Organelle Presentations

Blue BlockOctober 2012

Nucleus

By: Nir Liebenthal and Julia Gagosian

Function & Structure:

• Store cell's DNA (Hereditary Material)• Direct the Cell's activities.

Metabolism Growth Protein Synthesis Reproduction

• Nuclear Envelope: Separates nucleus and cytoplasm.

• Nucleoplasm: Semi-fluid matrix found inside nucleus.

• Nuclear pores:Allow molecule passage between nucleus & cytoplasm.

• Chromatin: In the Nucleoplasm, protein cell's DNA, string like structure, that form chromosones during mitosis/ cell division.

• Nucleolus: organelle within nucleus that makes ribosomes.

Location:• Located in Eukaryotes.• Usually located in center of cell.• Exists in plants & animals.• Analogy: Brain

o Control Center: Movement, Reactions etc. References: http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/1.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cells/nucleus.htm

NucleolusMary Ronchetti

~The Nucleolus is where protein and RNA molecules are constructed.These materials are subunits from which ribosomes are built. The subunits pass through nuclear pores to reach the cytoplasm.

Function

Round dense cluster of RNA and proteins

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=nucleolus&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=591&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=5vXxzu10dSiOZM:&imgrefurl=http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/nucleolus&docid=ZdOEZQEk2wM6kM&imgurl=http://images.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/nucleus_1.gif&w=454&h=317&ei=PVB8UJeqHK3H0AHxzIGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=716&vpy=188&dur=3768&hovh=188&hovw=269&tx=107&ty=139&sig=106272138567734021128&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=192&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:146

Structure

~Found inside nucleus~Found in eukaryotics ~Found in protistans, fungi, plants and

animals.

Location

The Nucleolus is like a factory that produces a product and then ships it out.

Analogy

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life by Starr and Taggart

References

Ribosomes

By: Ben Weinberg

Function and Structure

• Arranges strands of amino acids for use of other parts of cell and body

• Translates mRNA into protein

• Made up of proteins and RNA

• Cytoplasmic granules

• Two subunits: large and small

• mRNA is sandwiched between the small and large subunits

• ribosome catalyzes formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids that are contained in the rRNA

Location

• Two types of ribosome: Free and attached

• Free ribosomes are found throughout cytoplasm

• attached ribosomes are connected to endoplasmic reticulum

• Exists in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• Composed of different amounts of rRNA and proteins

• Exists in plant, animal, and bacterial cells

Analogy: Famous athletes signing autographs for many diehard fans

References

Links for images used:

• 920&bih=951&tbm=isch&tbnid=7g0N-IShXv44qM:&imgrefurl=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ribosome.html&docid=5kb3z9aslmlQTM&imgurl=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/imgbio/ribosome.gif&w=600&h=311&ei=uiB-UL7xEKq10QHv0oGQCw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=2&sig=113444616434996590802&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=269&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:72&tx=440&ty=301

• http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1920&bih=951&tbm=isch&tbnid=Jah4i2yEV7NnFM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Nucleic_Acid/Translation&docid=ZGhBDRM_YdBWiM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/651px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png&w=651&h=459&ei=sSN-UOzbJ_Ot0AGkiIDYBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=424&sig=113444616434996590802&page=1&tbnh=149&tbnw=212&start=0&ndsp=48&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:99&tx=151&ty=62

Cited Source:

• Starr/Taggart. Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed. Pacific GAve: n.p., n.d. Print.

THE ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Tori Neville and Sabrina Smith

STRUCTURE AND LOCATION Twisted and flat sac continuous with

nuclear membrane Studded with millions of ribosomes

(what makes it rough) Found throughout cell but densest around cell nucleus& Golgi apparatus

FUNCTION Protein production, folding, quality

control, and dispatching Analogy:

Like a card building factory. A part produces the cards, a part folds them into cards, part checks to make sure the cards don’t have defects, and then a section ships the finished cards out to where they’re needed

REFERENCES Info from:

http://www.bscb.org/?url=softcell/er Picture 1:

http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Biology%20117/Cells.htm

Picture 2: http://www.glogster.com/kcalderaio/rough-and-smooth-er-and-ribosomes/g-6o9nhukrkhubs2e32i8fd6r

Golgi Body

Function

Part of sequence of how a protein leaves cell

Modifies polypeptide chains into mature proteins

Sorts and ships proteins and lipids for secretion or for use inside the cell

Structure

Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae

Pancake-like structure

LocationFound in eukaryotic cells In plant, animal, fungi, and protistans cells Found near edge of cell membrane, yet

near rough ER

http://creationrevolution.com/2010/11/golgi-apparatus-steel-industry-of-the-simple-cell-–-part-6/

Analogy

Mail room: you put the letter in an envelope, put a stamp on it, then put it in a mailbox, where it is sorted in a mail room and categorized, then later sent out to the person that is supposed to receive it

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in eukaryotes. It is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is connected to the nucleus. It looks like small tubes near the edge of the cell, and is found in both animal and plant cells.

http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg

http://witkopsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/2/7/5327095/1805707_orig.gif

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids (oils, phospholipids, and steroids) in addition to metabolizing carbohydrates, regulating calcium concentration, and detoxifying drugs and poisons.

http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-3.jpg

http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is like a mother. She goes through your room throwing away all of the bad stuff you have, provides you with sustenance, makes sure you drink your milk, and makes sure you have the energy to go outside and play.

http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kfield/organelles/organelleimages/smooth-er.gif

http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg

Chloroplasts

Function of Chloroplasts• Chloroplasts capture light energy and use it in

photosynthesis to make organic molecules and separate oxygen from water and carbon dioxide

• Only found in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/photosynth/photo1.gif

Structure• Consists of stroma surrounded by an inner

and outer phospholipid membrane • Stroma contain stacks of thylakoids, in which

photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll, giving the organelle its distinct green color

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg

Location/Analogy• Located throughout cells’ cytoplasm• Is like a farm, in that it produces energy for the

cell from the perimeter as a farm produces food and would be located outside of a city

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif http://philadelphia.foobooz.com/files/2012/08/farm1.jpg

MitochondriaBy: Alex Lee

Function

Mitochondria’s main function is to create energy (ATP) required for metabolism and cellular respiration.

Analogy: power plant

http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interact08.jsp

Structure

Double membranes are phospholipid bilayers

The cristae are the folds of the inner membrane that increase cellular respiration

The matrix is the fluid-filled center where it holds its genetic material

mitochondria contain their own genetic material and protein-making machinery enwrapped in a double membrane

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html

Location

Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells, meaning they are found in both animal and plant cells

They are suspended in the cell’s cytoplasm.

http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01942/plcells/mitochondria.htm

LysosomesBrandon Harris

Function

• the digestion system for cell

• contains enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates

• can digest other organelles or other cells

Structure

• Hydrogen ion ATPases protein make up structure

• surrounded by membrane

• Expands and contracts (like stomach)

• A type of vesicle

http://faculty.muhs.edu/klestinski/cellcity/lysosomedata_files/image001.jpg

Location

• Found in Eukaryotic cells

• most common in animal cells

• rare but can exist in fungi, protistans, and plant cells

• usually near plasma membrane, can be anywhere inside membrane excluding inside nuclear envelope

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/animal4.gif

lysosome position in an animal cell

Analogy

a fish eats other fish as well as food like plankton

The fish is a lysosome organelle and the second fish is another organelle or cell while the plankton represents organic compounds like simple sugars and proteins.

Bibliography

• Textbook

• http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

ERIC PINSKER-SMITH

Vacuoles

Function

The job of the vacuole is to:Hold waste products and contaminants Hold waterGive the cell structure Store nutrients Maintain interior acidic equilibrium (balance

pH values)

Textbook

Structure

Vacuoles are large bubbles made of amino acids and water that make up between 50% and 90% of the cells size.

Their composition is mostly empty space and water, with amino acids forming the perimeter

http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/unitIII_mini/plant_turgor.html

LocationThey are in the center of the cell and will naturally

be oval-shaped, but other cell parts will change their shape

They are only found in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

They are present in plant, animal, and bacteria cells, but only some animal and bacteria cells, while they are in all plant cells.

Below Pictures from Wikipedia (2) http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cell-organization/cyto

plasm.php

O

ANALOGYThe vacuole is like a warehouse. This is because they are relatively big and

their main job is storing stuff.

References

“Vacuoles." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>.

Starr, and Staggart. Biology Textbook. 9th ed. Chicago: Brooks, n.d. Print.

Cytoskeleton

Presentation by Stephanie Kim

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=j4TS-Tbf7EeG5M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bscb.org/%3Furl%3Dsoftcell/cytoskeleton&docid=8vE09i4OJwDOCM&imgurl=http://www.bscb.org/softcell/images/

mp_tripple.gif&w=512&h=512&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=252&sig=112931310087527836485&page=2&tbnh=141&tbnw=141&start=15&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:125&tx=90&ty=101

-A cell's cytoskeleton is the scaffolding contained within a cell's cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells.

-Connects to all major parts of the cell.

-Cytoskeleton is made up of polypeptide bonds

- Three components to the Cytoskeleton: the Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, and Microfilaments

Structure

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=4_K6QoIl-f8jaM:&imgrefurl=http://ccaoscience.wordpress.com/notes/protein-structures-within-the-cell/&docid=0w8MTyqQKYfdVM&imgurl=http://ccaoscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cytoskeleton.jpg&w=360&h=237&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=412&vpy=158&dur=99&hovh=182&hovw=277&tx=181&ty=97&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:77

- The cytoskeleton helps develop and maintain a cell's shape.

-Similarly to our skeletal structure it helps keep all the organelles in place.

-Helps with cell movement.

-The cytoskeleton fibers also help transport various organelles throughout the cell. They act like railroad tracks within the cell.

Function

Cable Bridge- the large support beams hold the structure up Microtubules and the cables help stabilize the structure (Intermediate filaments, and Microfilaments)

- Also comparable to the human skeletal system.

Helpful Analogies

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system+for+kids&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=RumwAjrCbs2j5M:&imgrefurl=http://interestingfacts12.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html&docid=TR_Otu2mwsqtxM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-z5CDZfrG4k/TDX5sREZtHI/AAAAAAAAAkI/9TbYF4CAYko/s1600/human%252Bskeleton.gif&w=300&h=391&ei=vK19UISfJ6iw0QGs74HICg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=205&vpy=156&dur=2052&hovh=256&hovw=197&tx=108&ty=124&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=106&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:137http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cable+bridge&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=1akB1Fwj2qpT9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.tricitieshealthinsurance.com/&docid=kgCuIOTh-OUhJM&imgurl=http://tricitieshealthinsurance.com/img/pasco-kennewick-cable-bridge-2.jpg&w=440&h=293&ei=EK59UPGIEOSQ0QGSnYH4Bw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=99&vpy=284&dur=1901&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=89&ty=126&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=193&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:154

Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart

(Links for pictures can be found on individual slides)

References:

Flagella and CiliaNicholas Peretti

Function

1. Both Flagella and Cilia's function to advocate for mobility/motility

2. Flagella move the entire cell

3. Cilia move the stuff surrounding the cell

4. Flagella Cilia

http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.htmlhttp://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s06/Lec-note/CytoskeletonA.htm

Struction

Both cilia and flagella are made of the same structure.

They have a 9 2,2 structure which means they have a ring of nine outer microbiol tubes and two inner tubes.

Flagella tend to be longer

then cilia, but cilia are

more profuse.

File:Axoneme.JPG and Figure 19.28 on page 819 of "Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Lodish and Berk" ISBN 0-7167-3706-X

Location

1. They are both in eukaryotes (animal cells only)

2. In prokaryotes and protists they tend to have cilia and not flagella.

3. the flagella is in the back of the cell and cilai tend to cover the top.

4. Refer to Function slide for refrence

Analogy

Flagella is like the fish tail of a cell.

Cillia is like the arms of people at a concert.

Cell Membrane Function

The cell membrane maintains the cell as a distinct entity, allowing for metabolic reactions within the cell to take place without interference from outside events.

However, the cell membrane does not completely isolate the cell. Substances and signals are able to continually move across it in a highly controlled way.

Structure The cell membrane has the appearance

of a thin layer surrounding the cell. It is made up of a lipid bilayer: two opposite facing layers of lipids, usually phospholipids, with the hydrophilic glyceride head facing outwards or towards the cell and the two hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing towards the other lipid layer.

Between the lipid bilayer are diverse proteins that are positioned at the surface of one of the lipid layers. These proteins carry out most of the membrane functions.

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/

http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter1.html

Location Cell membranes are found

surrounding both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, though prokaryotic cell membranes can vary and are less general than those of eukaryotic cells.

The cell membrane is the outermost part of the entire cell, keeping the cell’s contents within a defined space.

The cell membrane is present in plant, animal, and bacterial cells. However, while the cell membrane is the only means of protection for animal cells, plant cells have cell walls, and bacterial cells can have both cell walls and an outer membrane.

Analogy A cell membrane can be compared to

the border of a country. It keeps the rest of the organelles (cities, etc…) separate and within a defined entity, while border patrol facing both directions (lipid bilayer) decides what can enter and what can exit.

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/

http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-types-harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html

Reference PageCecie Starr and Ralph Taggart, Biology The Unity

and Diversity of Life, Chapter 4: “Cell Structure and Function”

http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter1.html

http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/

cell/http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-

types-harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html

Function of Cell WallThe cell wall provides protection and structural

support in plant and bacteria cells.

Structure of Cell Wall• Permeable to allow water and solutes to pass through

• Middle Lamella-outermost layer, bonds with other cells

• Primary Wall-made of gluey polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and cellulose (in plants) and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) which form into "rope-like strands" that are sticky, and cement cells together, it's thin and pliable and enlarges when water enters

• Cuticle (a translucent, protective surface) forms when cells are exposed to air, keeps water from escaping

• Secondary Wall- rigid to reinforce cell shape

- in woody plants, made of lignin ( 3 carbon ring chain and an oxygen atom attach to 6 carbon ring structure)

Location of Cell Wall

• Found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes

• Wrapped around the plasma membrane

• Found in plant and bacterial cells, NOT animal cells

ReferencesStarr, Cecie, and Ralph Taggart. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed.

USA: Thomson Learning, 2001. Print.

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cell-wall-layers.jpeg