ordinances and outlines of tests, syllabi and …of psilopsida, lycopsida and sphenopsida. 6....

ORDINANCES AND OUTLINES OF

TESTS, SYLLABI AND COURSES OF

READING

For

Master of Science (Botany)

Session 2018-2019

MATA GUJRI COLLEGE FATEHGARH SAHIB

An Autonomous College

Re-Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.matagujricollege.org

mailto:[email protected]

SEMESTER-I

Bot-PG-101: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CORE COURSE-I)

Maximum Marks: 60 Lectures to be delivered: 45 Hours

Pass Marks: 35% (Each of 1 hour duration)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Sections A and B will have four

questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C will consist

of 12 short-answer type questions, each of 2 marks, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and

will carry 24 marks in all.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES

Candidates are required to attempt five questions in all including compulsory question selecting

two questions each from sections A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which is

compulsory.

UNIT-I

1. Structural organization of the plant cell, Electron Microscopy, TEM and SEM, structure and function of the Cell Wall, Plasmodesmata and Plasma membrane.

2. Ultrastructure, genome organization, biogenesis and function of chloroplast and mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.

3. Structural organization and functions of Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, nucleus and nucleolus. 4. Control mechanism of cell cycle, cyclin, cyclin dependent kinases, MFP, genetics of mitotic cell

division, molecular basis of chromosome pairing. Brief idea about apoptosis, oncogenes. UNIT-II

5. Replication of genetic material in bacteria and viruses. Replication of chromosomes in

eukaryotes, assembly of nucleosomes, chromatin maturation. 6. Mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, RNA splicing, RNA editing,

ribozymes, universal genetic code, mechanism of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

7. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, operon model (lac, tryptophan), attenuation, negative and positive control, gene regulation in lambda phage.

8. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, regulation at transcription and translation level, and brief account of the role of DNA sequences, Antisense RNA.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Waston, J.D. 1989. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publication Inc., New York.

2. Gupta, P.K. 1998. Genetics, Rastogi Publication, Meerut. 3. Gupta, P.K. 2000. Cell and Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut. 4. Hat, D.L. and Jones, E. W. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis. Jones & Bartlett Pub.

Massachusetts, USA. 5. Hayes, W., The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses, John Wiley, New York. 6. Karp, G. 1999. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

USA. 7. Korenberg, A. 1990. DNA Replication, Freeman, San Francisco. 8. Kumar, H.D. 1998. Molecular Biology, Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 9. Lewin, B.2000. Gene VII,Oxford University Press, New York. 10. Mulacinski, G.M. and Feifelder, D. 1998. Essentials of Molecular Biology, Jones & Bartlett Pub.

London. 11. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, Jr. E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins, U.S.A. 12. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.S. 2000. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons. Inc. USA. 13. Twyman, R.M. 1998. Advances in Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 14. Waston, J.D.1994. Molecular Biology of Gene,Benjamin, New York.

Bot-PG-102: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF

VIRUSUS, BACTERIA AND FUNGI (CORE COURSE -II)












compulsory.

UNIT-I

1. Viruses: General characters, nature, physical and chemical properties, structure and classification.

2. Replication of viruses and their transmission. Virus like agents: viriods and prions, importance of viruses.

3. Bacteria: A general account with particular reference to ultra structure, classification, mode of reproduction, nutritional types, economic importance of Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria.

4. Mollecutes and Archaebacteria: Mollecutes: Properties of representative types, a brief account of their cell shape and reproduction. Archaebacteria: Constituent Groups (Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermoacidophiles) a general account and their evolutionary significance.

UNIT-II

5. A general account of fungi, their structure including ultra structure of cell wall, major growth forms, and differentiation. Fungal nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic and symbiotic).

6. Fungal systematics: classification, A general account of Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mitosporic fungi and fungi like organisms.

7. Range of variations and evolution of fructifications in fungi. Origin and evolution of sex in fungi including hormonal control. Homothallism, heterothallism and parasexual cycle.

8. Economic importance of fungi with particular reference to role in industry, medicine, as biological control agents, mycorrhiza, edible fungi and mushroom cultivation - a general account.


1. Ainsworth, G. C. and Sussman, The Fungi. Vol . I, II, III, IV, Academic Press, New York. 2. Alexopoulos, C. J., Mims, C. W. and Blackwell, M., Introductory Mycology, John Wiley and Sons,

New York. 3. Black, J. G. 1999. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

Singapore. 4. Deacon, J. W. Modern Mycology, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K. 5. Frobisher, M. Fundamentals of Microbiology, W. B. Saunders kCKO. Philadelphia, London. 6. Gray, W. P. The Relations of Fungi to Human Affairs,Holt Dryodon Book, Hennery Holt & Co.,

New York. 7. Hawksworth, D.L., Krik, P. M., Sutton, B. C. and Peglar, D. N. Dictionary of Fungi, CAB

International, IMI Kew Surrey, England. 8. Mandahar, C. L. 1978. Introduction to Viruses, Chand & Co. Ltd., Dehli. 9. Mehrotra, R. S. and Aneja, R. S. 1998. Introduction to Mycology, New Age Intermediate Press. 10. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E. C. S. and Noel, R. Krieg. 1986. Microbiology, McGraw Hill Book Company,

London. 11. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E. C. S. and Noel, R. Krieg. 1993. Microbiology - Concepts and Applications,

McGraw Hill Book Company, London. 12. Stainer, R. Y., Doudoroff, M. and Adelberg, E. A. The Microbial World 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall, New

Dehli. 13. Stainer, R. Y., Ingraham, J. L., Wheelis, M. L. and Painter, P. R. 1989. General Microbiology,

Macmillan Education Ltd., London. 14. Webster, J. 1978. Introduction to Fungi,CambridgeUniversity Press, London.

Bot-PG-103: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY

OF ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTES & GYMNOSPERMS (CORE COURSE -III)












compulsory.

UNIT-I

1. Principles and systems of algal classification. Comparative account of algal pigments, food reserves, cell wall, flagellation, chloroplasts and eye spots; their phylogenetic and taxonomic importance. Economic importance of algae.

2. Range of thallus, methods of reproduction and life cycle in Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta.

3. Bryophytes (General): Origin and classification; evolution of gamtophytic and sporophytic generations; economic and ecological importance; brief account of fossil bryophytes.

4. General account of morphology, structure and life cycle of Hepaticopsida, Anthoceropsida and Bryopsida.

UNIT-II

5. Pteridophytes (General): An account of classification, ecological distribution and economic importance; evolution of stele; heterospory and seed habit. A concise and comparative account of Psilopsida, Lycopsida and Sphenopsida.

6. General account of morphology and reproduction in Eusporangiate ferns (Ophioglossum and Osmunda) and Leptosporangiate ferns (Dryopteris and Marselia).

7. Gymnosperms: Brief account of classification, economic importance of gymnosperm, structure and evolution of male gametophyte, Archegonium and seed in Gymnosperm, Polyembryony in gymnosperms.

8. A brief account of Pteridosperms, Cycadeoideales and Cordaitales. Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Pentoxylales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.


1. Glime, J. M. and Saxena, D. 1991, Uses of Bryophytes, Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publication, New Delhi.

2. Kashyap, S.R. Liverworts of Western Himalayas and Punjab Plains, Vol I & II Reprinted New Delhi. 3. Kumar, H.D. 1998. Indroductory Phycology, Affiliated East West Press Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Morris, I. 1986. An Introduction to the Algae, Cambridge University Press, UK. 5. Puri P. 1986. Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and Differentiation, Atma Ram & Sons, Dehli. 6. Rashid, A. 1998. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Pub. House Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Round, F. E. 1986. The Biology of Algae, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge. 8. Schofiled, W. D. 1985. Introduction to Bryology, MacMillan, New York. 9. Tiwari, S.D. and Pant, G. 1994. Bryophytes of Kumaun Himalaya, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh,

Dehra Dun. 10. Vasishta, B. R. 1996. Bryophyta, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Bhatanagar, S. P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli. 12. Chamberlain, C. J. 1934. Gymnosperms : Structure and Evolution. Doves (Reprinted New York). 13. Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) 1990. The Families & Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol I Pteridophytes and

Gymnosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York. 14. Pandey, S. N., Mirza, S. P. & Trivedi, P. S. 1997. A Text Book of Botany - Vol II, Vikas Pub. House

Pvt.Ltd., New Dehli. 15. Pant, D. D. 1973. Cycas and the Cycadales, Central Book Depot, Allahabad. 16. Parihar, N. S. 1996. Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes, Central Book Depot, Allahabad. 17. Raizda, M. B. & Salmi, K.C. 1958. Indian Forest Records, Vol 5 No.2 - Living Indian Gymnosperms, F.

R. I. Pub. Dehra Dun. 18. Rashid A. 1999. An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli. 19. Sahni, K.C. 1990. Gymnosperms of India and Adjacent Countries, BSMPS, Dehra Dun. 20. Sharma, O. P. 2001. Gymnosperms, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut. 21. Sporne, K.R. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. MIS Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London. 22. Sporne, K.R. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes, M/s Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bombay. 23. Stewart, W. N. 1983. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 24. Stewart, W. N. & Rathwell, G. W. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, Cambridge

University Press. 25. Vashishta, P. C. 2003. Gymnosperms. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Bot-PG-104a: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY (DSE-I (a))












compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Development and scope of industrial microbiology use of Fermentation equipments:

design and construction of fermentor, batch and continuous fermentor: characteristics of

fermentation media and raw material.

2. Strategies for isolation and screening of industrially important microorganisms;

Strategies for improvement of industrially important Microbial Strain.

3. Factors affecting the growth and survival of microorganisms in food: Bread, fish, meat

and vegetables.

4. Role of microorganisms in Production of Beverages: Wine, Beer, Vinegar. Dairy

production: Butter, Cheese, Yogart; Microbial spoilage of food and control measures.

SECTION B

5. Food production: Strategies Introduction, Aseptic packaging by high temperature, low

temperature as a preservation agent, Preservation by drying, Irradiation. Preservation of

food using chemicals. Microbiology of pressure treated foods, New preservation

technologies, Non thermal preservation of food using Combined processing techniques.

6. Microorganism in Vitamin Production: Vitamin B12, Vitamin B2, Vitamin C; Microbes as

a source of SCP, Biopesticide and Biofertilizers and Bioremediation.

7. Antibiotics: Classification, mode of action, commercial production, penicillin and

streptomycin.

8. Detailed account of microbial Vaccines; microbial Biotechnology, Genetically

engineered microbes in Medicine, Industry and Agriculture.


1. Prescottt, L, Harley, J. and Klein D (2005). Microbiology, 6th edition, Mc Graw-Hill.

2. Singh, V. P. and Stapleton, R. D. (eds.) (2002). Biotransformation: Bioremediation

Technology for Health and Environmental Protection. “Progress in Industrial

Microbiology, Vol. 36” Elsevier Science/

3. Subba Rao, NS (1982). Advances in Agriculture Microbiology, Butterworth-Heinemann.

4. Subba Rao NS and Dommergues YR (2001) Microbial interactions in Agriculture and

Forestry, Vol. 2, Science Pub. Inc.

5. Waites, MJ, Morgan NL, Rockey JS, Higton G (2001). Industrial Microbiology: An

Introduction, Wiley-Blackwell.

Bot-PG-104b:WEED BIOLOGY DSE-I (b)












compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Weed biology: Definition, scope, cauterization and classifications of weeds; important weeds

associated with different crops. Principles of weed ecology – Environment, succession niche

differentiation, r and k selection, plant demography and population dynamics.

2. Genetics and evolution in weeds – Breeding systems in weeds, weeds as strategists influence

of human on weed evolution, Weed seed dynamics, germination and establishment.

3. Weed crop interference: Competition- Definition components, factors favoring crop in

competition, critical period, competition models- additive, replacement, simulation and

diffuse, physiological aspects of competition. Invasive weed and their characteristics.

4. Allelopathy: Definition, characteristics, mode of release, chemical nature, allelopathy in

weed crop system management. Forms of positive interference: Commensalism, Protoco-

operation, Mutualism and Facilitation.

SECTION B

5. Agroecology: Concept of agroecology, organic farming – characteristics and constraints,

cropping systems and yield advantages.

6. Tillage and weed control, application of ecological principles in weed control. Sociological

aspects of weed control. Assessment of weed infestation. Methods of weed control –

biological, physical and chemical. Weed control practices in India.

7. Herbicide: Introduction, nomenclature, classification, chemistry, properties, formulations,

applications, equipment. Foliar and soil applied herbicides.

8. Physiology of herbicide metabolism. Toxicology and hazards.

Bot-PG-105: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IEC-I



Time Allowed: 1 &1/2 Hours


The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Sections A and B will have 2

questions from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will

consist of 6 short-answer type questions carrying 1 mark each, which will cover the entire syllabus

uniformly and will carry 06 marks in all.


Candidates are required to attempt three questions in all including compulsory question

selecting two questions each from sections A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which

is compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Computer fundamentals: Block diagram of a computer, Classification and Generations of Computer,

Applications of computers in various fields.

2. Number system: Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal conversion and arithmetic. Computer codes: ASCII,

BCD, Gray Code, Excess-III code etc.

3. Input devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, OMR, MICR, Video Cameras; Output devices: Monitors,

Printers; Dot matrix, Inkjet, Laser, Plotters, Multimedia Projectors. Hardware, Software, Types of

Software, Firmware.

4. Computer language, machine language, assembly Language, high level language, 4GL, Translators,

Interpreters, Compilers, Assemblers; Memories: RAM, ROM and Cache. Secondary storage devices:

Floppy disc, Hard disk, Compact disk and DVD.

SECTION B

5. Computer network: Introduction, Transmission Modes, Transmission Media: Twisted pair, Coaxial

Cable, Broadband, Fibre Optics.

6. Network communication devices, Network technologies: LAN, WAN, MAN, and Network topologies.

7. Internet and its applications, Web Browse, email, World Wide Web, searching on the web, video

conferencing,

8. Word processing, spreadsheet and preparing presentation.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Sinha, PK and Sinha P 2002. Foundations of computing, First edition, BPB.

REFERENCES 1. RAJARAMAN, V. Fundamentals of Computer, prentice Hall of India.

2. Ram, B. Computer Fundamentals. Wiley Publications.

Semester: II

Scheme of Teaching and Examination

L T P

Core Bot-PG-201 Core IV Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics

60 5 5

Core Bot-PG-202 Core V Taxonomy of Angiosperms

60 5 5

Core Bot-PG-203 Core VI Plant Physiology and Metabolism

60 5 5

DSE Bot-PG-204 DSE-II (a) DSE II (b)

a. Paleobotany b. Ethnobotany

60 5 5

IEC Bot-PG-205 IEC-1 Computer Applicatiopns and

Databases

30 1 1

Lab Course

Lab Course-III

Pertaining to Core Course IV and V

60 2 2

Lab Course

Lab Course IV

Pertaining to Core Course VI and DSE

II (a & b)

60 2 2

Total 390 21 4 25

SESSIONAL WORK (INTERNAL ASSESSMENT)

House Tests 70 marks

Attendance 05 marks

Tutorial 10 marks

Field Trip and Plant album 15 marks

Permanent slides 10 marks

Total 110 marks

Sessional work (Internal assessment) marks will be distributed equally in each of the five theory

papers.

Total Marks (Semester II)

Theory papers 270 marks

Practical Papers 120 marks

Sessional work (Internal assessment) 110 marks

Total 500 marks

Marks for M. Sc. Previous (Semester I and II) be as under:

Theory 540 marks

Practical 240 marks

Sessional work (Internal assessment) 220 marks

Total 1000 marks

\

SEMESTER-II

Bot-PG-201: CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR GENETICS (CORE COURSE-IV)












compulsory.

SECTION-A

1. Karyotype analysis, banding pattern, karyotype evolution, special types of chromosomes: B-chromosomes, polytene chromosomes, lampbrush chromosomes; Structural alterations in chromosomes, origin, meiosis and breeding behaviour, duplications, deficiencies, inversions and translocation.

2. Haploidy: Origin, production, meiotic behaviour, detection, role in cytogenetics and plant breeding. Ployploidy: Origin, production, meiosis in auto and allopolyploids.

3. Aneuploidy: Trisomics and Monosomics, Alien gene transfer through chromosome manipulations with special reference to wheat, transfer of whole genome, transfer of individual chromosome and chromosome segments.

4. Population genetics: gene pool and gene frequencies, equilibrium of gene frequencies, change in gene frequencies by mutation, selection, migration and random drift.

SECTION-B

5. Chromatin organization in eukaryotes, chromatin structure and packaging of DNA,

molecular organization of telomere and centrosome. Structure of gene: classical concept,

fine structure (r11 locus in T2 phage), split gene, overlapping gene, pseudogene.

6. Mechanism of genetic recombination in bacteria (conjugation, transformation, transduction).Mechanism of genetic recombination in eukaryotes; independent assortment and assortment and crossing over; molecular mechanism of recombination.

7. Mutations: Concepts and molecular basis, mechanism of spontaneous mutations, physical and chemical mutagens. Mechanism of DNA damage and repair.

8. Gene mapping: Linkage maps, gene mapping through recombination method; Restriction mapping, chromosome walking, chromosome jumping.


1. Brown, T.A. 1999.Genomes, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2. Gupta, P.K. 1998. Cytogenetics, Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 3. Hat, D.L. and Jones, E. W. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis, Jones & Bartlett Pub.,

Massachusetts, USA. 4. Karp, G. 1999, Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

USA. 5. Khush, G.S. 1973. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids, Academic Press, New York. 6. Schultz-Schaeffer, J.1980. Cytogenetics, Springer Verlag, New York. 7. Swansom, C.P. 1972. Cytology and Cytogenetics, Macmillan India, New Delhi. 8. Lewin, B. 2000. Gene VII, Oxford University Press, New York. 9. Mulacinski, G.M. and Feifelder, D. 1998. Essentials of Molecular Biology, Jones & Bartlett Pub.

London. 10. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York. 11. Strickberger. M. W. 1993. Genetics, MacMillan. New York. 12. Twyman, R.M. 1998. Advances in Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 13. Watson, J. D. 1994. Molecular Biology of Gene, Benjamin. New York.

Bot-PG-202: TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS (CORE COURSE-V)







consist of 12 short-answer type questions, each of 1 mark, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly

and will carry 12 marks in all.




compulsory.

SECTION-A

1. A brief account of the origin and phylogeny of angiosperms. 2. General evolutionary trends and criteria of primitive and advance taxa of flowering plants.

Morphology of stamens and carpels-A brief account. 3. Contribution of palynology, cytology, anatomy, embryology and phytochemistry in taxonomy. 4. A brief account on various taxonomic tools like Herbarium, Botanical Gardens, floras, computers

and GIS. Relevance of taxonomy to plant conservation.

SECTION-B

5. Salient features of various systems of classification (Bentham & Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Coronquist, Takhtajan, Hutchinson).

6. Salient features of International code of Botanical Nomenclature (Principles, Ranks of taxa, typification, Principle of priority and citation of authors' names).

7. Salient features and socio-economic importance of the following families of Dicots: Magnoliaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Tiliaceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Anacardiaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Labiatae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Moraceae.

8. Salient features and socio-economic importance of the following families of Monocots: Orchidaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Palmae, Araceae, Agavaceae, Cyperaceae and Graminae.


1. Cole, A.J. 1969. Numerical Taxonomy, Academic Press, London. 2. Davis, P. H. and Heywood, V. H. 1973. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Robert E. Kreiger

Pub. Co., New York. 3. Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation, Columbia University, Press, New York. 4. Grant, W. F. 1984. Plant Biosystematics, Academic Press, London. 5. Harrison, H. J. 1971. New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy, Hieman Educational Books

Ltd., London. 6. Heslop-Harrison, I. 1967, Plant Taxonomy, English Language Book Soc. & Edward Arnold Pub.

Ltd., U.K. 7. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M. 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press,

London. 8. Jones, A.D. And Wilbins, A. D. 1971. Variations and Adaptations in Plant Species, Hieman & Co.;

Educational Books Ltd., London. 9. Jones, S. B., Jr. and Luchsinger, A. E. 1986. Plant Systematics, (2nd Edition), Mc. Graw-llili Book

Co., New York. 10. Lawrence, H.M. 1969. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Dehli. 11. Nordenstam, B., Ei Gazaly, G. and Kassa, M. 2000. Plant Systematics for 21st Century, Portlant

Press Ltd., London. 12. Radford, A. E. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, Harper & Row Publilshing, U.S.A. 13. Soldbrig, O.T. 1970. Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics,The MacMillan Co, -Collier-

MacMillan Ltd., London. 14. Soldbrig, O.T. and Soldbrig, D. J. 1979. Population Biology and Evolution, Edison-Wesley Pub. Co.

Inc., U.S.A. 15. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Plant-Evolution above Species Level, Edward Arnold Ltd., London. 16. Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd Edition), Edward Arnold Ltd.,

London. 17. Takhtajan. A. L. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants, Columbia University Press,

New York. 18. Woodland, D.W. 1991. Contemporary Plant Systematics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Bot-PG-203: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM (CORE COURSE-VI)












compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Plant Water Relations: Water potential and its significance in soil-plant atmosphere continuum; mechanism of water absorption and transport; water transport processes and water transport in xylem.

2. Membrane transport and translocation of solutes : Root-microbe interactions in facilitating nutrient uptake, comparison of xylem and phloem transport, phloem loading and unloading, passive and active solute transport, membrane transport proteins with particular reference to role of carriers, channels and proton pumps in solute accumulation and transport.

3. Stress Physiology: Stress concept and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress; stress constraints, stressors; mechanism of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance; stress induced gene expression; stress detection; water deficit and drought resistance; salinity stress; metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress, oxidative stress.

4. Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibbrellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassino steroids, polyamines, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, hormone receptors, signal transduction and gene expression.

SECTION-B

5. Enzymes: General aspects, regulatory and active sites, regulation of enzyme activity, Michaelis - Menten equation and its significance; kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, allosteric mechanism: negative and positive cooperatively; activators and inhibitors, isozymes, ribozymes and abzymes.

6. Photochemistry and Photosynthesis : Photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes, photo-oxidation of water, mechanism of electron and proton transport; carbon assimilation - the calvin cycle, photorespiration and its significance, the C4 cycle, the CAM pathway, biosynthesis of starch and sucrose.

7. Respiration: Glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycolate cycle, alternative oxidase systems, gluconeogenesis, inter-conversion of hexoses and pentoses. Importance of respiration in different biosynthetic processes, coordinated control of metabolism.

8. Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation and nod factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation; Nitrogen transformation during plant development.


1. Kozlowski, T.T. 1964. Water Metabolism in Plants, Harper & Row, New Delhi. 2. Kramer, P. J. 1969. Plant and Soil Water Relationship, McGraw Hill Book Co., London. 3. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. 1992. Plant Physiology, Wordsworth Publ Co., California. 4. Slatyer, R.O. 1967. Plant Water Relationships, Academic Press, London. 5. Taize, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. PI.

Massachusetts, USA. 6. Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M. M. 1993. Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers &

distributors, New Delhi.

Bot-PG-204a: PALAEOBOTANY (DSC-II (a))





The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Sections A and B will have four questions

from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section C will consist of 12

short-answer type questions, each of 1 mark, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will

carry 12 marks in all.


Candidates are required to attempt five questions in all including compulsory question selecting two

questions each from sections A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which is

compulsory

SECTION A

1. .Introduction, Plant fossils: Preservation, preparation and age determination; Fossils

Record: Systematics, Reconstruction and Nomenclature, Types of fossils, Techniques to

study fossil age.

2. Diversification of the fungi, Diversification among the algae and related plants, Evolution

of microporophyll and adaxial sporangia, Vascular plants and Primitive types.

3. Gymnosperms fossils: Cycads; Origin and relationship, general feature, Early evidence of

cycadales, Cycad foliage, Evolutionary origin of Cycodales, The record of a living fossil

Ginkgo.

4. The enigmatic Cycadeoids: cycadeoid foliage, williamsoniaceae: Wielandiella,

Williamsoniella, Williamsonia, Cycadeoidaceae: Cycadeaidea, The origin and

relationship of the cucadeoidales.

SECTION- B

5. Diversification of Conifers and Taxad: wood of conifers and Taxad, Evolution of

Coniferous wood structure, Fossil leaves of Conifers, origin of conifer leaves.

6. Reproduction structure of Mesozoic conifrophytes, origin and early evolution of

angiosperms, The pre-cretaceous record of presumed angiosperms.

7. The lower and Mid-cretaceous record, pattern of evolution, angiosperms monophyletic or

polyphyletic, Appearance of Preangiosperm characteristics.

8. Environment and plant forms: From production in single species, effects of environment

upon the course of development influence of the environment, the transformation of

species, Distribution of fossils in India, Importance of Paleobotany.

RECOMMENDED READING

1. Andews, H, N studies in Paleobotany. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1961

2. Copra, R. N Topics in Bryology, Allied Publishers Ltd., New Delhi,1998

3. Lacey,W.S fossil Bryplhytes,Biol.Rev.44.189-205,1969.

4. Schuster, R. M. New Manual of Bryology, Vol.2. the hattori botanical Laboratory,

Nichian, Japan,1984

5. Stewart, W. N. and G.W. Rothwell. Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. IInd edition

Cambridge University Press,1993.

Bot-PG-204b: ETHNOBOTANY (DSE II (b))












compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Ethnobotany: Introduction, concept, scope and objectives. Ethnobotany as an

interdisciplinary science; Relevance of Ethnobotany in the present context.

2. History of plant – Human interactions and centers of ethno-botanical studies in the world.

Ethnic groups and Ethnobotany: Major and minor ethnic groups or Tribal of India and their

life styles.

3. Methodology of Ethno-botanical studies: a) Filed work, b) Herbarium, c) Ancient Literature,

d) Archaeological findings, e) temples and sacred places, f) Protocols.

4. Plants vs. Traditional life: a) Food plants, b) Intoxicants and Beverages, c) Resins and oils, d)

Ropes and binding materials. Plants in traditional life with reference to magico-religious

rituals and social customs.

SECTION B

5. Medicinal plants used in traditional system of medicine with examples from local plants. A

brief account of ethno-veterinary medicines and its significance in Indian contest.

6. Contribution of Ethnobotany in modern medicine with special examples and Ethnobotany

directed drug discovery.

7. Roles of Ethnobotany in the conservation of native plant genetic resources; sacred groves and

sacred plants of Punjab and India. Ethnobotany and legal aspects; Ethnobotany as a tool to

protect interests of ethnic groups.

8. National and international initiatives for benefit sharing and intellectual property rights and

conservation of traditional knowledge. The ethno-botanical data documentation with special

references to Traditional Knowledge Digital Library.

Bot-PG-205: COMPUTER APPLICATION & DATA BASES (IEC-II)



Time Allowed: 1&1/2 Hours


The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Sections A and B will have two







compulsory.

UNIT-I

Use of computers in Education and Research: Data analysis, Heterogeneous storage, e-

Library, Google Scholar, Domain specific packages such as SPSS, Life Sciences.

Traditional file processing system: Characteristics, limitations. Database: definition,

composition.

DBMS: Definition, characteristics, advantages, database scheme, instance, DBA and its

responsibilities, three level architecture of DBMS, mapping between different levels,

Data independence.

Database languages: DML, DCL, DDL.

Keys: Primary candidate, super, foreign, composite.

UNIT-II

E-R MODEL: Definition, Entity and Relationship, cardinality of a relationship, E-R

Diagram, Notations, Modeling using E-R Diagrams, weak entity sets, strong entity sets,

converting E-R diagrams to tables. Aggregation, Generalization, Specialization.

Data Base Model: Hierarchical, Network, Relational Models & their difference.

Query Processing: Introduction to SQL, Create table, SQL Data types, Select Statement,

Where Clause and Delete statement. Introduction to Database Recovery & Security.

Text Book

1. Fundamentals of Database Systems, Third Edition by Elmasri/ Navathe.

References:

1. An Introduction to Database Systems by C. J. Date.

2. An Introduction to Database systems by Bipin C. Desai. 3. SQL, PL/ SQL, The programming language of oracle, Ivan Bayross BPB Publication.

SEMESTER III

Bot-PG-301: PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PLANT REPRODUCTION (CORE COURSE-VII)







consist of 12 short-answer type questions, each of 1 marks, which will cover the entire syllabus

uniformly and will carry 12marks in all.




compulsory.

SECTION-A 1. Introduction: Plant Development-general account, different phases of development,seed

germination, growth, flowering, senescence, hormonal control and role of mutants in understanding development.

2. Root, Shoot and leaf development: Organization of root apical meristem (RAM); Organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM); cytological and molecular analysis of SAM; vascular tissue differentiation; phyllotaxy; control of leaf form; differentiation of epidermis and mesophyll..

3. Vascular tissue and cambium: Cambium, xylem and phloem; anomalous secondary growth 4. Flower, Fruit and seed development: Genetics of floral organ differentiation; homeotic mutants

in Arabidopsis, Biochemistry and molecular biology of development and maturation, parthenocarpy; seed dormancy.

SECTION-B

5. Vegetative Reproduction: Types-natural and artificial, significance of vegetative reproduction in horticultural, floriculture and agriculture.

6. Sexual Reproduction: Male and female gametophyte, microsporogenesis; role of tepetum; pollen development; male sterility; pollen germination; pollen tube growth and guidance; Ovule development: megasporogenesis: organization and types of embryo.

7. Pollination and Fertilization: Floral characteristics, pollination mechanisms and pollinating agencies; pollen-stigma interactions, sporophytic and gametophytic self-incompatibility; Double fertilization

8. Embryogenesis: Development of embryo in monocots and dicots; Endosperm types and development; polyembryony; apomixis, types, causes and application.


1. Atwell, B.J. Kridermann, P.E. and Jurnbull, C.G.N. (eds.) 1999. Plants in Action:

Adaption in Nature, Performance in Cultivation, MacMillan Education, Sudney,

Australia.

2. Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination,

Plenum Press, New York.

3. Burgess, J. 1985. An Introduction to Plant Cell Development, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.

4. Fahn, A. 1982. Plant Anatomy. (3rd Edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

5. Fosket, D.E. 1994. Plant Growth and Development: A molecular Approach, Academic

Press, San Diego.

6. Howell, S.H. 1998. Molecular genetics of Plant Development. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.

7. Leins, P., Tucker, S.C. and Ednress, P.K. 1988. Aspects of Floral Develoopment, J.

Cramer, Germany.

8. Lyndon, R.F. 1990. Plant Development. The Cellular Basis, Unnin Hyman, London.

9. Murphy, T.M. and Thompson, W.F.1988. Molecular Plant Development, Prentice Hall,

New Jersey.

10. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichorn, S.E. 1992. Biology of Plants (5th Edition), Worth,

New York.

11. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th Edition), Wadsworth

Publishing, Belmont, California.

12. Steeves, T.A. and Sussex, I.M. 1989. Patterns in Plant Development (2nd Edition)

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

13. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A. and Kafkaki, U. (eds.) 1996. Plant Roots: The Hidden Hall (2nd

Edition), Marcel Dekker, New York.

14. Shivana, K.R. and Sawhney, V.K. (eds.) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop Production

and Improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

15. Shivana, K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. 1992. Pollen Biology: A Laboratory Maznual,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

16. Shivana, K.R. and Johri, B.M. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and Fuknc;tion.

Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York.

17. Atwell, B.J., Kridermann, P.E. and Jurnbull, C.G.N. (eds.) 1999. Plants in Action:

Adaption in Nature, Performance in Cultivation, MacMillan Education, Sudney,

Australia.

18. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th revised

and enlarged edition), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi

19. Fageri, K. and Vander Pijl, L. 1979. The Princples of Pollination Ecology, Pergamon

Press, Oxford.

20. Proctor, M. and Yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. William Collin, Sons, London.

21. Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants, Cambridge University

Press, London.

22. Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants, Springer-Verlag, New

York.

23. Raven, P. H. , Elvelrt, R.F. and Eichorn, S.E. 1992. Biology of Plants (5 th Edition),

Worth, New York.

24. Sedgely, M. and Griffin, A.R. 1989. Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops, Academic

Press, London.

25. Waisel, Y., Eshel, A. and Kafkaki, U. (eds.) 1996. Plant Roots: The Hidden Hall (2nd

Edition), Marcel Dekker, New York.

26. Shivana K.R. and Sawhney, V.K. (eds.) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop Production

and Improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

27. Shivana K.R. and Rangaswamy, N.S. 1992. Pollen Biology: A Laboratory Manual,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

28. Shivana, K.R. and Johri, B.M. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and Function.

Wiley Eastern Ltd., New York.

29. The plant Cell. Special issue on Reproductive Biology of Plants, Vol. 5 (10) 1993. The

American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA.

Bot-PG-302: PLANT ECOLOGY (CORE COURSE-VIII)







consist of 12 short-answer type questions, each of 1 marks, which will cover the entire syllabus

uniformly and will carry 12marks in all.




compulsory.

SECTION-A

1. Ecosystem: Concept and structure, structure and function of some Indian Ecosystems: forest,

grassland, fresh water, marine and estuaries; man made ecosystems; ecological

productivity and efficiencies, food chain, food web, trophic levels, energy flow pathways,

ecological pyramids and ecological energetics.

2. Biogeochemical cycles: Pattern and basic type (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur),

sedimentary cycles, cycling of non essential elements and organic nutrients; nutrient

cycling in the trophics, recycle pathway, recycle index.

3. Population and community: Characteristics, types of interactions, carrying capacity, analysis

of communities (analytic and synthetic characters), ecotones and edge effect; habitat and

ecological niche; resource partitioning; ecological equivalents; shelford’s law of

tolerance, Gause principle, ecotypes, ecads, and ecologica indicators.

4. Ecological succession: types, bioenergetics, models (facilitation, tolerance and inhibition),

changes in ecosystem properties during succession, concept of climax; its units, theories

and forms, r and k selection.

SECTION-B

5. Phytogeography: Phytogeographic regions of the world, impact of ice ages and continental

drift on plant distribution, major biomes of the world, age and area hypothesis,

endemism.

6. Pollution and environmental health: air, water, noise and soil pollution, pollutatnts, effects and

control measures.

7. Environmental issues: ozone depletion and global warming, acid rain, eutrophication, solid

waste management, waste water treatment, national and international efforts to mitigate

the environmental problems, air (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981, water

(prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974, significant international conferences and

protrocols.

8. Plant diversity and conservation: levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecosystem),

convention on biological diversity (CBD), phytogeographical regions of India, major

forest types of India, loss of biodiversity (threats and causes), in-situ and ex-situ

Conservation of biodiversity.


1. Barbour, M.G.; Burk, J.H. and Pitts, W.D. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology, Benjamin/Cummings Publication co., California.

2. Begon, M. Harper, J.L. and Townsend, C.R. 1996. Ecology. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, U.S.A. 3. Berret, G.W., and Rosenberg, R. 1981. Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems, Johan Wiley & Sons,

New York. 4. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1988. Ecology – Principles and Applications, Cambridgde University

Press, U.K. 5. Kershaw, K.A. and Looney, J.H.H. 1985. Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology, Edward Arnold,

London. 6. Kormondy, E.J. 1996. Concepts of Ecology, Prentice-Hall of Indian Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Muller-Dombois, D. and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology, Wiley,

New York. 8. Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 9. Odum, E.P. 1983. Basic Ecology, Saunders College Publ. co., Philadelphia. 10. Odum, E.P. and Barrett, G.W. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Books/Cole, United

States. 11. Sharma, P.D. 1992. Ecology and Environment, Rastogi Publ. Meerut. 12. Smith R.L. 1996. Ecology and Field Biology, Harper Colins, New York. 13. Stiling, P. 1999. Ecology – Theories and Applications, Prentice Hall Inc., London. 14. Tiwari, S.C. 1993. Concept of Modern Ecology, Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Bot-PG-303 i: Crop Genetics and Plant Breeding (Core Course IX Option i)

CROP GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING PAPER-A

Maximum Marks: 60 Lectures to be delivered: 45 hours

Pass marks: 35% (Each of 1 hour duration)

Time allowed: 3 hrs.

Instruction for the paper setter

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B, and C. Section A and B will have four questions

from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C will consist of 12 short

answer type questions, each of two marks, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry

24 marks in all.


Candidates are required to attempt 5 questions in all including compulsory question selecting two

question each from section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which is compulsory.

Section A

1. Mode of reproduction in plants, genetic consequences of self and cross fertilization, mating system in

plants.

2. Types, mechanism and utility of self incompatibility, apomixis and male sterility in plant breeding.

3. Plant genetic resources: centers of origin, gene pool concept, primary secondary and tertiary gene

pool; Germplasm evaluation and conservation, gene banks.

4. Plant introduction and selection (pure line selection, mass selection, recurrent selection and clonal

selection) as methods of plant breeding

Section B

5. Hybridisation: procedure, choice of parents, pedigree and bulk methods, back cross methods,

composite crosses, wide crosses: significance, cross ability, barriers and methods to overcome.

6. Heterosis breeding: hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties

7. Mutation breeding: procedure and achievements, haploidy and polyploidy in plant breeding

8. Molecular markers: types of molecular markers, mapping of molecular markers, marker assisted

selection (MAS) for disease resistance and qualitative trait loci (QTLs) and applications of MAS in

breeding.


1. Allard, R.W. 1998. Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore.

2. Chaudhury, R.C. 1994. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

3. Gupta, P.K. 1999. Cytogenetics, Rastogi& co. Pub., Meerut, India.

4. Heyward, M;.D. , N.O. Bosemark and I. Romagosa 1993. Plant Breeding: Principles and

Prospects, Chapman & Hall, Madras.

5. Miesfield, R.L. 1999. Applied Field Crops, Wiley-Liss, New York, USA.

6. Poehlman, J.M. 1987. Breeding Field Crops. An Avi Book Published by Van Nostrand

Reinhold, New York. 7. Rastogi, V.B. 2007. Fundamentals of Biostatics. Ane Books India, New Delhi, India. 8. Singh, B.D. 2008. Plant Breeding, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

9. Singh, R.K. and Singh, P.K. 1994. A manual on Genetics and Plant Breeding,

Experimental Techniques, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

10. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics (IInd. Edition) John Wiley

& Sons Inc., New York, USA.

11. Vijendra Das L. D. 2000. Problems facing Plant Breeding, New Age Int. Pub., New

Delhi.

12. Vijendra Das, L.D. 1998. Plant L Breeding. New Age International Publishers, New

Delhi.

Bot-PG-303 ii: Plant Pathology (Core Course IX Option ii)

Maximum Marks: 60 Lectures to be delivered: 45 hours

Pass marks: 35% (Each of 1 hour duration)

Time allowed: 3 hrs.

Instruction for the paper setter

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B, and C. Section A and B will have four questions

from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C will consist of 12 short

answer type questions, each of two marks, which will cover the entire syllabus uniformly and will carry

24 marks in all.


Candidates are required to attempt 5 questions in all including compulsory question selecting two

question each from section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which is compulsory.

Section A

1. Introduction: the concept of disease in plants, a brief account of scope and objectives of plant

pathology; major causes and symptoms of plant diseases.

2. Epidemiology the seasonal carry over of plant pathogens, their dispersal and factors influencing

dispersal

3. Epiphytotics: spread of pathogens within crop areas; role of plant factors, pathogen factors biotic

factors and environmental factors in the spread of pathogens. Epiphytotics, types of epiphytotics.

Disease forecasting and its methods.

4. Disease Appraisal: Pathometry: the assessment of disease incidence and crop loss, various methods

(statistical methods excluded)

Section B

5. Mechanism of pathogen attack: prepenetration, penetration and post penetration: host range;

pathogenesis, various stages in the development of disease including molecular basis of pathogenesis.

6. Chemical weapons: role of enzymes; microbial toxins, growth regulators and polysaccharides in

disease development.

7. Results of infection: impact of infection on morphological, anatomical and physiological aspects with

particular reference to translocation of water and nutrients, respiration, photosynthesis and nitrogen

metabolism.

8. Mechanism of defence: preinfectional and post inflectional defence mechanism including signaling

pathway leading to activation of defense responses. Role of transgenics and RNA silencing in plant

defence, genetics of plant pathogen interaction: genetical determination of pathogenecity, horizontal

and vertical resistance, gene for gene hypothesis.


1. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, New York.

2. Chandniwala, K.M. 1996. An Introduction to Plant Pathology, Anmol Publications, Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Cristopher, A.G. , Lingam. 1985. Advances in Plant Pathology. Acad Press Inc.

4. Horsfall, J.G. and Dawling, E.G. 1977-80. Plant Diseases – An Advanced TractiseVol.I-

V, Academic Press, New York.

5. Mehrotra, R.S. 2010. Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

6. Nagarajan, S. 1983. Plant Disease Epidemology.

7. Singh, R.S. 1984. Princples of Plant Pathology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

8. Singh, R.S. 2009. Plant Diseases. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

9. Strobel, E.M. and Mathre, O.C. Outlines of Plant Pathology. Van Nastrand Reinhold,

New Delhi.

10. Tar, S.A.J. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology, Mac Millan Press, London

Bot-PG-304b: PLANT PROPAGATION (b) DSEIII (b)

Max. Marks: 60 Lectures to be delivered: 5 Hrs. per week

Pass Marks: 35% Time allowed: 3 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER SETTERS

The question paper will consist of three sections A, B and C. Section A and B will have

four questions from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 9 marks each. Section C

will consist of 12 short answer type questions each of 2 marks, which will cover the entire

syllabus uniformly and will carry 24 marks in all.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATE


two questions each from Section A and B of the question paper and entire section C which is

compulsory.

Section A

1. General aspects of propagation: Introduction, Biology, biological life cycle, Genetic basis,

Genetic inheritance.

2. Seed Propagation: Techniques of seed propagation, handling, sources for seed, harvesting and

processing seeds, seed testing, seed treatments, seed storage.

3. Principal and Techniques of propagation by seeds; Germination process, Dormancy, types of

dormancy and techniques.

4. Vegetative propagation: techniques of propagation by cutting, types of cutting, sources of

cutting material, rooting media, wounding, preventative disease control, environmental

conditions, management practices, hardening-off and handling.

Section-B

5. Grafting and budding: Introduction, factor influencing graft union success, natural grafting,

scion-root stock relationships, techniques of grafting, trypes of grafts, production process.

6. Propagation by stems and roots; bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots and stems, rhizomes,

pseudobulbs.

7. Clonal selection; principles, origin of clones as cultivars, pathogens and plant propagation,

selection and management of propagation sources and their management.

8. Cell and trissue culture; types of tissue culture, control measures, variations in

micropropagated plants,, techniquies for micropropagation, propagation of sdelected plant

species; fruits, nut species, ornamental trees, shrubs, annual and perennial.

Bot-PG-305: BIOSTATISTICS (IEC-III)

Max marks: 30 Lectures to be delivered: 5 Hrs. per week

Pass Marks: 35% Time allowed: 1:30hours



four questions from the respective section of the syllabus and will carry 12 marks each. Section

C will consist of 06 short answer type questions each of 1 mark, which will cover the entire





compulsory.

Section A

1. Biostatistics: Definition-statistical methods-basic principles. Variables-measurements,

functions, limitations and uses of statistics.

2. Collection of data primary and secondary: Types and methods of data collection

procedures-merits and demerits. Classification-tabulation and presentation of data-sampling

methods.

Section B

3. Measures of central tendency: Mean, median, mode, geometric mean-merits and demerits.

Measures of dispersion-range, standard deviation, mean deviation.

4. Statistical inference: Hypothesis- simple hypothesis-student ‘t’ test-chi square test.

Suggested readings:

1. Biostatistics, danniel, W. W. 1987. New York, John wiley Sons.

2. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition, Sundarrao, P. S. S. and Richards, J. Christian

Medical College, Vellore.

3. Statistical analysis of epidemiological data, Selvin, S., 1991. New York University Statistics

for Biology, Boston, Bishop, O. N. Houghton, Mifflin.

4. The Principles of scientific research, Freedman, P. New York, Pergamon Press.

5. Statistics for Biologists, Campbell, R. C. 1998. Cambridge university Press.

SEMESTER IV

Bot-PG-401: PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE (CORE COURSE-X)












compulsory.

SECTION-A

1. History of Plant Tissue Culture, Basic concept, principles and scope of plant cell and

tissue culture, concepts of cellular differentiation; totipotency.

2. Basic techniques of plant tissue culture; culture media, sterilization, explants, callus,

differentiation and organogenesis.

3. Micropropagation: through callus, shoot tip culture, nodal segments. Somaclonal

variatiosn.

4. Somatic embryogenesis, production of synthetic seeds, importance, limitation and their

utilization.

SECTION-B

5. In vitro haploid production and its significance, Anther/pollen culture

6. Embryo ovule and ovary culture for wide-hybridization. In vitro pollination and

fertilization.

7. Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture, Somatic hybridization, hybrid selection and

regeneration, cybrids and their applications.

8. Application of tissue culture in forestry and agriculture; production of secondary

metabolites, cryo preservation of plant cell and tissue cultures and establishment of gene

banks.


1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razadan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice ( A

revised Edition), Elsevier Science Pub., New York, U.S.A.

2. Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture, Bios Scientific Pub., Oxford ,

U.K.

3. Kartha, K.K. 1985. Cryuopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs, CRC Press, Boca

Raton, Florida, U.S.A.

4. Razadan, M.K. 1993. An Introduction to Plant Culture. Oxford & IBH Pub., Co., New

Delhi, India.

5. Yeoman, M.N. (Ed.) 1987. Plant Cell Culture Technology, Narosa Publ, New Delhi,

India.

Bot-PG-402: PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION (CORE COURSE-XI)











two questions each from sections A and B of the question paper and the entire section C which

is compulsory.

SECTION-A 1. A brief account of the origin, botany, cultivation and uses of food crops. (i) Cereal Crops - Wheat, Rice, Maize,

(ii) Sugar Crops - Sugarcane

(iii) Tuber Crops - Potato

2. A brief account of the origin, botany, cultivation and uses of the following fibre crops: (Cotton, flax, Hemp, sisal) and fodder crops (Sorghum, Barseem, Guar).

3. A brief account of the origin, botany, cultivation and uses of vegetable oil yielding plants. (i) Mustard (ii) Coconut (iii) Groundnut (iv) Sunflower.

4. A brief account of the origin, history, botany, cultivation, processing chemical composition and uses of the following beverages crops. (i) Tea (ii) Coffee

SECTION-B

5. A brief account of the origin, history, botany, cultivation, processing and uses of Tobacco and Para Rubber.

6. Name, family, plant part yielding active principle and uses of the following: (i) Medicinal Plants: Aconitum, Cinchona, Belladona, Digitalis, Glycyrrhiza, Artemisia,

Rauvolfia, Nux-vomica, Garlic, Neem, Tulsi, Papaver, Vasaka, Aloe, Assafoetida, Genseng. (ii) Aromatic Plants: Mentha, Rosa, Jasminum, Cymbopogon, Lavender, Hops, Camphor. (iii) Spices and Condiment: Ginger, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Cloves, Cardamom, Chillies, Pepper,

Fennel, Coriander, Cumin, Nutmeg, Mace and Saffron. 7. Name, family, distribution and uses of important commercial timbers of India (Teak, Sal, Chir,

Kail, Deodar, Sisham, Kikar). List of important fuel woods, trees for avenues, pollution control and aesthetics.

8. A brief account of the following: (i) Gums (ii) Resin (iii) Tannis (iv) Dyes (v) Rattans (vi) Raw materials for Paper Industry (vii) Bamboos (viii) Wild Fruits.

RECOMMENDED READING

1. Anonymous 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.

2. Arora, R.K. and Nayyar, E.R. 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science Mongraph No. 7.

3. Conway, G. 1999. The Doubly Green Revolution. Food for All in the 21st Centaury, Penguin Books.

4. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1990. After the Green Revolution, Earthscan Press, London. 5. Conway, G. and Barbier, E. 1994. Plant, Genes and Agriculture, Jones and Bartlett Publishers,

Boston. 6. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, 1986. The useful Plants of India, Publications and

Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 1. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, (1948-76) The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian

Raw Materials and Industrial Products, New Delhi. Raw materials I-XII, Revised Vol. I-III (1985-1992) Supplement (2000) Aggarwal, K.C. 1999. Biodiversity, Agro Botanica, Bikaner.

2. Dhar, U. 1993. Himalayan Biodiversity. Conservation, Strategies, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Kosi, Almorha -263-643 (Himvikas Publication No. 3).

3. Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. & Burdon, J.J. 1995. The Conservation of Plant Diversity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

4. Gatson, K.J. (Ed.) Biodiversity: A Biology of Numbers and Differences, Blackwell Science ltd., Oxford, U.K.

5. Heywood V. (Ed.) 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

6. Heywood,k V.H. and Wyse Jackson, P.S. (Eds.) 1991. Tropical Botanical Gardens;. Their role in Conservation and Development. Academic Press, San Diego.

7. Jeffries, M.J. 1997. Biodiversity and Conservation, Routlege, London & New York. 8. Kothari, A. 1997. Understanding Biodiversity: Life sustainability and Equity. Orient Longman. 9. Kumar, U. & Asija, M.J. 2000. Biodiversity Principles and Conservation, Agrobios (India) Jodhpur. 10. Nair, M.N.B. et al. (Eds.) 1998. Sustainable Management of Non-Wood Forest Products, Faculty

of forestry, University Putra Malaysia. 434 004 PM Serdong, Selan;gor, Malaysia. 11. Negi, S.S. 1993. Biodiversity and its conservation in India. Indus Publishing, Co., New Delhi. 12. Paroda, R.S. and Arora, R.K. 1991. Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Management,

IPGRI (Publication) South Asia Office, C/O NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi. 13. Plant ealth of India 1997. Slpecial Issue of Proceedings Indian National Science Academy B-63.

14. Rao, R.R. 1994. Biodiversity in India (Floristic Aspects), Bishen Singh & Mohindra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.

Bot-PG-403 i: CROP GENETIACS AND PLANT BREEDING – PAPER-B CORE COURSE –XII (Option-I)












compulsory.

SECTION – A

I. Origin, evolution, breeding objectives and methods of breeding in Wheat and Rice. Improved

varieties in Punjab.

II. Origin, evolution, breeding objectives and methods of breeding in Maize and Cotton. Improved

varieties in Punjab.

III. Origin, evolution, breeding objectives and methods of breeding in sugarcane and Potato.

Improved varieties in Punjab.

IV. Breeding for resistance to abiotic (drought, salt, heat and cold) and biotic stress (disease and

insect)

SECTION-B

V. Release of new varieties: Evaluation trials, tests, agencies, registration of new varieties; ideotype

concept in plant breeding; Breeder's rights.

VI. Quality seeds: Classes, Practices for quality seed production, seed certification procedure, seed

tests, Maintenance of improved seeds.

VII. Biometrical techniques for agricultural research: Assessment of variability, Component of

variance, Genetic diversity, Correlation coefficient analysis, Path analysis, Diallel, Triallel and

quadriallel analysis, Line X Tester analysis.

VIII. Qualitative and quantitative traits and their genetic behaviour in segregating populations,

significance of polygenic traits, Component of Genetic variance, Heritability and genetic

advance.

RECOMMENDED READINGS 13. Allard, R.W. 1998. Principles of Plant Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore.

14. Chaudhury, R.C. 1994. Introduction to Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

15. Gupta, P.K. 1999. Cytogenetics, Rastogi& co. Pub., Meerut, India.

16. Heyward, M;.D. , N.O. Bosemark and I. Romagosa 1993. Plant Breeding: Principles and

Prospects, Chapman & Hall, Madras.

17. Miesfield, R.L. 1999. Applied Field Crops, Wiley-Liss, New York, USA.

18. Poehlman, J.M. 1987. Breeding Field Crops. An Avi Book Published by Van Nostrand

Reinhold, New York.

19. Rastogi, V.B. 2007. Fundamentals of Biostatics. Ane Books India, New Delhi, India. 20. Singh, B.D. 2008. Plant Breeding, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

21. Singh, R.K. and Singh, P.K. 1994. A manual on Genetics and Plant Breeding,

Experimental Techniques, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

22. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics (IInd. Edition) John Wiley

& Sons Inc., New York, USA.

23. Vijendra Das L. D. 2000. Problems facing Plant Breeding, New Age Int. Pub., New

Delhi.

24. Vijendra Das, L.D. 1998. Plant L Breeding. New Age International Publishers, New

Delhi.

Bot-PG-403 ii PLANT PATHOLOGY – PAPER-B (PLANT DISEASES) CORE COURSE -XII (Option-II)












compulsory.

SECTION-A 1. Fungal Disease (Lower fungi): Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures with

particular reference to Club root of crucifers, Black wart of potato, Damping off of

seedling, Downy mildew of Bajra, Late blight of potato.

2. Fungal Disease (Ascomycetous fungi): Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures

with particular reference to to Stem galls of coriander, Peach Leaf curl, Powdery mildew

of cereals, Ergot of grains, Apple scab.

3. Fungal Disease (Basidiomycetous fungi): Symptoms, disease cycle and control

measures with particular reference to Corn smut, Loose smut of wheat, smut of

sugarcane, Bajara and Sorgham, Flag smut of wheat, leaf smut of rice, Karnal Bunt of

wheat, Rust diseases of cereals and linseed.

4. Fungal Disease (Mitosporic fungi): Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures with

particular reference to Alternaria leaf spot of crucifers, Early blight of potato. Tikka

disease of groundnut, Blast of rice, Fusarial wilt of tomato, Red rot of sugarcane, Gram

blight, Anthrachnose of chillies.

SECTION-B

5. Bacterial Disease: Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures with particular

reference to Angular leaf spot of cotton. Crown gall of plants, Blight of rice, common

scab of potato.

6. Mollecute and Viral diseases: Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures of the

diseases caused by mollecutes: Grassy shoot of sugarcane, Sandle spike,

Sesamumphyllody, Little leaf disease of brinjal and viruses: Tobacco mosaic, Leaf froll

of potato, leaf curl of Papaya, Tristzia of citrus.

7. Nematode diseases: Characteristics of plant parasitic nematodes: Symptoms, disease

cycle and control measures with particular reference to Root Knot of plants, Ear Cockle

of wheat, Molya disease of barley and Golden nematode of potato.

8. Plant Disease Management: Basic principles of plant disease control with particular

reference to Quarantine, Cultural, Biological, Physical and Chemical methods of plant

disease control. Biopesticides and their role in plant disease control; integrated Pest

Management (IPM) including application of biotechnology and genetic engineering.


11. Agrios, G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, New York.

12. Chandniwala, K.M. 1996. An Introduction to Plant Pathology, Anmol Publications, Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

13. Cristopher, A.G. , Lingam. 1985. Advances in Plant Pathology. Acad Press Inc.

14. Horsfall, J.G. and Dawling, E.G. 1977-80. Plant Diseases – An Advanced TractiseVol.I-

V, Academic Press, New York.

15. Mehrotra, R.S. 2010. Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

16. Nagarajan, S. 1983. Plant Disease Epidemology.

17. Singh, R.S. 1984. Princples of Plant Pathology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

18. Singh, R.S. 2009. Plant Diseases. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

19. Strobel, E.M. and Mathre, O.C. Outlines of Plant Pathology. Van Nastrand Reinhold,

New Delhi.

20. Tar, S.A.J. 1972. Principles of Plant Pathology, Mac Millan Press, London

Bot-PG-404: FOREST BIOLOGY (a) (DSE-IV)

DSE-IV

FOREST BIOLOGY (a)


Pass marks: 35% Time allowed: 3 Hours




C will consist of 12 short answer type questions each of 2 marks, which will cover the entire





compulsory.

Section A 1. Silviculture: Definition, Regeneration: Types, Natural regeneration from seeds (different factors

on which regeneration depends, seedlings establishment period).

2. Regeneration from vegetative parts (Coppice, Root suckers, Cuttings, Layering, Grafting,

Budding, Pollarding, Lopping and Pruning); Nursery making.

3. Forest Protection: Protection, causes and control of forest fires; Major diseases of forest plants.

4. Forests Types: Climate of India, different climatic regions of India. Central characters and

distribution of the different forest types of India.

Section B

5. Social forestry - Non commercial farm forestry, scope and limitations of Non - commercial

forestry.

6. Community forestry, scope and limitations of community forestry, social land allocation

programmes (Taungya system, Jhum cultivation). Economic benefits of social forestry, Urban

forestry.

7. Forest Laws and Forest Conservation: Salient features of the Indian Forest Act 1972 (preliminary,

reserved forests, protected forests), different methods employed for conservation of forests.

8. Forest Effects : General effects of forests on climate, control of runoff, effects on snow, soil

erosion, wild life, pollution control, nutrient cycling, social values and ecotourism, economic

values, floods, green belts and control of temperature.

PRACTICAL

1. To measure diameter at breast height (dbh), diameter over bark (dob) and diameter under

bark (dub) and girth of trees.

2. To determine the moisture content, specific gravity and weight density of common timber

trees of Punjab.

3. To compare the anatomy of Hard wood and soft wood.

4. Students should be taken to nearest natural forests and they should prepare a field report

regarding the following points. Height above Sea level, Mean annual rain fall and

temperature, Soil texture, soil pH, Topography Dominant tree species and the general

characters of the forest (Distribution of trees in different storeys, ground flora, nature of leaf

fall, average height of dominant tree species etc.) The students will submit the field report.

5. Propagation studies on important common forest trees of Punjab regarding Height and

diameter increments (under similar soil conditions) at two months intervals under natural

conditions of day length and temperature for young tree saplings of known age and represent

the results in a graphic form.

6. Visit to the nearby forest nursery.

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Batish, D.R., R.K. Kohli, S. Jose and H.P. Singh. Ecological Basis of Agroforestry. CRC Press

NY. 400 pp. 2008.

2. Chaturvedi, A.N. Forest Mensuration. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 403 pp. 1982.

3. Dwivedi, A.P. A Text Book of Silviculture. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 505 pp.

2006.

4. Gopikumar, K., S. Gopakumar and E.V.Anoop. Forest Nursery and Tree Husbandry.

International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 169 pp. 2003.

5. Jha, L.K. Forestry for Rural Development. APH Publishing Corporation, NewDelhi. 669 pp.

1996.

6. Khosla, P.K. and R.K. Kohli. Social Forestry for Rural Development. I.S.T.S. Solan, India. 1988.

7. Kohli, R.K., K.S. Arya, H.P. Singh and H.S. Dhillon. Tree Directory of Chandigarh. DNAES,

Chandigarh, India. 1994.

8. Negi, S.S. Forest Fires. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 164 pp. 2000.

9. Negi, S.S. Elements of General Silviculture. International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 316 pp.

2003.

10. Negi, S.S. Hand Book of Forest Ecology and Biology. InternatBookDistributors, Dehradun. 268

pp. 2004.

11. Puri, G.S., Gupta, R.K. Mehr-Homji, V.M. and Puri, S. Forest Ecology. Vol. 2, Oxford & IBH,

New Delhi. 708 pp. 1989.

12. Plant Wealth of India. Proc. Indian Science Academy, B-63. 1997.

13. Rangarajan, M. Fencing the Forest . Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 1996.

14. Sahni, K.C. The Book of Indian Trees, 2nd Ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Mumbai. 2000.

15. Stoddard, C.H. Essentials of Forestry Practice. R.P.C., New York, U.S.A. 407 pp. 1959.

16. Teylor, C.J. Tropical Forestry. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U.K. 1962.

17. Thakur, C. Weed Science. Metropolitan Book Co. Ltd. 495 pp. 1984.

18. Trivedi, P.R. and K.N. Sudarshan. Forest Management. Discovery Publi. House, New Delhi. 242

pp. 19.

Bot-PG-405: BIOINFORMATICS (IEC-IV)


Pass marks: 35% Time allowed: 1:30 hours




C will consist of 06 short answer type questions each of 1 mark, which will cover the entire





compulsory.

SECTION A

1. Bioinformatics: Introduction, branches, aim, scope and Research areas of Bioinformatics;

databases in Bioinformatics: Introduction, biological databases, types of Biological databases,

Biological Database Retrieval System.

2. Biological sequence databases: national Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): tools

and databases of NCBI, Database Retrieval Tool, Sequence Submission to NCBI, Basic local

alignment search tool (BLAST).

SECTION B

3. Nucleotide Database: An account of various primary and secondary nucleotide databases;

EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).

4. Protein Sequence Databases: An account of various primary and secondary protein sequence

databases. Protein Information Resource (PIR), Swiss-Prot. A brief idea of sequence alignments.

Suggested Readings:

1. Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. 2008. Bioinformatics: Principlesa nad applications. Oxford

University Press.

2. Pevsner J. 2009. Bioinformatics and functional genomics. II Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.

3, Campbell, A. M., Heyer, L. J. 2006. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Biuoinformatics

II. Edition. Benjamin Cummings

ordinances and outlines of tests, syllabi and …of psilopsida, lycopsida and sphenopsida. 6....

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