of SmileSleeping SmileMedieval Legend Legend of CypselusTrue SmileBardies, 1999

Vocalize to show pleasure and displeasure (Video 11-14)Interrupt their vocalization at willVoice is higher when they are with their mother than with father Bardies, 1999; Hermosa, 20026 Months

7Play vocally (Video 15)Listen to vocalization of othersImitate cough, hiss, and tongue click

Bardies, 1999; Hermosa, 20027-9 Months

Lengthen and modulate isolated vowels

8BabblingShows that all languages are syllabicGroups syllables and repeats sequencesBecomes clear and well articulatedConsonant-VowelCVCVCVCVCVBardies, 1999Stand about BabblingJakobson (1972/1941) on BabblingBabbling is only an exercise that produces series of sounds. It has a period of silence which is not linguistic.Lenneberg (1964) and Chomsky (1959)Babbling is a stage of maturation. Its forms are universal.

Bardies, 1999Biochemical Approach to BabblingA baby has a small chance to escape babbling.Individual differences and biological mechanicals create the babbling differences.Bardies, 1999Babbling and Sign LanguageAge in MonthsDescription5-6Vocalizes like a hearing baby7Do not babble8Babbles manually12Babbles baBardies, 1999Linguistic info is transmitted through manual gestures and they are received visually

12Obey some commandPractice gesture of pointingBegin to point toward a distant objectDemandCall attention Ask names of objectsBardies, 1999; Hermosa, 200210-11 Months

Recognize own nameFollow simple motor instruction with visual cueReact to no intonationPractice word vocalizationInterpret and take into account the adults reactions to guide their exploration of the worldHermosa, 20021 Year

Turn back to their mothers faces in the expectation of being able to read some sign of approval of disapproval of what they propose to do. Mothers expression is taken as a commentary directed to the child that the child should consider. (Cassie case of meeting new people and Bjorns 1st day in school)14Expression of EmotionExpress physiological states and emotionsCrying (Hunger, Distress, Uneasiness)Facial expressionsArm wavingFoot stampingStaringBardies, 1999Expression of EmotionAge in MonthsReaction to Emotion4Change of expression on portraits5Face and voice6Voice7Slight facial expression 8-9Sometimes misinterpret angry facial expressions as jokesMothereseAKA fatherese, maidese, care giver talkDoes this consciously or unconsciouslyShows willingness to adapt to the capacities of the baby Purpose:Gets babys attentionHeightens babys interestBardies, 1999Characteristics of MothereseClear and slow articulationEmphasis on word or messageLong, soft, melodic formsFrequency of repetitionRhythm of body movementExaggerated facial expression Bardies, 1999Culture and MothereseCulture PracticeAmerican Indians in Guatemala Monotone Repeat after me TechniqueSoloman Islands Indirect infant speechBardies, 1999Culture and MothereseKaluli in New Guinea Adults speak seldom to infants and rarely look at them directly. Receive certain instructionsPrevent from touching an objectCorrect errors of pronunciationDo not show objects and teach namesRepeat words and sentencesBardies, 1999Motherese and Language DevtThere is no correlation between the child-directed speech of the mother and the linguistic development of the child. Parents do not teach. They furnish language models. Bardies, 1999Components of Language

For Sale: An antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and big drawers. (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2003)FormsPhonologicalMorphologicalSyntacticSemanticsStudy of Richard Aslin (1993)Present words in sentences in teachingHow to Teach Children to Understand?Repeat sentencesSimplify previous utteranceReformulate their utteranceClarify and comment on remarksBardies, 1999

Syntax and PragmaticsImperative and Interrogative sentences are numerous on the speech of parentsStudy in the Luo Society: Case of a Father:Son 3% imperativeDaughter 43% imperative

Bardies, 1999

Elissa Newport (1976)Sentence TypeChildrenAdultDeclarative30%87%Interrogative44%9%Imperative18%2%Total92%98%Bardies, 1999Language ProgressAge in Mos.PhonologySemanticsSyntaxPragmatics15Common Everyday Object4-62-word utteranceSing/HumQ/AUse of I and MineRhyming Games182021Language ProgressAge in YearsPhonologySemanticsSyntaxPragmatics2Parts of Speech200-400Short, incomplete sentencesShort dialogue3900-10003-4 sentencesFollow 2-step commandTalk about presentLanguage ProgressAge in YearsPhonologySemanticsSyntaxPragmatics41500-1600Ask.Narrate.590% Grammar Acquisition2100-2200Discuss feeling Follow 3-step commandUse requestProduce short passiveLanguage ProgressAge in YearsPhonologySemanticsSyntaxPragmatics626000 wordsComplex sentencesKeep conversation7ReasonDirection8Produce all soundsAll passivesConsider intention.Start to brag.Theories of Language Acquisition

BehavioristB.F. SkinnerLanguage learning through environmental conditioning and imitation of adult modelsStudy of Darwin, 1872Darwins son at 6 months assumed a melancholy expression, with the corners of the mouth turned down, when he saw his nurse pretend to cry.

Bardies, 1999; Hermosa, 2002NativistNoam ChomskyLanguage is native and innate. Language is creative.

InteractionistCombines behaviorist and nativistLanguage is a product of genetic and environmental factors.

7 Functions of Language1. InstrumentalBaby cries. Mother gives milk. Baby stops crying. 2. InteractionalNew child in the neighborhood celebrates party and invites the kids in the community. 3. Personal A student writes a diary entry before sleep. 4. HeuristicA child points to an animal in the zoo and asks his mother What is that?5. ImaginativeGirls play with each other. They pretend to be princesses who are about to attend a ball. 6. InformativeA student goes home and recounts school experiences to his parents. 7. RegulatoryIn the classroom, the sergeant at arms stands and writes the names of the noisy students on the board. Suddenly, the class becomes silent. ImplicationsChildren need to grow up in a linguistic environment with a very rich input.Do not judge late-developing children. Give importance to eye contact and turn taking in the classroom. Provide Teacherese. Bardies, 1999

ReferencesBardies, B. d. (1999).How language comes to children: from birth to two years(pp. 38-93). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2003). An introduction to language (7th ed.). Boston: Thomson, Heinle.Hermosa, N. (2002). The Psychology of Reading (249-254). Philippines: UP Open University. The Baby Human from the Discovery Channel