order on defendants' motion to dismiss second amended complaint
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
1/30
]Q@QI LD OJAO@J@ / OJ QGI F@[OLJ ]YRI[OL[ MLY[Q
/ ]]8
MLYJQ_ LD F@[OLJ / M@Y]I JL* 1?A01&0;2=&FO&20;214
L[E_ Q@OQX% C@[E ]^OG@[Q% /
IA^@[A CI]EI[% KLK CI[J% /`ja D[@JC ^I_E /
/
Re`ojqodd}% /
/
t* /
/
OJAO@J@ IEIMQOLJ MLFFO]]OLJ% /
AIRYQ _ @QQL[JI_ NIJI[@E /
HIDDI[]LJ N@[J% AIRYQ_ /
@QQL[JI_ NIJI[@E C@QI /
]GIEK_% 0=02 [@AOL,^QEM% /@FL] K[L^J% OJ GO] LDDOMO@E /
M@R@MOQ_ LD QGI Q@EC ]GL^ /
GL]Q LD QGI 0=02 [@AOL,^QEM /
OJAO@J@ ]IM[IQ@[_ LD /
]Q@QI% /
/
Aidija`jq}* /
L[AI[ LJ AIDIJA@JQ] FLQOLJ QL AO]FO]] ]IMLJA @FIJAIA
MLFRE@OJQ
Aidija`jq}% qg{lyng qgio{ `qql{ji}% fltia qgo} Mly{q ql Ao}fo}} ]imlja @fijaia
Mlfre`ojq* @{nyfijq ~`} gi`{a k qgo} Mly{q lj Lmqlki{ ;;% ;20;* Qgi Mly{q && g`tojn
{itoi~ia qgi doeojn} }ykfoqqia k klqg r`{qoi}% g`tojn {itoi~ia {ieit`jq `yqgl{oq% `ja g`tojn
gi`{a `{nyfijq d{lf klqg r`{qoi} && jl~ doja} qg`q Aidija`jq} Flqolj ql Ao}fo}} ]imlja
@fijaia Mlfre`ojq o} N[@JQIA* ]rimodom`ee% qgo} Mly{q f`ci} qgi dleel~ojn dojaojn} `ja
mljmey}olj} {ie`qoti ql Aidija`jq} Flqolj ql Ao}fo}} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
2/30
;
R[LMIAY[@E GO]QL[_
0* Re`ojqodd} mg`eeijnia qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq K`{`mc Lk`f`
kidl{i qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj} Mlffo}}olj 'OIM/ `ja }lyngq ql g`ti gof {ifltia d{lf qgi
Ojao`j` k`eelq*0
;* Qgi OIM yj`jofly}e aijoia Re`ojqodd} mg`eeijni lj Dik{y`{ ;1% ;20;*
=* Qgi {itoi~ ld qgi aimo}olj ld qgi OIM o} nlti{jia k qgi @afojo}q{`qoti L{ai{}
`ja R{lmiay{i} @mq '@LR@/* ]ii O*M* 1&;0*9% iq}ip* ]ii`e}l O*M* 1&;0*9&9&0 '@LR@
i}q`keo}gi} qgi iwmey}oti fi`j} dl{ hyaomo`e {itoi~ ld `j `nijm `mqolj/3 Ojao`j` ]q`qi Kl`{a
ld Gi`eqg D`moeoq @afj{} t* ^i{ji{% 710 J*I*;a 00?4% 0;29 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;224/ '}q{omq
mlfreo`jmi ~oqg qgi f`ja`qi} ld @LR@ o} {ipyo{ia/3 Ky{ci t* Kl`{a ld Ao{imql{} ld Flj{li
Mlyjq Rykeom Eok{`{% >2? J*I*;a 02=4% 0210 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0???/ 'qgi d`oey{i ql `agi{i ql qgi
}q`qyql{ r{i{ipyo}oqi} dl{ hyaomo`e {itoi~ ld `afojo}q{`qoti `mqolj o} d`q`e oj qg`q oq air{oti} qgi
q{o`e mly{q ld `yqgl{oq ql ijqi{q`oj qgi riqoqolj/*
1* Lj F`{mg ;=% ;20;% Re`ojqodd} doeia ` Riqoqolj dl{ Ifi{nijm Ojhyjmqoti [ieoid
`ja Riqoqolj dl{ Aime`{`ql{ [ieoid ~oqg qgo} Mly{q ql mg`eeijni qgi aimo}olj ld qgi OIM* ;
0 Re`ojqodd Q`oqx aoa jlq qimgjom`ee doei ` mg`eeijni kidl{i qgi OIM mg`eeijnojn qgi
py`eodom`qolj}3 gl~iti{% Re`ojqodd Q`oqx `rri`{ia kidl{i qgi OIM `ja r{ltoaia ojdl{f`qolj `jaitoaijmi ql qgi OIM* Re`ojqodd Q`oqx o} ` r`{q ql qgo} eoqon`qolj `ja g`} {ir{i}ijqia qgi lqgi{
re`ojqodd} `} qgio{ mlyj}ie* @mml{aojne% Re`ojqodd} Q`oqx o} oj r{otoq ~oqg qgi lqgi{ re`ojqodd} ~gl
doeia mg`eeijni} 'kidl{i qgi OIM/ ql qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`* ]ii]f`ee t* Mijqlml{% Ojm*% >=0 J*I*;a ;;% ;>&;7 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;222/% {ign aijoia% q{`j}* aijoia
'r{otoq ojmeyai} qgl}i ~gl mljq{le `j `mqolj% qglyng jlq ` r`{q ql oq% `ja qgl}i ~gl}i ojqi{i}q}
`{i {ir{i}ijqia k ` r`{q ql `j `mqolj/3 ]q`qi t* ]rioaie% =?; J*I*;a 00>;% 00>4 'Oja* Mq* @rr*0?>?/ 'mly{q ql ellc kilja qgi jlfoj`e r`{qoi} `ja ellc} ql qgl}i ~gl}i ojqi{i}q f`ci} qgi {i`e
r`{qoi}/*; Dl{ qgi kijidoq ld Re`ojqodd}% qgo} Mly{q mlj}q{yia Re`ojqodd} doeojn `} ` Ti{odoia Riqoqolj
dl{ Hyaomo`e [itoi~ `} qg`q ~`} qgi lje fi`j} k ~gomg qgi aimo}olj ld qgi OIM mlyea ki{itoi~ia*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
3/30
=
9* Re`ojqodd} doeia `j `fijaia rei`aojn qoqeia Do{}q @fijaia Mlfre`ojq Ojhyjmqoti
[ieoid% Riqoqolj dl{ Ifi{nijm ]q` Yjai{ @LR@% Riqoqolj dl{ Aime`{`ql{ [ieoid% Mlfre`ojq dl{
D{`ya Jineonijmi K{i`mg ld Doaymo`{ Ayq lj F` >% ;20;* Qgo} Mly{q aoa jlq n{`jq ei`ti ql
doei `j `fijaia mlfre`ojq ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 09*
4* @ gi`{ojn ~`} giea lj ]q`qi Aidija`jq} Flqolj ql Ao}fo}} `ja qgo} Mly{q o}}yia
`j L{ai{ lj Hyji ;9% ;20;* Oj qgo} L{ai{% qgo} Mly{q mljmeyaia qg`q Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql mlfre
~oqg t`{oly} r{lto}olj} ld @LR@ `ja% `} ` {i}yeq% qgo} Mly{q ao}fo}}ia Re`ojqodd} me`of} ~oqg
r{ihyaomi*
>* Re`ojqodd} doeia q~l Flqolj} yjai{ [yei 42*
=
@} ri{qojijq% Re`ojqodd} `{nyia qg`q
qgi me`of} ld jineonijmi% d{`ya `ja k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq }glyea jlq g`ti kiij ao}fo}}ia ~oqg
r{ihyaomi* Re`ojqodd} q{oia ql g`ti qgo} Mly{q `eel~ qgif ql mljqojyi eoqon`qojn qgi mg`eeijni ql
R{i}oaijq Lk`f`} mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj}*
7* Qgo} Mly{q% lj @yny}q 0>% ;20;% o}}yia `j L{ai{ {in`{aojn Re`ojqodd} [yei 42
Flqolj'}/* ]rimodom`ee% qgo} Mly{q {i`ddo{fia oq} Hyji ;9% ;20; L{ai{ qg`q qgi mg`eeijni} ql
R{i}oaijq Lk`f`} py`eodom`qolj} ~i{i ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi `ja qg`q qgi ao}fo}}`e ~`} lj
qgi fi{oq}3 gl~iti{ qgo} Mly{q `eel~ia Re`ojqodd} ql doei `j `fijaia rei`aojn }iqqojn dl{qg qg{ii
}q`qi&e`~ ql{q} `n`oj}q qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj Mlffo}}olj `ja qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi8
jineonijmi3 k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq3 `ja d{`ya*
?* Re`ojqodd} doeia jl `rri`e ~oqg qgi Mly{q ld @rri`e} ld qgi @yny}q 0>% ;20; L{ai{%
~gomg ao}fo}}ia && ~oqg r{ihyaomi `ja lj qgi fi{oq} && qgio{ mg`eeijni} ql qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e
= Re`ojqodd} do{}q [yei 42 Flqolj `mmy}ia ]q`qi Aidija`jq} ld q{i`}lj `ja }q`qia qg`q od qgo}
Mly{q aoa jlq {ioj}q`qi qgi mg`eeijni ql qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`% oq%
qll% ~lyea ki mlfreomoq oj qgi m{ofi} mlffoqqia k qgi aidija`jq} `ja ~oee kimlfi mlfreomoq
ql q{i`}lj* ]ymg mlffijq} `ja `mmy}`qolj}% ~gomg g`ti kiij ql}}ia `klyq k Re`ojqodd}qg{lynglyq qgo} eoqon`qolj% `{i }my{{oely}*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
4/30
1
py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`* Qgi qofi dl{ `j }ymg `rri`e g`} jl~ r`}}ia* Qgi{idl{i% qgi
aimo}olj aijojn qgi mg`eeijni ql qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} doj`e
`ja Re`ojqodd} `{i k`{{ia d{lf {i&eoqon`qojn qgl}i me`of} k qgi almq{oji} ld {i} hyaom`q` `ja
mlee`qi{`e i}qlrrie* ]ii @a`f} t* F`{olj Mlyjq Lddomi ld D`foe `ja Mgoea{ij % 49? J*I*;a
;2;% ;29 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0??9/ 'moqojn ]yeeot`j t* @fi{om`j M`}y`eq Ml*% 429 J*I*;a 0=1% 0=>
'Oja* 0??;//3 ]* Kija Diaj ld Qi`mgi{} `ja J`qe Ia* @}}j&]* Kija% =7? J*I*;a ;=% =9 '0?>?/
'SqVgi r{ojmorei} ld{i} hyaom`q` }iic ql ny`{a r`{qoi} `n`oj}q tiw`qoly} `ja {iriqoqoly} eoqon`qolj
ld o}}yi} ~gomg g`ti kiij aiqi{fojia oj ` hyaomo`e l{ py`}o&hyaomo`e r{lmiiaojn/*
02* Lj ]irqifki{ 1% ;20;% Re`ojqodd} doeia ` ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq*
1
Oj ao{imq
mljq{`tijqolj ld qgo} Mly{q} @yny}q 0>% ;20; L{ai{% Re`ojqodd} j`fia `aaoqolj`e aidija`jq}
'N`{j `ja ]giek/% ojmeyaia `j `aaoqolj`e re`ojqodd '[orei% ~gl g`a r{itoly}e kiij aijoia
ojqi{tijqolj/% `ja `}}i{qia `aaoqolj`e me`of} 'dl{ iw`frei% mlj}qoqyqolj`e/* K qgo} rei`aojn%
Re`ojqodd} `e}l q{ ql {i`}}i{q qgio{ {ipyi}q} dl{ aime`{`ql{ {ieoid `ja ojhyjmqoti {ieoid ql aime`{i
qg`q R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} jlq mlj}qoqyqolj`ee py`eodoia `ja qg`q qgi ]q`qi ld Ojao`j` }glyea ki
mlfrieeia ql {iflti R{i}oaijq Lk`f` d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq*9
1 Qgo} Mly{q jlqi} qg`q }yfflj} g`ti jlq kiij o}}yia dl{ Hiddi{}lj N`{j l{ C`qi ]giek3
gl~iti{% Re`ojqodd} lkq`ojia ji~ }yfflj} dl{ qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj Mlffo}}olj `ja qgi Ojao`j`]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi* Qgi almciq {ideimq} qg`q qgl}i }yfflj}i} ~i{i o}}yia lj ]irqifki{ 0=%
;20;*9
@q qgi Lmqlki{ ;;% ;20; q{o`e% Re`ojqodd} `{nyia qg`q qgi ~i{i r{i}ijqojn ` mg`eeijni qlqgi niji{`e ieimqolj* Do{}q% oq o} mei`{ qg`q Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq qg`q qgio{
me`of} `{i k`}ia lj qgi r{of`{ ieimqolj* ]imlja% ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` e`~% Re`ojqodd} `{i k`{{ia
d{lf k{ojnojn qgo} me`of oj qgi mljqiwq ld qgi niji{`e ieimqolj kim`y}i oq ~`} `e{i`a {ihimqia ojqgi mljqiwq ld qgi r{of`{ ieimqolj* ]ii O*M* =&7&0&;'a/'=/* Doj`ee% Re`ojqodd} q{ ql `tloa qgi
OIM k {idi{{ojn ql ]q`qi Ieimqolj Kl`{a t* K`g% 9;0 J*I*;a 0=0= 'Oja* 0?77/* Yjeoci gi{i% ojK`g% qgi Kl`{a aidi{{ia ql qgi q{o`e mly{q} gi`{ojn ld qgi f`qqi{ {in`{aojn qgi {i}oaijmi
{ipyo{ifijq} ld ` ri{}lj }iicojn }q`qi lddomi* Oa* `q 0=01* Jiti{qgiei}}% qgi Mly{q ojK`g aoajlq r{imeyai qgi Kl`{a d{lf ri{dl{fojn oq} my}qlf`{ ayqoi}* Oa*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
5/30
9
00* Ql ki mei`{% qgo} Mly{q lje ri{foqqia Re`ojqodd} ql doei ` dy{qgi{ `fijaia
mlfre`ojq `}}i{qojn mlfflj&e`~ ql{q me`of} `n`oj}q qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj Mlffo}}olj `ja qgi
Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi dl{ jineonijmi% d{`ya% `ja k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq*
0;* Re`ojqodd} doeia ` Flqolj dl{ R{ieofoj`{ Ojhyjmqolj lj ]irqifki{ 1% ;20;*
0=* Lj ]irqifki{ ;4% ;20;% ` gi`{ojn ~`} giea lj Re`ojqodd} {ipyi}q dl{ `
r{ieofoj`{ ojhyjmqolj ql {iflti R{i}oaijq Lk`f` d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq}* Qgi Mly{q aijoia
Re`ojqodd} flqolj ayi ql qgio{ d`oey{i ql r{i}ijq `j itoaijmi oj }yrrl{q ld qgio{ {ipyi}q*
01* ]q`qi Aidija`jq} doeia ` Flqolj ql Ao}fo}} lj Lmqlki{ 07% ;20;* L{`e `{nyfijq
~`} gi`{a k qgo} Mly{q lj Lmqlki{ ;;% ;20;* Oj qgi ija% Re`ojqodd} me`of} `ee ai{oti d{lf
`eein`qolj} qg`q R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} jlq mlj}qoqyqolj`ee py`eodoia ql ki R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia
]q`qi} `ja ]q`qi Aidija`jq} g`ti jlq }oaia ~oqg Re`ojqodd} oj qgio{ pyi}q*
EIN@E @J@E_]O],MLJMEY]OLJ]
@* @rreom`kei Ein`e ]q`ja`{a} Ld [itoi~
09* Qgo} Mly{q rl}}i}}i} q~l qri} ld hy{o}aomqolj% }ykhimq `ja ri{}lj`e* ]ii ]qi~`{q
t* Tyeeoiq% 74> J*I* ;a ;;4% ;=2 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22>/ 'moqojn C*]* t* ]q`qi* 71? J*I*;a 9=7% 912
'Oja* ;224//*
04* ]ykhimq f`qqi{ hy{o}aomqolj o} qgi rl~i{ ld ` mly{q ql gi`{ ` r`{qomye`{ qri ld m`}i%
`ja o} jlq airijaijq yrlj qgi aiq`oe} ld qgi rei`aojn} l{ qgi ml{{imqji}} ld qgi mly{q} aimo}olj*
]ii Ojao`j` ]q`qi Kl`{a ld Gi`eqg D`moeoq @afojo}q{`ql{}% t* ^i{ji{% 710 J*I*;a 00?4% 0;29
'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;224/ q{`j}* aijoia% 742 J*I*;a 9?1 'Oja* ;224/'Q`kei/*
0>* @ flqolj ql ao}fo}} dl{ e`mc ld }ykhimq f`qqi{ hy{o}aomqolj o} r{lri{e doeia
ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 0;'K/'0/* ^gij ` q{o`e mly{q o} mljd{ljqia ~oqg `
flqolj ql ao}fo}} ry{}y`jq ql Oja* Q*[* 0;'K/'0/% `} oq o} gi{i% qgi mly{q o} {ipyo{ia ql aiqi{foji
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
6/30
4
~giqgi{ oq g`} qgi rl~i{ ql `ahyaom`qi qgi `mqolj* Ali k [li t* F`ao}lj Mq{* Gl}r*% 49;
J*I*;a 020% 02= 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0??9/* Ojmeyaia ~oqgoj }ykhimq f`qqi{ hy{o}aomqolj o} qgi o}}yi ld
}q`jaojn* ]iiFoa~i}q R}mglelnom`e Mijqi{% Ojm* t* Ojao`j` Air`{qfijq ld @afojo}q{`qolj% ?9?
J*I*;a 7?4% ?2;&2= 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;200/*
07* Ri{}lj`e hy{o}aomqolj% lj qgi lqgi{ g`ja% o} qgi rl~i{ ld qgi mly{q ql k{ojn ` ri{}lj
ojql oq} `ahyaom`qoti r{lmi}} `ja {ijai{ ` t`eoa hyanfijq lti{ gof l{ gi{* ]ii Oj {i I}q`qi ld
K`ci{% 7=> J*I*;a 42=% 427 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;229/* Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 1 }q`qi}% Qgi
mly{q `mpyo{i} hy{o}aomqolj lti{ ` r`{q l{ ri{}lj ~gl yjai{ qgi}i {yei} mlffijmi} l{ hloj} oj
qgi `mqolj% o} }i{tia ~oqg }yfflj} l{ ijqi{} `j `rri`{`jmi% l{ ~gl o} }ykhimqia ql qgi rl~i{ ld
qgi mly{q yjai{ `j lqgi{ e`~* ]ii `e}l G`{a t* F`ealj`al% 4=; J*I*;a =70% =7= 'Oja* Mq*
@rr* 0??1/* @ flqolj ql ao}fo}} dl{ e`mc ld ri{}lj`e hy{o}aomqolj o} r{lri{e doeia ry{}y`jq ql
Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 0;'K/';/% 0;'K/'1/% `ja,l{ 0;'K/'9/*
0?* @ja% ry{}y`jq ql Oja* Q*[* 0;'K/'4/% qgo} Mly{q ~oee ao}fo}} ` mlfre`ojq ~gomg
d`oe} ql }q`qi ` me`of lj ~gomg {ieoid f` ki n{`jqia* ^gij d`mia ~oqg ` flqolj ql ao}fo}}% qgo}
Mly{q fy}q `}}i}} qgi }yddomoijm ld qgi rei`aojn `ja fy}q aiqi{foji ~giqgi{ qgi `eein`qolj}
i}q`keo}g `j }iq ld mo{myf}q`jmi} yjai{ ~gomg ` re`ojqodd ~lyea ki ijqoqeia ql {ieoid* ]iiQ{`oe t*
Kl} $ No{e} Meyk} ld Jl{qg~i}q Ojao`j`% 719 J*I*;a 0=2% 0=1 'Oja* ;224/* ^goei qgo} Mly{q
}glyea `mmirq% `} q{yi% qgi d`mq} reia oq jiia jlq `mmirq `} q{yi mljmey}l{% jljd`mqy`e `}}i{qolj}
l{ ein`e mljmey}olj}* FmM`efijq t* Ieo Eoee $ Ml*% 742 J*I*;a 771% 7?2 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22>/
'moqojn[omg`{a} $ LJioe% EER t* Mljc% >>1 J*I*;a 912% 91> 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22;//*
K* Re`ojqodd} E`mc ]q`jaojn
;2* ]q`jaojn o} ` ci mlfrljijq oj f`ojq`ojojn ly{ }q`qi mlj}qoqyqolj`e }mgifi ld
}ir`{`qolj ld rl~i{}* Rijmi t* ]q`qi% 49; J*I*;a 174% 177 'Oja* 0??9/ 'moqojn Oja* Mlj}q* @{q*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
7/30
>
OOO% 0/* ]q`jaojn {ipyo{ifijq} eofoq ` mly{q.} hy{o}aomqolj `ja {i}q{`oj} qgi hyaomo`{ ql
{i}letojn {i`e mljq{lti{}oi} oj ~gomg qgi mlfre`ojojn r`{q g`} ` aiflj}q{`kei ojhy{* Oa* `q
177 'moqojn ]mgel}} t* Moq ld Ojao`j`rleo}% 99= J*I*;a 0;21% 0;24 'Oja* 0??2//* Q`oqx o} jlq `j
Ojao`j` moqoxij l{ ` {ino}qi{ia tlqi{ oj Ojao`j`* Qgy}% R{i}oaijq Lk`f`} `rri`{`jmi lj qgi
Ojao`j` k`eelq ali} jlq r{i}ijq `j mlnjox`kei ojhy{ ql gi{ `} ` moqoxij ld M`eodl{jo`* Kim`y}i
Q`oqx o} jlq ` {ino}qi{ia Ojao`j` tlqi{ `ja kim`y}i Q`oqx }iic} ql g`ti R{i}oaijq Lk`f` {ifltia
d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq% Q`oqx ali} jlq g`ti }q`jaojn l{ qgi }q`qyql{ `yqgl{oq ql k{ojn gi{
me`of}* ]ii% i*n*% Rijmi% 49; J*I*;a `q 177*
;0* Re`ojqodd T`ei{o` [orei fy}q `e}l ki ao}fo}}ia `} ` re`ojqodd* Re`ojqodd [orei%
qg{lyng Q`oqx% {ipyi}qia ri{fo}}olj ql ojqi{tiji oj qgo} m`y}i% `ja qg`q {ipyi}q ~`} aijoia lj
@yny}q ;9% ;20;* K me`ofojn Re`ojqodd }q`qy} oj qgo} f`qqi{% [orei o} oj ao{imq mljq{`tijqolj
~oqg qgo} Mly{q} l{ai{* [orei o} `e}l ao}fo}}ia `} ` re`ojqodd*
;;* Dy{qgi{% `ee Re`ojqodd} e`mc }q`jaojn*
;=* @} oq {ie`qi} ql qgio{ me`of} ld jineonijmi% k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq `ja d{`ya%
Re`ojqodd} al jlq `eeini `j ~` oj ~gomg qgi ry{rl{qia `mqolj} ld ]q`qi Aidija`jq} 'jlq `alrqojn
qgio{ rl}oqolj {ie`qojn ql R{i}oaijq Lk`f`/ g`{f} qgif* @q fl}q% qgi g`ti `}}i{qia }lfi qri
ld rykeom g`{f {in`{aojn qgi ojmey}olj ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f` lj qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq `ja qgi d`oey{i
ql r{l}imyqi3 gl~iti{% g`{f ql qgi rykeom ali} jlq q{`j}e`qi ql g`{f qg`q m`j ki {ia{i}}ia
qg{lyng mlfflj e`~ ql{q me`of} `n`oj}q ]q`qi Aidija`jq}*
;1* Fl{ilti{% yjai{ qgi Yjodl{f Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq @mq8
@j ri{}lj ojqi{i}qia yjai{ ` aiia% ~oee% ~{oqqij mljq{`mq% l{ lqgi{ ~{oqojn}
mlj}qoqyqojn ` mljq{`mq% l{ ~gl}i {ongq}% }q`qy}% l{ lqgi{ ein`e {ie`qolj} `{i `ddimqiak ` }q`qyqi% fyjomor`e l{aoj`jmi% mljq{`mq% l{ d{`jmgo}i% f` g`ti aiqi{fojia
`j pyi}qolj l{ mlj}q{ymqolj l{ t`eoaoq `{o}ojn yjai{ qgi oj}q{yfijq% }q`qyqi%
l{aoj`jmi% mljq{`mq% l{ d{`jmgo}i `ja lkq`oj ` aime`{`qolj ld {ongq}% }q`qy}% l{ lqgi{ein`e {ie`qolj} qgi{iyjai{*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
8/30
7
O*M* =1&01&0&;*
;9* @ m{oqom`e }gl~ojn qg`q Re`ojqodd} fy}q f`ci% qgi{idl{i% o} qg`q qgi g`ti }q`jaojn
ql ry{}yi qgio{ aime`{`ql{ hyanfijq me`of* ]iiGokei{ t* Mlj}iml% Ojm*% >11 J*I*;a 020;% 02;=
'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;220/ 'SoVj l{ai{ ql lkq`oj aime`{`ql{ {ieoid% qgi ri{}lj k{ojnojn qgi `mqolj fy}q
g`ti ` }yk}q`jqo`e r{i}ijq ojqi{i}q oj qgi {ieoid }lyngq/* ]ii`e}lEoqqei Kiti{`ni Ml*% Ojm* t*
AiR{ix% >>> J*I*;a >1% 7= 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22;/ 'SqVgi k`}o} ld hy{o}aomqolj yjai{ qgi
Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq @mq o} ` hy}qomo`kei mljq{lti{} l{ pyi}qolj% ~gomg o} mei`{e aidojia `ja
`ddimq} qgi ein`e {ongq% qgi ein`e }q`qy}% l{ qgi ein`e {ie`qolj}gor ld r`{qoi} g`tojn `ati{}i
ojqi{i}q}/*
;4* ^gi{i% `} gi{i% Re`ojqodd} `{i jlq qgi lkhimq ld qgi nlti{jfijq `mqolj SqgiV
mg`eeijniSV% }q`jaojn o} l{aoj`{oe }yk}q`jqo`ee fl{i aoddomyeq ql i}q`keo}g* Eyh`j t*
Aidijai{} ld ^oeaeodi% 921 Y*]* 999% 94; '0??;/ 'dy{qgi{ pylq`qolj} `ja moq`qolj} lfoqqia/*
;>* Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql `eeini `j `mqy`e ojhy{ {i}yeqojn d{lf ]q`qi Aidija`jq}
mljaymq* Mly{q} g`ti {lyqojie giea qg`q eoqon`jq} }ofoe`{e }oqy`qia ql Re`ojqodd} e`mc }q`jaojn ql
mg`eeijni qgi py`eodom`qolj} ld lji {yjjojn dl{ R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}* ]iiKi{n t*
Lk`f`% 9>1 D* ]yrr* ;a 92?% 909&0? 'I*A* R`* ;227/ 'ao}fo}}ojn mg`eeijni ql R{i}oaijq
Lk`f`} mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} dl{ e`mc ld }q`jaojn8 ` tlqi{ d`oe} ql r{i}ijq `j ojhy{&oj&
d`mq ~gij qgi `eeinia g`{f o} `k}q{`mq `ja ~oaie }g`{ia l{ o} lje ai{ot`qoti ld ` g`{f
iwri{oijmia k ` m`jaoa`qi/ 'dy{qgi{ pylq`qolj} `ja moq`qolj} lfoqqia/3 Glee`jai{ t* FmM`oj%
944 D* ]yrr* ;a 4= 'A* J*G* ;227/ '}`fi/3 Mlgij t* Lk`f`% ;227 ^E 90?0741 'A* A*M* Aim*
00% ;227/ '}`fi/% `dda% ==; Dia* @rrw* 412 'A*M* Mo{* ]irq* 7% ;22?/*4
4 Dye`jo t* Gln}iqq% ?0> D*;a 02;7 '>qg Mo{* 0?22/ ali} jlq }yrrl{q Re`ojqodd} rl}oqolj* Oj
Dye`jo% qgo{a&r`{q m`jaoa`qi} dl{ qgi r{i}oaijm k{lyngq `j `mqolj mg`eeijnojn 'lj mlj}qoqyqolj`e
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
9/30
?
;7* Qgi{idl{i% `ee Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq }yddomoijqe `eeinia }q`jaojn `ja% `} ` {i}yeq%
Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi*
K* Qgi Mly{q E`mc} Ri{}lj`e Hy{o}aomqolj ^oqg [i}rimq Ql N`{j @ja ]giek
;?* Oj qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq% Re`ojqodd} }yia N`{j `ja ]giek* Re`ojqodd}
~i{i jlq n{`jqia ei`ti ql doei `j me`of} `n`oj}q N`{j `ja ]giek* Jlq~oqg}q`jaojn qgo}
aido`jmi ld qgi Mly{q} l{ai{% Re`ojqodd} d`oey{i ql }i{ti }yfflj}i} lj N`{j `ja ]giek ei`ti}
qgo} Mly{q ~oqglyq ri{}lj`e hy{o}aomqolj lti{ N`{j `ja ]giek `} Aidija`jq}* Ojao`j` [yei ld
Q{o`e R{lmiay{i = i}q`keo}gi} qgi qg{ii `mqolj} qg`q ` re`ojqodd fy}q q`ci oj l{ai{ ql ojoqo`qi ` motoe
}yoq8 '0/ ` re`ojqodd fy}q doei ` mlfre`ojq l{ }ymg ipyot`eijq rei`aojn l{ almyfijq `} f` ki
}rimodoia k }q`qyqi3 ';/ ` re`ojqodd fy}q }ykfoq qgi doeojn dii l{ l{ai{ ~`otojn doeojn dii3 `ja '=/
` re`ojqodd fy}q noti% ~gi{i }i{tomi ld r{lmi}} o} {ipyo{ia% * * * `} f`j mlroi} ld qgi mlfre`ojq
`ja }yfflj} `} `{i jimi}}`{ ql qgi q{o`e mly{q* Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq }ykfoqqia }yfflj}i} dl{
N`{j `ja ]giek ql qgo} Mly{q dl{ }i{tomi lj N`{j `ja ]giek% jl{ g`ti Re`ojqodd} }ykfoqqia
}yfflj}i} ao{imqe ql N`{j `ja ]giek* Kim`y}i Re`ojqodd} ql qgo} a` g`ti d`oeia ql r{lri{e
ojoqo`qi qgio{ me`of} `n`oj}q N`{j `ja ]giek ry{}y`jq ql Q{o`e [yei} = `ja 1% N`{j `ja ]giek
}glyea ki ao}fo}}ia ry{}y`jq ql Q{o`e [yei} 0;'K/';/% 0;'K/'1/% `ja 0;'K/'9/*
M* Re`ojqodd} Ofr{lri{e @aaia R`{qoi} @ja Me`of} Ql Qgio{ @fijaia Mlfre`ojq
=2* Qgo} Mly{q g`} {iri`qiae `afljo}gia Re`ojqodd} dl{ qgio{ d`oey{i ql mlfre ~oqg
qgi Q{o`e [yei}% qgi Elm`e [yei}% `ja L{ai{} ld qgo} Mly{q `ja qgo} Mly{q g`} ~`{jia Re`ojqodd}
n{lyja}/ qgi aimo}olj k Ojao`j` ql re`mi qgi {irykeom`j `ja aiflm{`qom m`jaoa`qi} lj qgi k`eelqitij qglyng qgi ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi d`oeia ql mi{qod qgi m`jaoa`qi} k qgi ai`aeoji* Lj qgi o}}yi
ld }q`jaojn% qgi ]itijqg Mo{myoq giea qg`q qgi re`ojqodd} g`a }q`jaojn kim`y}i% k `eel~ojn qgi
{irykeom`j `ja aiflm{`qom m`jaoa`qi} lj qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq% qgi qgo{a&r`{q m`jaoa`qi} ~i{i
g`{fia kim`y}i qgi ~i{i d`mia ~oqg ojm{i`}ia mlfriqoqolj* ?0> D*;a `q 02=2* Gi{i% Re`ojqodd}`{i jlq m`jaoa`qi} dl{ qgi r{i}oaijm3 qgy}% Dye`jo g`} jl `rreom`koeoq ql qgo} eoqon`qolj*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
10/30
02
qg`q qgio{ mljqojyia d`oey{i ql mlfre ~oqg qgi Q{o`e [yei}% qgi Elm`e [yei} `ja L{ai{ ld qgo}
Mly{q mlyea {i}yeq oj ao}fo}}`e ld qgo} `mqolj*
=0* Qgo} Mly{q} @yny}q 0>% ;20;% L{ai{ ~`} mei`{* Re`ojqodd} mg`eeijni ql qgi
mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f` ~`} ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi `ja lj qgi fi{oq}*
Jiti{qgiei}}% Re`ojqodd} ^ie% ]~og`{q% Q`oqx% Ci{j% `ja Ci}ei{ ~i{i n{`jqia ei`ti ql doei `
]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq `eeinojn m`y}i} dl{ d{`ya% k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq `ja jineonijmi
`n`oj}q qgi OIM `ja qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi* Qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq% gl~iti{%
ojmeyai} ` ji~ Re`ojqodd% }iti{`e ji~ Aidija`jq}% `ja ` eoq`j ld me`of} && f`j ld ~gomg {yj d`{
`doiea `ja oj ao{imq mljq{`tijqolj ld qgi @yny}q 0>qg L{ai{* T`ei{o` [orei ~`} aijoia
ri{fo}}olj ql ojqi{tiji oj qgo} f`qqi{3 gl~iti{% }gi jl~ `rri`{} `} ` re`ojqodd* Re`ojqodd} ~i{i
jlq n{`jqia ri{fo}}olj ql `aa `aaoqolj`e Aidija`jq} ql qgo} f`qqi{% iq qgi }yia N`{j% ]giek% `
{`aol }q`qolj% `ja ` {`aol q`ec }gl~ gl}q* Doj`ee% Re`ojqodd} ~i{i jlq n{`jqia ei`ti ql doei `j
me`of} lqgi{ qg`j qgio{ `eein`qolj} ld k{i`mg ld doaymo`{% d{`ya% `ja jineonijmi k qgi OIM3
gl~iti{% qgi `aaia mlj}qoqyqolj`e% m{ofoj`e% lqgi{ ql{q me`of}% `ja }iic aime`{`ql{ `ja
ojhyjmqoti {ieoid*
=;* Kim`y}i Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq ao{imqe tole`qi} qgo} Mly{q}
L{ai{% oq o} ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi*>
>Oj `aaoqolj% Re`ojqodd} ojmeyai% oj qgio{ ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq% iwgokoq} ~oqg `j
yj{ia`mqia ]lmo`e ]imy{oq jyfki{ `q ei`}q qg{ii qofi}% me`ofojn oq o} R{i}oaijq K`{`mc Lk`f`}
jyfki{* ]ii% i*n*% Re`ojqodd} Iw* >* Ojao`j` g`} }q{omq {yei} dl{ r{lqimqojn qgi mljdoaijqo`e
ojdl{f`qolj ld ojaotoay`e}* Ojao`j` Q{o`e [yei 9'N/ r{ltoai} qg`q ~gij lje ` rl{qolj ld `almyfijq mljq`oj} ojdl{f`qolj iwmeyaia d{lf rykeom `mmi}} ry{}y`jq ql @afojo}q{`qoti [yei
?'N/'0/% }`oa ojdl{f`qolj }g`ee ki lfoqqia Sl{ {ia`mqiaV * * * Ojao`j` @afojo}q{`qoti [yei
?'N/'0/'a/ eo}q} ` mlfreiqi ]lmo`e ]imy{oq Jyfki{} ld eotojn ri{}lj} `} ojdl{f`qolj iwmeyaia
d{lf rykeom `mmi}}* Qgi yj{ia`mqia ojmey}olj ld qgi jyfki{} o} `jlqgi{ mei`{ tole`qolj ld qgiOjao`j` Q{o`e `ja @afojo}q{`qoti [yei}*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
11/30
00
A* Re`ojqodd} Mg`eeijni Ql Qgi Py`eodom`qolj} Ld @ M`jaoa`qi Dl{ R{i}oaijq Ld Qgi
Yjoqia ]q`qi} O} Jlq R{lri{e Kidl{i Qgo} Mly{q==* Re`ojqodd} mei`{ flqoti oj qgo} m`}i o} ql g`ti qgo} Mly{q aime`{i qg`q R{i}oaijq
Lk`f` o} jlq py`eodoia dl{ qgi j`qolj`e lddomi ld R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} `ja ql l{ai{ qgi
]q`qi Aidija`jq} ql {iflti gof d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq* Qg`q o}}yi ~`} aimoaia k qgi OIM%
~gl}i aimo}olj} `ja `j `rri`e} qgi{ilj `{i nlti{jia k @LR@* Qgo} Mly{q `e{i`a {yeia lj
Re`ojqodd} me`of} ql qg`q iddimq oj qgo} m`y}i jyfki{ hy}q ` di~ fljqg} `nl% Re`ojqodd} me`of} `{i
k`{{ia k @LR@ `ja qgi almq{oji} ld mlee`qi{`e i}qlrrie `ja {i} hyaom`q`*
=1* Re`ojqodd} m`jjlq mo{myftijq @LR@* Re`ojqodd} doeia mg`eeijni} ~oqg qgi OIM
}iicojn ql g`ti R{i}oaijq Lk`f` {ifltia d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq dl{ qgi j`qolj`e lddomi ld
Yjoqia ]q`qi} R{i}oaijq* Qgi OIM yj`jofly}e aijoia Re`ojqodd} mg`eeijni} lj Dik{y`{ ;1%
;20;* OIM} aimo}olj} `{i nlti{jia k @LR@3 qgy}% Re`ojqodd} lje {ifia ~`} ql doei `
riqoqolj dl{ hyaomo`e {itoi~ oj `mml{a`jmi ~oqg Ojao`j` Mlai 1&;0*9&9 iq }ip* ]ii`e}l O*M* 1&
;0*9&9&0 '@LR@ i}q`keo}gi} qgi iwmey}oti fi`j} dl{ hyaomo`e {itoi~ ld `j `nijm `mqolj/3
Ojao`j` ]q`qi Kl`{a ld Gi`eqg D`moeoq @afj{} t* ^i{ji{% 710 J*I*;a 00?4% 0;29 'Oja* Mq*
@rr* ;224/ '}q{omq mlfreo`jmi ~oqg qgi f`ja`qi} ld @LR@ o} {ipyo{ia/3 Ky{ci t* Kl`{a ld
Ao{imql{} ld Flj{li Mlyjq Rykeom Eok{`{% >2? J*I*;a 02=4% 0210 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0???/ 'qgi
d`oey{i ql `agi{i ql qgi }q`qyql{ r{i{ipyo}oqi} dl{ hyaomo`e {itoi~ ld `afojo}q{`qoti `mqolj o} d`q`e
oj qg`q oq air{oti} qgi q{o`e mly{q ld `yqgl{oq ql ijqi{q`oj qgi riqoqolj/* Ojhyjmqoti `ja
aime`{`ql{ {ieoid `ja me`of} dl{ a`f`ni} ~i{i jlq `ja `{i jlq `t`oe`kei ql Re`ojqodd} kim`y}i
@LR@ ali} jlq `eel~ ` mly{q }oqqojn oj hyaomo`e {itoi~ ql n{`jq }ymg {ieoid* Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql
mlfre ~oqg @LR@* Mlj}ipyijqe% qgo} Mly{q ao}fo}}ia% ~oqg r{ihyaomi% Re`ojqodd} Riqoqolj `ja
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
12/30
0;
n{`jqia Re`ojqodd} ei`ti ql doei lje qgio{ me`of} dl{ k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq% d{`ya% `ja
jineonijmi `n`oj}q qgi OIM `ja qgi ]im{iq`{*
=9* Re`ojqodd} `rr`{ijqe mgl}i ql jlq `rri`e qgo} Mly{q} aimo}olj* Qgy}% qgi almq{oji}
ld mlee`qi{`e i}qlrrie `ja {i} hyaom`q` `rre ql k`{ {i&eoqon`qolj ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`}
py`eodom`qolj} dl{ j`qolj`e lddomi `ja `rri`{`jmi lj qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq kim`y}i qgl}i o}}yi} ~i{i
jimi}}`{oe `ahyaom`qia oj ` dl{fi{ }yoq `ja qgi }`fi o}}yi o} r{i}ijqia `n`oj gi{i* ]ii @a`f} t*
F`{olj Mlyjq Lddomi ld D`foe `ja Mgoea{ij% 49? J*I*;a ;2;% ;29 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0??9/ 'moqojn
]yeeot`j t* @fi{om`j M`}y`eq Ml*% 429 J*I*;a 0=1% 0=> 'Oja* 0??;//3 }ii `e}l ]* Kija Diaj ld
Qi`mgi{} `ja J`qe Ia* @}}j&]* Kija% =7? J*I*;a ;=% =9 '0?>?/ 'SqVgi r{ojmorei} ld {i}
hyaom`q` }iic ql ny`{a r`{qoi} `n`oj}q tiw`qoly} `ja {iriqoqoly} eoqon`qolj ld o}}yi} ~gomg g`ti
kiij aiqi{fojia oj ` hyaomo`e l{ py`}o&hyaomo`e r{lmiiaojn/*
I* Re`ojqodd} D`oeia Ql Doei @ Ql{q Me`of} Jlqomi3 Qgy}% Qgio{ Me`of} @{i K`{{ia
=4* Qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq `eeini}% oj mljmey}l{ d`}golj% t`{oly} ql{q
me`of} `n`oj}q ]q`qi Aidija`jq}* Oj }gl{q% Re`ojqodd} `ti{ qg`q qgi OIM% qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld
]q`qi% N`{j `ja ]giek g`ti ayqoi} {in`{aojn ieimqolj} '`ja r{l}imyqolj}/ `ja k{i`mgia qgi}i
ry{rl{qia ayqoi}*
=>* Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql r{ltoai `j ojaom`qolj qg`q qgi jlqodoia qgi ]q`qi l{ qgo} Mly{q
ld qgio{ me`of} k ql{q me`of jlqomi* Qgi OQM@ {ipyo{i} qg`q ` me`of `n`oj}q qgi }q`qi% oq}
`nijmoi}% l{ lddomi} && ojmeyaojn hyaomo`e lddomi} && o} k`{{ia yjei}} jlqomi o} doeia% ~oqg qgi
@qql{ji Niji{`e l{ qgi `nijm ojtletia% ~oqgoj ;>2 a`} `dqi{ qgi el}} lmmy{}* ]ii O*M* =1&
0=&=&4 '`/*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
13/30
0=
=7* @} Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql doei qgi ql{q me`of} jlqomi {ipyo{ia k qgi OQM@% qgio{ me`of}
`n`oj}q qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i ao}fo}}ia oj `mml{a`jmi ~oqg Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i
0;'K/'4/% ~oqg r{ihyaomi*
D* Re`ojqodd} Ql{q Me`of} @{i K`{{ia K Qgi Ql{q Me`of} @mq
=?* Qgi OQM@% Ojao`j` Mlai =1&0=&= iq }ip*% nlti{j} ql{q `mqolj} doeia `n`oj}q }q`qi
ifrelii} `ja r{ltoai} dl{ qgi offyjoq ld qgi }q`qi `ja oq} ifrelii} oj qgi mljaymq ld }q`qi
ky}oji}}* SQgi OQM@V `eel~} nlti{jfijq ifrelii} `mqojn oj qgi }mlri ld qgio{ ifrelfijq
qgi d{iialf ql m`{{ lyq qgio{ ayqoi} ~oqglyq di`{ ld eoqon`qolj* Ky}geljn t* ^oeeo`f}lj% >?2
J*I*;a 14>% 1>; 'Oja* ;22=/* Qgi OQM@% qgy}% k`{} eoqon`qolj ld ql{q me`of} `n`oj}q ojaotoay`e
}q`qi ifrelii} `mqojn oj qgi k{l`a }mlri ld qgi nlti{jfijq`e ijqoq} ifrelfijq* ]ii oa*
12* @ee ld Re`ojqodd} `eein`qolj} `n`oj}q qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} noti {o}i ql offyjoq
yjai{ qgi OQM@* I`mg ]q`qi Aidija`jq ~`} `mqojn ~oqgoj go} l{ gi{ }mlri ld ifrelfijq ~oqg
{in`{a ql Re`ojqodd} mg`eeijni} `ja }yk}ipyijq e`~}yoq* Jl fo}{ir{i}ijq`qolj} ~i{i f`ai k qgi
]q`qi Aidija`jq} `ja qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `mqia oj `mml{a`jmi ~oqg Ojao`j` e`~* Qgi OQM@
r{ltoai} qg`q qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i jlq eo`kei dl{ `j g`{f `{o}ojn lyq ld qgi ojoqo`qolj ld l{
d`oey{i ql ojoqo`qi ` hyaomo`e r{lmiiaojn% qgi ijdl{mifijq ld l{ d`oey{i ql ijdl{mi ` e`~% `mqolj}
q`cij oj nlla d`oqg ry{}y`jq ql `yqgl{oq yjai{ ` }q`qyqi% qgi `mq} ld `j lqgi{ Aidija`jq% qgi
o}}y`jmi ld `j l{ai{ l{ `yqgl{ox`qolj% l{ `j yjojqijqolj`e fo}{ir{i}ijq`qolj* ]ii O*M* =1&01&=&
=* Mlj}ipyijqe% qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i offyji d{lf Re`ojqodd} me`of} `ja qgio{ me`of} `{i
ao}fo}}ia ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` [yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 0;'K/'4/% ~oqg r{ihyaomi*
10* Itij od Re`ojqodd} g`a }iq dl{qg `eein`qolj} mljq`ojojn qgi e`jny`ni ~oqgoj Ojao`j`
Mlai =1&0=&=&9'm/ `ja ` {i`}lj`kei d`mqy`e k`}o}% qgi{i o} jl itoaijmi qg`q qgi ]q`qi
Aidija`jq} g`ti kiij f`eomoly} l{ qg`q qgio{ `mqolj} ~i{i lyq}oai qgi }mlri ld gi{ ifrelfijq
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
14/30
01
l{ mlj}qoqyqia `jqgojn lqgi{ qg`j aimo}olj} oj `mml{a`jmi ~oqg qgi e`~ `ja qgi ki}q ojqi{i}q ld
qgi ]q`qi* Oj qgi ija% N`{j `ja ]giek ~i{i alojn qgio{ hlk k {ir{i}ijqojn }q`qi ijqoqoi} `ja `
qgi d`mq qg`q ]q`qi Aidija`jq}% oj qgio{ ao}m{iqolj% aoa jlq `n{ii ~oqg Re`ojqodd} me`of} {in`{aojn
R{i}oaijq Lk`f` ali} jlq }ykhimq qgif ql eo`koeoq yjai{ `j ql{q qgil{ qg`q g`} kiij reia* @} `
{i}yeq% qgi Ojao`j` Ql{q Me`of} @mq k`{} Re`ojqodd} d{lf r{lmiiaojn `n`oj}q qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq
lj qgi ql{q me`of} mljq`ojia ~oqgoj qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq*
N* Qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq D`oe} Ql D`mqy`ee @eeini Ql{q Me`of}
1;* Re`ojqodd} g`ti d`oeia ql }yddomoijqe `eeini qgio{ ql{q me`of} oj qgio{ ]imlja
@fijaia Mlfre`ojq* Kim`y}i qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql ryq qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq}
lj jlqomi ld Re`ojqodd} me`of}% qgio{ Mlfre`ojq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia*
1=* Re`ojqodd} `rri`{ ql ofre }lfi niji{`e ayq ]q`qi Aidija`jq} l~i Re`ojqodd}
'{in`{aojn qgi ieimqolj r{lmi}} oj Ojao`j`/ ~gomg r{ltoai} Re`ojqodd} ` m`y}i ld `mqolj* Re`ojqodd}
al jlq g`ti r{ot`qi m`y}i} ld `mqolj dl{ qgio{ ql{q me`of}* Itij `}}yfojn }lfi niji{`e ayq
l~ia qgi rykeom ry{}y`jq ql }q`qyql{ `yqgl{oq mljdi{{ia lj ]q`qi Aidija`jq}% Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq
aiflj}q{`qia qg`q qgi g`ti ` r{ot`qi m`y}i ld `mqolj k`}ia lj ry{rl{qia tole`qolj} ld qgi
Ieimqolj Mlai*
11* ]rimodom`ee% ~gi{i ` eino}e`qoti kla ali} jlq iwreomoqe r{ltoai ` r{ot`qi {ongq
ld `mqolj ql ijdl{mi qgi r{lto}olj} ld ` r`{qomye`{ }q`qyqi% mly{q} `{i d{ipyijqe `}cia ql doja qg`q
qgi Eino}e`qy{i ojqijaia qg`q ` r{ot`qi {ongq ld `mqolj ki ofreoia* Ke`jmc t* Oja* Air.q ld Ml{{*%
7;? J*I*;a 929% 92? 'Oja* ;229/ 'moq`qolj} lfoqqia/* Qgi niji{`e dl{fye`qolj y}ia k mly{q} ql
aiqi{foji ~giqgi{ ` r`{qomye`{ m`y}i ld `mqolj iwo}q}% o} qg`q ` r{ot`qi m`y}i ld `mqolj niji{`ee
~oee ki ojdi{{ia ~gi{i ` }q`qyqi ofrl}i} ` ayq dl{ ` r`{qomye`{ ojaotoay`e.} kijidoq kyq ~oee jlq ki
~gi{i qgi Eino}e`qy{i ofrl}i} ` ayq dl{ qgi rykeom.} kijidoq* Oa*% moqojn @fi{om`jl} t* ]q`qi%
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
15/30
09
>;7 J*I*;a 7?9 'Oja*Mq*@rr*;222/% q{`j}di{ aijoia% >10 J*I*;a 0;91* Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq% `ja
`{i yj`kei% ql rlojq ql `j }q`qyqi qg`q r{ltoai} `j }l{q ld r{ot`qi m`y}i ld `mqolj {ie`qia ql ~g`q
qgi me`of oj `j ld qgio{ mlfre`ojq}* Qgy}% qgio{ ql{q me`of} `{i ao}fo}}ia*
19* Dy{qgi{% Re`ojqodd} me`of} d`oeia ql `agi{i ql qgi jlqomi rei`aojn {yei && Ojao`j`
[yei ld Q{o`e R{lmiay{i 7'@/* ]ii Oja* [* Q{o`e R* 7'@/3 Kyqei{ iw* {ie* I}q`qi ld Kyqei{ t*
Clclfl [ig`k* Gl}r*% Ojm*% >11 J*I*;a 0210% 021> 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;220/* @eqglyng qgi jlqomi
rei`aojn {yei ali} jlq {ipyo{i ` r`{q ql `{qomye`qi oj aiq`oe oq} qgil{ ld oq} m`}i% oq ali} {ipyo{i
qg`q qgi r`{q }q`qi qgi lri{`qoti d`mq} yrlj ~gomg oq} me`of l{ aidij}i o} n{lyjaia* ]ii Oja* Q*[*
7'@/* @ mlfre`ojq.} `eein`qolj} `{i }yddomoijq od qgi ryq ` {i`}lj`kei ri{}lj lj jlqomi `} ql ~g
re`ojqodd }yi}* M`roqle Jilj ]onj}% Ojm*% iq `e t* Ojao`j` J`qolj`e K`jc% 920 J*I*;a 027;% 0279
'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0?74/*
14* Gi{i% Re`ojqodd} me`of} d`oeia ql ryq qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} lj jlqomi ld gl~ l{ ~g
qgi `{i eo`kei dl{ ` k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq* @ me`of dl{ k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq {ipyo{i}
r{lld ld qg{ii ieifijq}8 '0/ qgi iwo}qijmi ld ` doaymo`{ {ie`qolj}gor3 ';/ ` k{i`mg ld qgi ayq
l~ia k qgi doaymo`{ ql qgi kijidomo`{3 `ja '=/ g`{f ql qgi kijidomo`{* _l{c t* D{ia{omc% ?1>
J*I*;a ?4?% ?>7 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;200/% moqojnD`{fi{} Ieit`ql{ Ml* ld L`ctoeei% Ojm* t* G`foeqlj%
?;4 J*I*;a 47% >? 'Oja*Mq*@rr*;202/* Re`ojqodd} d`oe ql }q`qi l{ r{lri{e rei`a ` ql{q ld k{i`mg ld
doaymo`{ ayq* Ojaiia% k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq o} ` ql{q me`of dl{ ojhy{ ql ri{}lj`e r{lri{q*
Oa* Re`ojqodd} d`oe ql }q`qi ~g`q ri{}lj`e r{lri{q ld Re`ojqodd} qgi Aidija`jq} giea oj q{y}q*
Re`ojqodd} d`oe ql `eeini `j doaymo`{ ayq l~ia k ]q`qi Aidija`jq} ql~`{a qgif l{ gl~ }ymg `
ayq ~`} k{i`mgia `ja gl~ qgi ~i{i g`{fia* Oj }gl{q% qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql
}q`qi ` me`of dl{ k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
16/30
04
1>* Qgi ql{q ld jineonijmi mlj}o}q} ld qg{ii ieifijq}8 '0/ ` ayq l~ia ql qgi re`ojqodd
k qgi aidija`jq3 ';/ ` k{i`mg ld qg`q ayq k qgi aidija`jq3 `ja '=/ ojhy{ ql qgi re`ojqodd
r{lwof`qie m`y}ia k qg`q k{i`mg* G`aij t* R`{`nlj ]qi`cgly}i% >=0 J*I*;a 194% 197 'Oja*
Mq* @rr* ;222/% moqojn Kelifci{ t* Aiq{loq Aoi}ie Ml{r*% >;2 J*I*;a >9=% >94
'Oja*Mq*@rr*0???/* Re`ojqodd} d`oe ql r{ltoai `j d`mq} qg`q ~lyea }yrrl{q ` dojaojn qg`q `ee qg{ii
ieifijq} ~i{i fiq* Qgi{i o} jlq `eein`qolj} ld `j ayq l~ia ql~`{a Re`ojqodd} '`} lrrl}ia ql
}lfi ayq ri{g`r} l~ia ql qgi rykeom/% qgi{i o} jl d`mq `eeinia ql }gl~ ` k{i`mg ld `j ayq% `ja
qgi{i o} jl d`mq `ti{{ia ql }gl~ qg`q Re`ojqodd} ~i{i g`{fia kim`y}i ld qg`q k{i`mg* Oj }gl{q% qgi
]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql }q`qi ` me`of dl{ jineonijmi*
17* Dy{qgi{fl{i% Re`ojqodd} d`oeia ql }yddomoijqe `eeini ` me`of dl{ d{`ya `n`oj}q qgi
]q`qi Aidija`jq}* @ r`{q fy}q r{lti doti ieifijq} ql }y}q`oj `j `mqolj ld `mqy`e d{`ya8 0/ qg`q
qgi{i ~`} ` f`qi{o`e fo}{ir{i}ijq`qolj ld r`}q l{ iwo}qojn d`mq3 ;/ qg`q qgi {ir{i}ijq`qolj ~`}
d`e}i3 =/ qg`q qgi {ir{i}ijq`qolj ~`} f`ai ~oqg cjl~eiani l{ {imcei}} onjl{`jmi ld oq} d`e}oq3 1/
qg`q qgi mlfre`ojojn r`{q {ieoia lj qgi {ir{i}ijq`qolj3 `ja 9/ qg`q qgi {ir{i}ijq`qolj r{lwof`qie
m`y}ia qgi mlfre`ojojn r`{q.} ojhy{* ^iee} t* ]qlji Moq K`jc% 4?0 J*I*;a 0;14% 0;92 'Oja* Mq*
@rr* 0??7/ 'moqojn [omi t* ]q{yjc% 4>2 J*I*;a 0;72% 0;7? 'Oja* 0??4//* Qgi ieifijq} ld
mlj}q{ymqoti d{`ya `{i8 0/ ` ayq iwo}qojn k to{qyi ld qgi {ie`qolj}gor kiq~iij qgi r`{qoi}3 ;/
{ir{i}ijq`qolj} l{ lfo}}olj} f`ai oj tole`qolj ld qg`q ayq3 =/ {ieo`jmi qgi{ilj k qgi
mlfre`ojojn r`{q3 1/ ojhy{ ql qgi mlfre`ojojn r`{q `} ` r{lwof`qi {i}yeq qgi{ild3 `ja 9/ qgi
n`ojojn ld `j `at`jq`ni k qgi r`{q ql ki mg`{nia `q qgi iwrij}i ld qgi mlfre`ojojn r`{q* Oa* `q
0;92&90*
1?* ^oqg {i}rimq ql qgi d{`ya me`of% Re`ojqodd} g`ti qgi `aaoqolj`e ky{aij ld
}rimodom`ee `ti{{ojn qgi mo{myf}q`jmi} mlj}qoqyqojn d{`ya ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` Q*[* ?'K/% }q`qojn
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
17/30
0>
qgi qofi% qgi re`mi% qgi }yk}q`jmi ld qgi d`e}i {ir{i}ijq`qolj}% qgi d`mq} fo}{ir{i}ijqia% `ja qgi
oaijqodom`qolj ld ~g`q ~`} r{lmy{ia k qgi d{`ya* Myjjojng`f t* @}}lmo`qi} M`roq`e ]i{tomi}
Ml{r*% 1;0 J*I*;a 470% 47= 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0?70/* Re`ojqodd} al jlq r{ltoai jlqomi ld ` me`of ld
d{`ya l{ }q`qi ~oqg r`{qomye`{oq `j d`mq} {ieit`jq ql ` me`of ld d{`ya3 ojaiia% qgi di~ d`mq}
fijqoljia oj qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq g`ti jl {ie`qolj}gor ql `j ld qgi ieifijq} ld
d{`ya* Oj }gl{q% Re`ojqodd} al jlq `eeini% `fljn lqgi{ qgojn}% `j r`{qomye`{ fo}{ir{i}ijq`qolj k
]q`qi Aidija`jq} l{ gl~ qgi g`ti aiq{ofijq`ee {ieoia lj `j ry{rl{qia fo}{ir{i}ijq`qolj l{
`j g`{f ql qgif* Qgy}% qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql }q`qi ` me`of dl{ d{`ya*
92* ]ofoe`{e% Re`ojqodd} me`of} qg`q lji l{ fl{i fifki{} ld qgi OIM aid`fia lji l{
fl{i ld qgi Re`ojqodd} `e}l d`oe ql fiiq qgi jlqomi rei`aojn }q`ja`{a* @ aid`f`ql{
mlffyjom`qolj o} aidojia `} lji qg`q qija} }l ql g`{f qgi {iryq`qolj ld `jlqgi{ `} ql el~i{ gof
oj qgi i}qof`qolj ld qgi mlffyjoq l{ ql aiqi{ qgo{a ri{}lj} d{lf `}}lmo`qojn l{ ai`eojn ~oqg
gof* Ali t* Fiqglao}q Gl}roq`e% 4?2 J*I*;a 470% 474 'Oja* 0??>/ 'pylqojn [i}q`qifijq
']imlja/ ld Ql{q} 99? '0?>>//* ]ii `e}lJi`{ I`}q ]oai Mlffyjoq L{n* t* G`o{% 999 J*I*;a
0=;1% 0==2 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0??2/3 Mlmg{`j t* Ojao`j`rleo} Ji~}r`ri{}% Ojm*% =>; J*I*;a 0;00%
0;0> 'Oja* Mq* @rr* 0?>7/* Jl `eein`qolj} ld aid`f`ql{ }q`qifijq} g`ti kiij f`ai3 qgy}% qgi
]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql }q`qi ` me`of dl{ aid`f`qolj*
90* Kim`y}i qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql `eeini ` }yddomoijq d`mqy`e k`}o}
dl{ `j ld qgi ql{q me`of}% oq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi*7
G* Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} @{i Offyji D{lf Re`ojqodd} Me`of}9;* Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i dy{qgi{ offyji d{lf Re`ojqodd} me`of} qg`q qgi }glyea
g`ti `eel~ia Re`ojqodd} me`of} `n`oj}q qgif ql r{lmiia yjmg`eeijnia% qg`q N`{j `ja ]giek
7Re`ojqodd} {idi{ ql qgi almq{oji ld {i} or}` elpyoql{* Qgo} o} jlq ` m`y}i ld `mqolj kyq `
mljmirq ld jineonijmi*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
18/30
07
}glyea jlq g`ti dyedoeeia qgio{ ayqoi} `} Airyq @qql{ji} Niji{`e oj aidijaojn qgi OIM `ja qgi
Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi% `ja qg`q lji l{ fl{i ]q`qi Aidija`jq} }glyea g`ti r{l}imyqia lji l{
fl{i ojaotoay`e}* @aaoqolj`ee% qgi OIM ijhl} hyaomo`e offyjoq oj `mqojn `} qgi `ahyaom`ql{ ld
m`jaoa`qi mg`eeijni} oj Ojao`j`*
9=* Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} aimo}olj ql ojtlci qgio{ ein`e {ongq ql aidija qgif}ieti}
`n`oj}q Re`ojqodd} me`of}% N`{j `ja ]giek} aimo}olj ql dyedoee qgio{ }q`qyql{ f`ja`qi ql aidija
qgi OIM `ja qgi ]im{iq`{% `ja `j ]q`qi Aidija`jq} aimo}olj jlq ql r{l}imyqi lji l{ fl{i
ojaotoay`e} i`mg d`ee }py`{ie ~oqgoj qgi {i`ef ld offyjoq* ]iiFlqgi{ Nll}i Jy{}i{ ]mglle}%
Ojm* t* ]ija`c% >>2 D*;a 427 '>qg Mo{* 0?79/% mi{q* aijoia% 1>1 Y*]* 002; '0?74/ 'Ojao`j`
@qql{ji Niji{`e ijhl} `k}leyqi offyjoq ~gij `mqojn `} {ir{i}ijq`qoti ld qgi ]q`qi/*
91* ^goei oq o} yjmei`{ ~giqgi{ Re`ojqodd} g`ti `mqy`ee }yia `j ojaotoay`e} d{lf qgi
OIM% OIM} {lei ~`} ql `ahyaom`qi Re`ojqodd} `afojo}q{`qoti mg`eeijni* @} `ahyaom`ql{}% qgi `{i
ijqoqeia ql `k}leyqi hyaomo`e offyjoq* ]iiA`~}lj t* Ji~f`j% 10? D*=a 494% 442&4; '>qg Mo{*
;229/ 'gleaojn qg`q `k}leyqi hyaomo`e offyjoq k`{} }yoq `n`oj}q qgl}i `mqojn oj ` hyaomo`e
m`r`moq ojmeyaojn qgl}i ~gl `{i ai`eq ~oqg `} hyani} `ja ~gl}i `mq} l{ aimo}olj} ojtleti qgi
iwi{mo}i ld ao}m{iqolj l{ hyanfijq `ja `{i jl{f`ee f`ai k hyani} `ja qg`q ri{}lj} ~gl `{i jlq
qimgjom`ee hyani} `{i ijqoqeia ql `k}leyqi hyaomo`e offyjoq ~gij qgio{ {lei o} hyaomo`e oj
j`qy{i/*
99* Fl{ilti{% itij od jlq ijqoqeia ql `k}leyqi r{l}imyql{o`e l{ hyaomo`e offyjoq% `ja
itij od jlq ijqoqeia ql offyjoq yjai{ qgi OQM@% qgi d`mq o} qg`q ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i ijqoqeia ql
py`eodoia offyjoq*
94* Qgi almq{oji ld py`eodoia offyjoq r{lqimq} nlti{jfijq lddomo`e} d{lf eo`koeoq
dl{ motoe a`f`ni} oj}ld`{ `} qgio{ mljaymq ali} jlq tole`qi mei`{e i}q`keo}gia }q`qyql{ l{
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
19/30
0?
mlj}qoqyqolj`e {ongq} ld ~gomg ` {i`}lj`kei ri{}lj ~lyea g`ti cjl~j* Ri`{}lj t* M`ee`g`j%
999 Y*]* ;;=% ;=0 ';22?/ 'pylqojn G`{el~ t* Doqxni{`ea% 19> Y*]* 722% 707 '0?7;//* Qgi
r{lqimqolj ld py`eodoia offyjoq `rreoi} {in`{aei}} ld ~giqgi{ qgi nlti{jfijq lddomo`e} i{{l{ o}
` fo}q`ci ld e`~% ` fo}q`ci ld d`mq% l{ ` fo}q`ci k`}ia lj fowia pyi}qolj} ld e`~ `ja d`mq*
Ri`{}lj% 999 Y*]* `q ;=0 'dy{qgi{ pylq`qolj} `ja moq`qolj} lfoqqia/* Ojaiia% qgi almq{oji ld
py`eodoia offyjoq r{lqimq} `ee kyq qgi re`oje ojmlfriqijq l{ qgl}i ~gl cjl~ojne tole`qi qgi
e`~* Dl{f`j t* [omgflja Rleomi Airq*% 021 D*=a ?92% ?9? '>qg Mo{* 0?>>/ 'moqojn% oj qy{j%
F`eei t* K{onn}% 1>9 Y*]* ==9% =10% =1= '0?74//* Ryq `jlqgi{ ~`% ql i}m`ri qgi almq{oji ld
py`eodoia offyjoq% qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e {ongq fy}q ki }l mei`{e i}q`keo}gia qg`q ` {i`}lj`kei }q`qi
lddomo`e ~lyea yjai{}q`ja qg`q },gi o} tole`qojn qg`q {ongq* Oa* `q ?9? 'moqojn @jai{}lj t*
M{ingqlj% 17= Y*]* 4=9% 412 '0?7>//* @ja% kim`y}i py`eodoia offyjoq o} `j offyjoq d{lf
}yoq {`qgi{ qg`j ` fi{i aidij}i ql eo`koeoq oq o} iddimqotie el}q od ` m`}i o} i{{ljily}e
ri{foqqia ql nl ql q{o`e* Ri`{}lj% 999 Y*]* `q ;=0 'pylqojnFoqmgiee t* Dl{}qg% 1>; Y*]* 900%
9;4 '0?79/ 'ifrg`}o} aieiqia//*
9>* Gi{i% F}* Q`oqx g`} q{`tieeia qgi mlyjq{ doeojn e`~}yoq} mg`eeijnojn qgi
mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`* Jlq lji m`}i g`} itij }ynni}qia qg`q }gi m`j
al }l l{ qg`q gi{ me`of} g`ti `j k`}o} oj {i`eoq l{ qg`q gi{ itoaijmi o} {ieit`jq* ]iiQ`oqx t*
@}q{yi% 724 D* ]yrr* ;a ;01 'A* A*M* ;200/% `dda% ;20; ^E 0?=2?9? 'A*M* Mo{* F` ;9% ;20;/3
Q`oqx t* [yiffei{% ;200 ^E 1?04?=4 'A* A*M* Lmq* 0>% ;200/% `dda% ;20; ^E 0?;;;71 'A*M*
Mo{* F` ;9% ;20;/3 Q`oqx t* Lk`f`% >2> D* ]yrr* ;a 0 'A* A*M* ;202/% {imlj}oai{`qolj aijoia%
>91 D* ]yrr* ;a 9> 'A* A*M* ;202/3 K`{jiqq t* Lk`f`% ;22? ^E =740>77 'M*A* M`e* Lmq* ;?%
;22?/% `dda }yk jlf% A{`ci t* Lk`f`% 441 D*=a >>1 '?qg Mo{* ;200/3 [glai} t* F`mAlj`ea%
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
20/30
;2
;22? ^E =0007=1 'F*A* N`* ]irq* 07% ;22?/3[glai} t* F`mAlj`ea% ;22? ^E ;??>429 'F*A*
N`* ]irq* 04% ;22?/3 Mllc t* Nlla% ;22? ^E ;04=9=9 'F*A* N`* Hye 04% ;22?/*
97* Oj }yf% notij qgo} `frei `yqgl{oq% ]q`qi Aidija`jq} `{i ijqoqeia ql py`eodoia
offyjoq lj qgi me`of} `}}i{qia k Re`ojqodd}* Qgy}% qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq o}
ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi*
O* Re`ojqodd} M`jjlq Ijdl{mi Qgi Ojao`j` M{ofoj`e Mlai
9?* Ql qgi iwqijq Re`ojqodd} }iic {ia{i}} dl{ `eeinia tole`qolj} ld qgi Ojao`j` m{ofoj`e
mlai% Ojao`j` Mlai =9% qgio{ me`of} `{i ao}fo}}ia* Re`ojqodd} al jlq g`ti }q`jaojn ql ijdl{mi
qgi Ojao`j` m{ofoj`e mlai l{ ql r{l}imyqi `eeinia m{ofoj`e `mqotoq oj qgo} Mly{q* Lje qgi
iwimyqoti k{`jmg ld qgi Ojao`j` }q`qi nlti{jfijq m`j ojoqo`qi r{lmiiaojn} ry{}y`jq ql qgi Ojao`j`
m{ofoj`e mlai* ]ii Ojao`j` ]q`qi Mlj}qoqyqolj% @{q* T* Qgy}% qgo} Mly{q ao}fo}}i} `ee ld
Re`ojqodd} m{ofoj`e me`of} oj qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq ry{}y`jq ql Ojao`j` [yei} ld Q{o`e
R{lmiay{i 0;'K/'0/ `ja '4/*
H* Re`ojqodd} Mlj}qoqyqolj`e Me`of} @{i Ao}fo}}ia
42* @} }q`qia `klti% Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} `{i oj ao{imq mljq{`tijqolj ql qgo}
Mly{q} L{ai{ ld @yny}q 0>% ;20;% ~gomg n{`jqia ei`ti dl{ doeojn ` ji~ mlfre`ojq ~oqg m`y}i} ld
`mqolj ld d{`ya% k{i`mg ld doaymo`{ ayq `ja jineonijmi* Qgio{ me`of}% gl~iti{% d`oe lj qgio{
l~j* Qgi k`}om qgil{ ld Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} `rri`{} ql ki qg`q% ai}roqi gleaojn `
gi`{ojn lj qgi mg`eeijni ql R{i}oaijq Lk`f`} py`eodom`qolj} ql ki R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}%
qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} tole`qia Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e {ongq} kim`y}i qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} aoa
jlq `alrq Re`ojqodd} rl}oqolj qg`q R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} jlq mlj}qoqyqolj`ee py`eodoia dl{ qgi
j`qolj`e lddomi ld R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}* Dl{ }iti{`e {i`}lj}% Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e
me`of} fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia ry{}y`jq ql Q{o`e [yei} 0;'K/'0/ `ja '4/*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
21/30
;0
40* Do{}q% qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq d`oe} ql fijqolj 1; Y*]*M* 0?7=* M`}i
e`~ glea} qg`q ao{imq me`of} yjai{ qgi Y*]* Mlj}qoqyqolj m`jjlq ki k{lyngq `n`oj}q }q`qi `mql{}*
]iiYjoti{}`e Lyqall{% Ojm* t* Iec N{lti Toee`ni% ?4? D* ]yrr* 00;1 'J*A* Oee* 0??>/ 'gleaojn
qg`q ~goei qgi Mlfre`ojq {idi{{ia ql r{lto}olj} ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} Mlj}qoqyqolj% jl }ymg ao{imq
`mqolj yjai{ qgi Mlj}qoqyqolj oq}iediwo}q} `n`oj}q }q`qi `mql{}/3 Ieeo} t* ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi ld
Oeeojlo}% 77= D* ]yrr* ;?0 'J*A* Oee* 0??9/ '}`fi/*
4;* @aaoqolj`ee% ql qgi iwqijq qg`q Re`ojqodd} fi`jq ql ojtlci 0?7=% qg`q }q`qyqi o}
jlq oq}ied ` }ly{mi ld }yk}q`jqoti {ongq}3 {`qgi{% oq `mq} `} `j oj}q{yfijq dl{ tojaom`qojn diai{`e
{ongq} mljdi{{ia ie}i~gi{i* ]ii ]roinie t* [`kojltoqx% 0;0 D*=a ;90% ;91 '>qg Mo{/% mi{q* aijoia%
9;; Y*]* ??7 '0??>/* [ieoid yjai{ 0?7=% qgi{idl{i% {ipyo{i} ` re`ojqodd ql `eeini '`ja yeqof`qie
r{lti/ qg`q ` ri{}lj `mqia yjai{ mlel{ ld }q`qi e`~ ql air{oti gof,gi{ ld {ongq}% r{otoeini} l{
offyjoqoi} }imy{ia k qgi Y*]* Mlj}qoqyqolj l{ diai{`e e`~* ]ii E`{}ij t* Moq ld Kieloq% 0=2
D*=a 0;>7% 0;7; '>qg Mo{* 0??>/*
4=* Fl{ilti{% qgi Ieitijqg @fijafijq k`{} `ee mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} '{in`{aei}} ld
qgi {ieoid }lyngq/ `n`oj}q OIM `ja qgi lddomi ld qgi ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi '`} qgi `{i `{f} ld qgi
]q`qi ld Ojao`j`/% `} ~iee `} me`of} dl{ fljiq`{ a`f`ni} `n`oj}q ojaotoay`e }q`qi `mql{} `mqojn oj
qgio{ lddomo`e m`r`moqoi}* ]ii Cijqymc t* N{`g`f% 1>= Y*]* 09?% 04> '0?79/3G`j} t* Elyo}o`j`%
0=1 Y*]* 0% 02 '07?2/3K{lc`~ t* Fi{mi{ Mlyjq% ;=9 D*=a 0222% 022? '>qg Mo{* ;222/3Fi`al~}
t* ]q`qi ld Ojao`j`% 791 D*;a 0247% 024? '>qg Mo{* 0?77/ 'gleaojn qg`q Ojao`j` g`} jlq ~`otia oq}
Ieitijqg @fijafijq offyjoq/* Dy{qgi{% qgi OIM% qgi lddomi ld qgi ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi% `ja
lddomo`e m`r`moq ojaotoay`e} `{i jlq ri{}lj} dl{ ry{rl}i} ld 1; Y*]*M* 0?7=* ^oee t*
Fomgon`j Air`{qfijq ld ]q`qi Rleomi% 1?0 Y*]* 97% 44 '0?7?/3 ]f`ee t* Mg`l% =?7 D*=a 7?1% 7?7
'>qg Mo{* ;229/3 Lfl}inklj t* ^iee}% ==9 D*=a 447% 4>;&>= '>qg Mo{* ;22=/3 Gonnoj} t*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
22/30
;;
Fo}}o}}orro% ;0> D*=a ?90% ?9= '>qg Mo{* ;222/* Qgy}% Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} `n`oj}q qgi
OIM `ja qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi `{i ao}fo}}ia `ja Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} `n`oj}q
N`{j `ja ]giek dl{ a`f`ni} `{i ao}fo}}ia% `} ~iee*
41* Kilja qgl}i dyja`fijq`e de`~}% Re`ojqodd} mlj}qoqyqolj`e me`of} d`oe dl{
`aaoqolj`e {i`}lj}* Do{}q% qgi m{yw ld `j ipy`e r{lqimqolj me`of o} qgi `}}i{qolj qg`q ` ri{}lj ~`}
q{i`qia aoddi{ijqe qg`j }ofoe`{e }oqy`qia ri{}lj} dl{ ofri{fo}}okei {i`}lj}* ]ii Toee`ni ld
^oeel~k{llc t* Leimg% 9;7 Y*]* 94;% 941 ';222/ 'iwre`ojojn qg`q qgi ry{rl}i ld qgi ipy`e
r{lqimqolj me`y}i ld qgi Dly{qiijqg @fijafijq o} ql }imy{i iti{ ri{}lj ~oqgoj qgi ]q`qi}
hy{o}aomqolj `n`oj}q ojqijqolj`e `ja `{koq{`{ ao}m{ofoj`qolj% ~giqgi{ lmm`}oljia k iwr{i}} qi{f}
ld ` }q`qyqi l{ k oq} ofr{lri{ iwimyqolj qg{lyng aye mlj}qoqyqia `nijq}/ 'dy{qgi{ pylq`qolj} `ja
moq`qolj} lfoqqia/* Gi{i% Re`ojqodd} lddi{ `k}leyqie jl d`mqy`e `eein`qolj qg`q qgi ~i{i q{i`qia
aoddi{ijqe qg`j }ofoe`{e }oqy`qia Gll}oi{} '`} oq {ie`qi} ql qgi }ykfo}}olj ld mlfre`ojq} ql qgi
OIM {in`{aojn qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`/* @ja% `} ql N`{j `ja
]giek% qgi @qql{ji Niji{`e} lddomi g`} r{l}imyql{o`e ao}m{iqolj oj aimoaojn ~glf ql r{l}imyqi
dl{ ieimqolj&{ie`qia o}}yi} `ja Re`ojqodd} g`ti lddi{ia jl d`mqy`e `ti{fijq ql }gl~ qg`q qgi
}ofoe`{e }oqy`qia ri{}lj} && qgl}i mg`eeijnojn qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq
Lk`f` && ~i{i q{i`qia aoddi{ijqe*
49* Jiwq% Re`ojqodd} ~i{i `ddl{aia ayi r{lmi}} `ja ~i{i r{ltoaia {ia{i}} dl{ qgio{
n{oit`jmi}* Re`ojqodd} doeia ` mg`eeijni `ja }ykfoqqia f`qi{o`e} qg`q qgi kieoiti }yrrl{q qgio{
rl}oqolj* @ gi`{ojn ~`} giea `ja ` yj`jofly} aimo}olj '`ati{}i ql Re`ojqodd}/ ~`} {ijai{ia*
Re`ojqodd} }lyngq {itoi~ ld qg`q aimo}olj ~oqg qgo} Mly{q3 gl~iti{% qg`q Riqoqolj ~`} ao}fo}}ia
'~oqg r{ihyaomi `ja lj qgi fi{oq}/ `ja Re`ojqodd} g`ti q`cij jl `rri`e* Oj }gl{q% oq o} mei`{ qg`q
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
23/30
;=
Re`ojqodd} ~i{i `ddl{aia qgio{ dyee r`jlre ld ayi r{lmi}} {ongq}* [oei t* D{oija% Jl* 082?&mt&
>00% ;202 ^E ;2>0?79% (= ']*A* Oja* F` ;0% ;202/*
44* @} oq {ie`qi} ql }lfi qri ld Do{}q @fijafijq me`of k`}ia lj onjl{ojn
mlfre`ojq} ld ieimqolj d{`ya l{ dl{ eoqon`qolj&{ie`qia itijq}% qgi d`mq o} }ymg `eein`qolj} al jlq
noti {o}i ql ` Do{}q @fijafijq me`of `} qgi{i o} jl d`mqy`e `eein`qolj qg`q ]q`qi Aidija`jq} g`ti
{i}q{omqia Re`ojqodd} {ongq ql d{ii }riimg oj `j ~`* Oj d`mq% od `jqgojn% Re`ojqodd} }riimg g`}
jlq kiij {i}q{omqia `} qgi mljqojyi ql rykeome mlfre`oj `klyq qgi py`eodom`qolj} ld R{i}oaijq
Lk`f` jlq lje kidl{i qgo} Mly{q kyq qg{lyng F}* Q`oqx} ~ik&}oqi*
C* Re`ojqodd} Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq Me`of Fy}q Ki Ao}fo}}ia
4>* Re`ojqodd} }iic ` aime`{`qolj d{lf qgo} Mly{q qg`q R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} jlq
mlj}qoqyqolj`ee py`eodoia ql ki R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}*
47* @n`oj% qgo} m`y}i ld `mqolj g`} jlq kiij }iq dl{qg oj ` }ir`{`qi mlyjq3 ojaiia%
Re`ojqodd} al jlq ojtlci qgi Yjodl{f Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq @mq `q `ee*
4?* Dy{qgi{% qgo} me`of o} jlqgojn fl{i qg`j `jlqgi{ `qqifrq ql {itoi~ qgi aimo}olj ld
qgi OIM* @} }ymg% oq o} k`{{ia k qgi almq{oji} ld{i} hyaom`q` `ja mlee`qi{`e i}qlrrie* Fl{ilti{%
qgo} Mly{q aoa jlq `eel~ Re`ojqodd} ql rei`a qgo} me`of oj qgio{ ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq*
>2* Jiti{qgiei}}% qgi Yjodl{f Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq @mq r{ltoai}8
@j ri{}lj ojqi{i}qia yjai{ ` aiia% ~oee% ~{oqqij mljq{`mq% l{ lqgi{ ~{oqojn}
mlj}qoqyqojn ` mljq{`mq% l{ ~gl}i {ongq}% }q`qy}% l{ lqgi{ ein`e {ie`qolj} `{i `ddimqiak ` }q`qyqi% fyjomor`e l{aoj`jmi% mljq{`mq% l{ d{`jmgo}i% f` g`ti aiqi{fojia
`j pyi}qolj l{ mlj}q{ymqolj l{ t`eoaoq `{o}ojn yjai{ qgi oj}q{yfijq% }q`qyqi%
l{aoj`jmi% mljq{`mq% l{ d{`jmgo}i `ja lkq`oj ` aime`{`qolj ld {ongq}% }q`qy}% l{ lqgi{ein`e {ie`qolj} qgi{iyjai{*
O*M* =1&01&0&;*
>0* Re`ojqodd} g`ti `eeinia jl d`mq} `} ql gl~ qgi g`ti `j ojqi{i}q oj `j aiia% ~oee%
~{oqqij mljq{`mq% l{ lqgi{ ~{oqojn mlj}qoqyqojn ` mljq{`mq jl{ g`ti Re`ojqodd} `eeinia `j d`mq} ql
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
24/30
;1
}gl~ qg`q qgio{ {ongq}% }q`qy}% l{ lqgi{ ein`e {ie`qolj} `{i `ddimqia k ` }q`qyqi% fyjomor`e
l{aoj`jmi% mljq{`mq% l{ d{`jmgo}i*?
>;* @} }ymg% Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq `eeinia ` mlnjox`kei me`of yjai{ qgi Yjodl{f
Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq @mq*
>=* M`}i e`~ o} mei`{% fl{ilti{% qg`q qgi ]q`qi ld Ojao`j` 'gi{i% qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj}
Mlffo}}olj% qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi% `ja N`{j,]giek `} Airyq @qql{ji} Niji{`e/
m`jjlq ki qgi }ykhimq ld ` aime`{`ql{ hyanfijq me`of* ]ii O*M* =1&01&0&0= ']q`qi l{ oq}
`nijmoi} jlq ojmeyaia ~oqgoj qgi aidojoqolj ld ri{}lj dl{ ry{rl}i} ld qgi YAH@/3 ]q`qi t*
E`[yi% Ojm*% 091 J*I*;a >27% >0; 'Oja* 0?97/ 'q{o`e mly{q ali} jlq g`ti hy{o}aomqolj lti{
aime`{`ql{ hyanfijq `mqolj `n`oj}q qgi ]q`qi kim`y}i qgi ]q`qi% oj oq} }lti{ionj m`r`moq% o} jlq
}ykhimq ql }yoq yjai{ qgi YHA@/*
>1* Qgi{idl{i% Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia ~oqg
r{ihyaomi*
E* Re`ojqodd} Me`of Yjai{ Qgi JT[@ @ja Qgio{ [ipyi}q Dl{ F`ja`fy} @{i
Ao}fo}}ia
>9* Re`ojqodd} {`o}i ` ji~ me`of oj qgio{ ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq ` me`of {ie`qia ql
qgi J`qolj`e Tlqi{ [ino}q{`qolj @mq* 1; Y*]*M* ]im* 0?>=nn iq}ip*
>4* Re`ojqodd} ~i{i jlq notij ri{fo}}olj ql k{ojn qgo} me`of `ja% qgy}% oq o} ao}fo}}ia
~oqg r{ihyaomi*
>>* Dy{qgi{% Re`ojqodd} g`ti jlq `eeinia qg`q qgi r{ltoaia qgi ]q`qi ld Ojao`j` ~oqg
jlqomi ld ` tole`qolj ld qgi JT[@% ` }qir {ipyo{ia r{ol{ ql doeojn ` e`~}yoq yjai{ qgi JT[@ k `
? Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq {idi{ijmi} ayqoi} ld ]q`qi Aidija`jq} yjai{ qgi
Ieimqolj Mlai3 gl~iti{% qgi}i ayqoi} `{i ql qgi rykeom oj niji{`e `ja% qgy}% al jlq r{ltoai
Re`ojqodd} ~oqg `j ojqi{i}q }yddomoijq ql }q`qi ` me`of yjai{ qgi Yjodl{f Aime`{`ql{ Hyanfijq@mq*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
25/30
;9
r{ot`qi r`{q* R{ol{ ql k{ojnojn ` e`~}yoq% ` r{ot`qi r`{q ~gl ~o}gi} ql k{ojn ` e`~}yoq fy}q
r{ltoai ~{oqqij jlqomi ld qgi tole`qolj ql qgi mgoid ieimqolj lddomo`e ld qgi ]q`qi ojtletia* 1;
Y*]*M* 0?>=nn&?'k/'0/* Qgy}% qgo} me`of o} ao}fo}}ia*
>7* Re`ojqodd} {ipyi}qia ` ^{oq ld F`ja`fy} ao{imqojn qgi ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi ld
Ojao`j` ql mljaymq moqoxij}gor ti{odom`qolj qg{lyng r{laymqolj ld Y*]* R`}}rl{q} l{
J`qy{`eox`qolj mi{qodom`qi} l{ ko{qg mi{qodom`qi} oj l{ai{ ql r{itijq jlj&moqoxij tlqojn% ~gomg o}
gonge eocie oj qgi `dqi{f`qg ld qgi A{i`f @mq* Kim`y}i Re`ojqodd} f`ci jl me`of ~g`q}liti{
~oqg {i}rimq ql qgo} {ieoid }lyngq% qgo} {ieoid }glyea ki }yff`{oe aijoia*02
F* Qgo} Mly{q E`mc} ]ykhimq F`qqi{ Hy{o}aomqolj Ql Aiqi{foji Qgi Py`eodom`qolj} Ld@ ]oqqojn R{i}oaijq Dl{ Qgi J`qolj`e Lddomi Ld Qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} R{i}oaijq
>?* Qgo} Mly{q ali} jlq g`ti hy{o}aomqolj ql {yei lj qgi py`eodom`qolj ld qgl}i {yjjojn
dl{ R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}* @{qomei O% = ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} Mlj}qoqyqolj {i}i{ti} ql qgi
Yjoqia ]q`qi} ]ij`qi qgi rl~i{ `ja `yqgl{oq ql aiqi{foji qgi py`eodom`qolj} ld qgi R{i}oaijq ld
qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} oj qg`q Qgi ]ij`qi }g`ee g`ti qgi }lei rl~i{ ql q{ `ee ofri`mgfijq}*
Dy{qgi{fl{i% qgi Q~iedqg @fijafijq r{i}m{oki} qgi f`jji{ k ~gomg qgi ieimql{} ~gl `{i
`rrlojqia k qgi }q`qi} ieimq qgi R{i}oaijq* [lkoj}lj t* Kl~ij% 94> D* ]yrr* ;a 0011% 001>
'J*A* M`e* ;227/* Qgi{idl{i% jlq~oqg}q`jaojn qg`q qgi pyi}qolj ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f`}
py`eodom`qolj} o} jlq kidl{i qgo} Mly{q% qgo} Mly{q e`mc} hy{o}aomqolj ql aiqi{foji qgl}i
py`eodom`qolj}* ]ii `e}l[glai} t* F`mAlj`ea% ;22? ^E ;??>429% `q (0 j*= 'jlqojn qg`q
Mljn{i}} g`} jlq q{oia ql ofri`mg R{i}oaijq Lk`f` `ja qg`q Mljn{i}}% k ` tlqi ld =>7&2%
mlffifl{`qia qgi 92qg `jjoti{}`{ ld qgi ]q`qi ld G`~`oo `ja }q`qia qgi 11qg R{i}oaijq ld qgi
Yjoqia ]q`qi}% K`{`mc Lk`f`% ~`} kl{j oj G`~`oo lj @yny}q 1% 0?40/*
02Ojao`j` `e{i`a g`} ` Tlqi{ OA E`~3 Re`ojqodd} }iif ql ~`jq qgo} Mly{q ql ijn{`dq
`aaoqolj`e {ipyo{ifijq} lj qg`q e`~* Qgo} Mly{q g`} jl rl~i{ ql al }l*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
26/30
;4
J* Re`ojqodd} G`ti [ipyi}qia [ieoid Qg`q Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq} @ja Qgo} Mly{q M`jjlq
R{ltoai
72* Re`ojqodd} `{i }iicojn `j ifi{nijm ojhyjmqoti {ieoid oj qgi dl{f ld ` ^{oq ld
F`ja`fy} ao{imqojn qgi IeimqoljSV Mlffo}}olj `ja qgi ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi ql {iflti Lk`f`
d{lf qgi k`eelq* ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq* Jlji ld qgi}i Aidija`jq} `{i `kei ql r{ltoai qgi
{ieoid Re`ojqodd} }iic* Fl{ilti{% qgo} Mly{q g`} q~omi aijoia Re`ojqodd} {ipyi}q dl{ ojhyjmqoti
{ieoid*
L* Re`ojqodd} M`jjlq [imioti Qgi [ieoid [ipyi}qia D{lf Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq}
70* Airyq @qql{ji} Niji{`e N`{j `ja ]giek g`ti jl `yqgl{oq ~oqg {i}rimq ql
ieimqolj e`~* O*M* 1&4&;&0* Qgi al jlq g`ti qgi rl~i{ ql r{ltoai Re`ojqodd} qgi {ieoid qgi
}iic* Qgy}% Re`ojqodd} g`ti d`oeia ql }q`qi ` me`of dl{ {ieoid `n`oj}q N`{j `ja ]giek*
7;* Fl{ilti{% Re`ojqodd} me`of} `{i qll e`qi* Re`ojqodd} {ipyi}qia qg`q qgo} Mly{q
{iflti Lk`f` d{lf qgi k`eelq* ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq% R{`i{ dl{ [ieoid 0* Ry{}y`jq ql
Ojao`j` e`~% lj ]irqifki{ >% ;20; qgi Ml&Ao{imql{} ld qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj Aoto}olj mi{qodoia ql
i`mg mlyjq ieimqolj kl`{a qgi j`fi} ld qgi jlfojii} dl{ R{i}oaijq `ja Tomi R{i}oaijq ld qgi
Yjoqia ]q`qi} mi{qodoia ql qgi Ieimqolj Aoto}olj yjai{ Ojao`j` Mlai =&02&1&9'm/* Oj lqgi{ ~l{a}%
qgi Ieimqolj Aoto}olj g`} `e{i`a mi{qodoia K`{`mc Lk`f` `} qgi Aiflm{`qom m`jaoa`qi dl{
R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi} ql qgi elm`e ieimqolj kl`{a}* Ojaiia% oj&ri{}lj `k}ijqii tlqojn
kin`j lj Lmqlki{ ?% ;20;% `ja qgi ai`aeoji dl{ {ipyi}qojn `k}ijqii k`eelq} o} pyomce
`rr{l`mgojn Lmqlki{ ;?qg* ]ii gqqr8,,~~~*oj*nlt,}l},ieimqolj},;12;*gqf * Qgi ]q`qi Aidija`jq}
g`ti jl `yqgl{oq ql {iflti R{i}oaijq Lk`f` d{lf qgi k`eelq} `ja% qgy}% Re`ojqodd} kie`qiae `}c
dl{ R{i}oaijq Lk`f` ql ki r{itijqia d{lf kiojn j`fia lj qgi k`eelq*
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
27/30
;>
R* Re`ojqodd} M`jjlq ]q`qi @ Me`of Dl{ Ri{f`jijq Ojhyjmqolj
7=* Dy{qgi{fl{i% Re`ojqodd} }iifojne q{ ql }q`qi ` m`y}i ld `mqolj dl{ f`ja`ql{
ojhyjmqoti {ieoid && mlff`jaojn qgi {iflt`e ld R{i}oaijq Lk`f` d{lf qgi Ojao`j` k`eelq* ]ii
Flqolj ld Re`ojqodd} ql ]mgiayei ]ir`{`qi Q{o`e ld Iwriaoqolj% iqm* 're`ojqodd} `}c iwriaoqia
q{`oe `n`oj}q ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi `ja IeimqoljSV mlffo}}olj lje% `} ql lje q~l ein`e m`y}i} ld
`mqolj8 aime`{`ql{ {ieoid $ ri{f`jijq ojhyjmqolj/ 'ifrg`}o} oj l{onoj`e/*
71* Ipyoq`kei {ieoid && gi{i aime`{`qoti l{ ojhyjmqoti {ieoid && o} hy}q qg`q% {ieoid* ]ii%
i*n*% Jl`g t* Iji}ml Ml{r*% ?00 D* ]yrr* =29% =2> 'J*A* Oee* 0??9/ 'SkV oq} ti{ j`fi% oq o}
`rr`{ijq qg`q ojhyjmqoti {ieoid o} ` {ifia `ja S`Vj ojhyjmqolj o} ` {ifia% jlq ` m`y}i ld
`mqolj/3 ^`}gie t* K{`jq% >>2 J*I*;a ?2;% ?21 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22;/ 'S`Vj ojhyjmqolj o} `j
iwq{`l{aoj`{ ipyoq`kei {ifia/ 'ifrg`}o} `aaia/* Re`ojqodd} f`ci jl mljjimqolj kiq~iij qgi
{ifia }lyngq% `ja qgi me`of} qgi q{oia ql rei`a* Oj}qi`a% Re`ojqodd} `rri`{ ql `{nyi qg`q qgi
{ifia iwo}q} `} `j ojairijaijq m`y}i ld `mqolj* ]ojmi ipyoq`kei {ieoid o} jlq ` }ir`{`qi m`y}i ld
`mqolj% qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia* ]ii`e}lM{l}}f`j Mlffyjoqoi}%
Ojm* t* Ai`j% >4> J*I*;a 02=9% 0212 'Oja* Mq* @rr* ;22;/ 'f`ja`ql{ ojhyjmqolj o} `j
iwq{`l{aoj`{ ipyoq`kei {ifia ~gomg }glyea ki n{`jqia ~oqg m`yqolj/ 'moqojn Aokei t* Moq ld
E`d`iqqi% >0= J*I*;a ;4?% ;>; 'Oja* 0???//*
MLJMEY]OLJ
79* Qgo} Mly{q jlqi} qg`q qgo} o} jlq F}* Q`oqx} do{}q dl{` ojql qgo} mg`eeijni* ]gi g`}
{iri`qiae k{lyngq me`of `dqi{ me`of `dqi{ me`of mg`eeijnojn qgi mlj}qoqyqolj`e py`eodom`qolj} ld
R{i}oaijq Lk`f` `ja `ee ld gi{ me`of} g`ti kiij {ihimqia* Dl{ iw`frei% oj Q`oqx t* Lk`f`% >2>
D* ]yrr* ;a 0 'A* A*M* ;202/% {imlj}oai{`qolj aijoia% >91 D* ]yrr* ;a 9> 'A* A*M* ;202/% qgi
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
28/30
;7
Mly{q giea qg`q F}* Q`oqx aoa jlq g`ti }q`jaojn ql k{ojn ` pyl ~`{{`jql `mqolj ql mg`eeijni
R{i}oaijq Lk`f`} ieonokoeoq ql glea lddomi `ja jlqia qg`q qgo} o} lji ld }iti{`e }ymg }yoq} doeia
k F}* Q`oqx oj gi{ pyowlqom `qqifrq ql r{lti qg`q R{i}oaijq Lk`f` o} jlq ` j`qy{`e kl{j moqoxij
`} {ipyo{ia k qgi Mlj}qoqyqolj `ja qgo} Mly{q o} jlq ~oeeojn ql nl qoeqojn `q ~ojafoee} ~oqg
gi{* >2> D* ]yrr* ;a `q =*
74* @} `jlqgi{ iw`frei% oj Q`oqx t* [yiffei{% ;200 ^E 1?04?=4 'A*A*M* Lmq* 0>%
;200/% `dda% ;20; ^E 0?;;;71 'A*M* Mo{* F` ;9% ;20;/ qgi Mly{q ai}m{okia F}* Q`oqx `}
ry{}yojn gi{ ]o}rgi`j pyi}q ql r{lti qg`q R{i}oaijq K`{`mc Lk`f` o} y}ojn ` dl{nia ko{qg
mi{qodom`qi kyq mljmeyaia qg`q qgi eljn&dl{f ko{qg mi{qodom`qi {iei`}ia k qgi mljdo{f} qgi
R{i}oaijq} ko{qg oj Gljleyey% G`~`oo* ;200 ^E 1?04?=4% `q (0 $ j*0*
7>* ]ofoe`{e% oj [glai} t* F`mAlj`ea% ;22? ^E =0007=1 'F*A* N`* ]irq* 07%
;22?/% qgi Mly{q ao}fo}}ia qgi f`qqi{ `} kiojn d{otlely} `ja qg{i`qijia }`jmqolj} `n`oj}q F}*
Q`oqx8 oq o} mei`{ qg`q Re`ojqodd} mlyj}ie SF}* Q`oqxV }iic} ql mljqojyi ql y}i qgi diai{`e
hyaomo`{ `} ` re`qdl{f ql dy{qgi{ gi{ rleoqom`e ko{qgi{ `nija` kyq }gi g`} r{ltoaia jl ein`e l{
d`mqy`e k`}o} `ja F}* Q`oqx} }ykhimqoti kieoid% }rimye`qolj `ja mljhimqy{i g`ti jiti{ kiij
}yddomoijq ql f`ojq`oj ` ein`e m`y}i ld `mqolj* ;22? ^E =0007=1% `q (0% (=*
77* Oj qgi ija% qgo} Mly{q o} jlq ^ljai{e`ja `ja }ofre }`ojn }lfiqgojn o} }l
ali} jlq f`ci oq }l* [glai} t* F`mAlj`ea% ;22? ^E ;??>429% `q (1* Ojaiia% Mljn{i}} o}
`rr`{ijqe }`qo}doia qg`q qgi R{i}oaijq o} py`eodoia ql }i{ti `} oq g`} jlq oj}qoqyqia ofri`mgfijq
r{lmiiaojn} `ja% oj d`mq% qgi Gly}i ld [ir{i}ijq`qoti} oj ` k{l`a kor`{qo}`j f`jji{ g`} {ihimqia
qgi }ynni}qolj qg`q qgi R{i}oaijq o} jlq ieonokei dl{ lddomi* Oa* `q (0 j*= 'moqojn G*[* [i}* 9?=%
000qg Mljn* ';22?// 'mlffifl{`qojn% k ` tlqi ld =>7&2% qgi 92 qg `jjoti{}`{ ld G`~`oo}
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
29/30
;?
}q`qiglla `ja jlqojn qg`q qgi 11qg
R{i}oaijq ld qgi Yjoqia ]q`qi}% K`{`mc Lk`f`% ~`} kl{j oj
G`~`oo lj @yny}q 1% 0?40/*
7?* Oj qgi ija% Re`ojqodd} ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq o} hy{o}aomqolj`ee%
r{lmiay{`ee `ja }yk}q`jqotie de`~ia* Oq }q`qi} jl m`y}i ld `mqolj yjai{ Ojao`j` e`~ l{ yjai{
diai{`e e`~* Oq fy}q ki ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi* @} qgi ]imlja @fijaia Mlfre`ojq o}
ao}fo}}ia ~oqg r{ihyaomi% `ee itoaijmi ojq{laymia lj Lmqlki{ ;;% ;20; o} `e}l }q{omcij*
OQ O] QGI[IDL[I L[AI[IA qg`q ]q`qi Aidija`jq} Flqolj ql Ao}fo}} ]imlja
@fijaia Mlfre`ojq o} N[@JQIA qgo} \\\\ a` ld \\\\\\\\\\% ;20;* @ee itoaijmi
ojq{laymia lj Lmqlki{ ;;% ;20; o} ]Q[OMCIJ* Qgo} Mly{q iwr{i}}e aiqi{foji} qg`q qgi{i o}
jl hy}q {i`}lj dl{ aie` `ja% qgi{idl{i% ao{imq} qgi ijq{ ldDOJ@E HYANFIJQ oj D@TL[ ld
qgi Ojao`j` Ieimqolj Mlffo}}olj `ja qgi Ojao`j` ]im{iq`{ ld ]q`qi `ja @N@OJ]Q Re`ojqodd}
`ja qg`q qgo} o} ` DOJ@E `ja @RRI@E@KEI L[AI[*
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Gljl{`kei ]* C* [ioaHyani% F@[OLJ ]YRI[OL[ MLY[Q 01
Ao}q{okyqolj8
L{e Q`oqx
;?7=? ]`jq` F`{n`{oq` Rc~% ]qi 022[`jmgl ]`jq` F`{n`{oq`% M@ ?;477
C`{e ]~og`{q
142 @y}qoj A{oti@tlj% OJ 140;=
Ia~`{a Ci}ei{=2>2 ]* Eio}y{i Re`mi
^i}q Qi{{i G`yqi% OJ 1>779
D{`jc ^ie
>20 J* K{ijq~lla E`ji
Fyjmoi% OJ 1>=21
-
7/31/2019 Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Second Amended Complaint
30/30
Klk Ci{j0;91> M{}q`e Rlojq A{oti
Ojao`j`rleo}% OJ 14;=4
T`ei{o` O* [orei
01==1 Qljcie [l`aDl{q ^`ji% OJ 14719
N{in Ke`mc
R*L* Klw 719
041> I`}q F`oj ]q{iiq% ]yoqi @Re`ojdoiea% OJ 14047
Hiddi{}lj N`{jC`qi ]giek
Cijjiqg E* Hlie
Lddomi ld qgi @qql{ji Niji{`eO*N*M*] 9qg Dell{
=2; ^i}q ^`}gojnqlj ]q{iiq
Ojao`j`rleo}% OJ 14;21