Kumar Kunal Kamal

TAPMI

Extraverion (+ve)

Conscientiousness (+ve)

Openness (+ve)

Neurotic (-ve)

Integrity (+ve)

Charisma (+ve)

Intelligence (+ve)

nAch (+ve)

nPower (+ve)

Interpersonal Skills (+ve)

Decision Making Skills (+ve)

Problem Solving Skills (+ve)

Management Skills (+ve)

Communication Skills (+ve)

Leadership is a trait; it is the unique property of extraordinary individuals

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History (1841)

Lectures on Heroes: Six Lectures

Capacity for leadership is inherent

Leaders are born, not made

"History is nothing but the biography of the Great Man".

Thomas Carlyle

(1795-1881)Challenge: Hero worship allows worshippers to

abnegate responsibility

“Survival of the fittest”

Great men are the products of their societies

Heroes are conditioned by the social conditions of theirtime

“You must admit that the genesis of a great mandepends on the long series of complex influences whichhas produced the race in which he appears, and thesocial state into which that race has slowly grown....Before he can remake his society, his society must makehim.”

(1820 - 1903)

Spencer, Herbert. The study of sociology. Vol. 5. Henry S. King, 1873.

Great men are made, not born

People can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation

Focus on what leaders actually do, that their traits

Leadership success is defined in terms of describable actions

Michigan Studies of Leadership

Task oriented behavior

Relationship-oriented behavior

Participative leadership

Ohio State University Studies

Initiating Structure

Consideration

Hersey and Blanchard SituationalLeadership Model

There is no single best way to lead

Effective leadership varies acrosssituations; it depends on the readinesslevel of followers.

Graen’s leader-member exchange (LMX) theory.

Average Leadership Style (ALS): Leaders manifest a consistent leadershipstyle across situations

Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL) Theory: Leaders differentiate among theirsubordinates in terms of leader behaviour

General Model of Role-Making Process: During the initial process oforganizing their roles, thesubordinate-superior dyads engagethemselves in vertical exchanges tonegotiate job-related matters.

Superiors have time and energy constraints

Segregation of subordinates based on the perception of role-readiness

Based on level of readiness, subordinates given cadre membership (in-group)

Superior to Subordinate: Higher attention and support to in-group members

Subordinate to Superior: Higher and committed engagement in activities

A successful leader clarifies the linkage between path and goal

Performance should improve as the following paths become clarified:

(1) Effort leading to Performance (Expectancy)

(2) Performance leading to Valued Rewards (Instrumentality)

Effort Performance Outcome

E I V

Directive

Leader lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to perform their tasks.

Achievement-oriented

Leader sets challenging goals for followers, expects them to perform at their highest level, and shows confidence in their ability to meet this expectation.

Participative

Leader consults followers and asks for their suggestions before making a decision.

Supportive

Leader directs behaviour towards satisfaction of subordinates needs and preferences and shows concern for followers’ psychological well being.

Whether a leader should use directive or nondirective behavior depends upon three situational contingencies:

1) Leader-Member Relations

2) Task Structure

3) Leader Position Power

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Transactional Leadership: Involves leader-follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance agreed upon between leaders and followers.

Transformational Leadership: Occurs when leaders broaden and elevate followers’ interests and stir followers to look beyond their own interests to the good of others.

Transactional Leadership

Contingent Rewards

Active Management by Exception

Passive Management by Exception

Laissez-faire

Transformational Leadership

Charisma

Inspiration

Intellectual Stimulation

Individual Consideration

Charisma