organic chemistry
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Organic Chemistry. Alkanes. Alkanes. Contain C and H only Contain single bonds C-C Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom Are nonpolar. Complete Structural Formulas. Show the bonds between each of the atoms H H H C HH C H - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Alkanes
Organic Chemistry
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 2
Alkanes
Contain C and H only
Contain single bonds C-C
Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C) atom
Are nonpolar
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 3
Complete Structural Formulas
Show the bonds between each of the atoms
H H
H C H H C H H H
CH4 , methane
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 4
More Alkanes
H H Condensed Structural Formulas
H C C H CH3 CH3
H H Ethane
H H H
H C C C H CH3 CH2 CH3
H H H Propane
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 5
IUPAC Names
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 6
IUPAC NAMES
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Hexane 6 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane 7 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane 8 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane 9 CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
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AlkanesAlkanes are a family of hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between
the carbon atoms
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Methane
Tetrahedral
Expanded structural formula: showing each bond line.
CH4Molecular formula
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Ethane
C2H6 Molecular formula
Expanded structural formula
CH3 – CH3
Condensed structural formula: with each carbon atom and
its attached hydrogen atoms.
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Alkanes
Homologous Series general formulaCnH2n+2
n: number of carbon atoms
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Naming of Alkanes
CnH2n+2Prefix + ane
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No of C atoms Prefix1 meth-2 eth-3 prop-4 but-5 pent-6 hex-7 hept-8 oct-9 non-
10 dec-
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• Carbon-to-carbon chains can be (A) straight, (B) branched, or (C) in a closed ring.
• (Some carbon bonds are drawn longer, but are actually the same length.)
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Review
• Work through the Sample Problem page 175
• Complete the revision questions page 175 (1 – 3)
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 15
Learning Check Alk1
A. What is the condensed formula for H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
B. What is its molecular formula?C. What is its name?
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 16
Solution Alk1
A. CH3CH2CH2CH3
B. C4H10
C. butane
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17
Reactions of Alkanes
• Alkanes burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water - oxidation or combustion reaction
• CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
• Alkanes react with chlorine or fluorine in a reaction called a substitution reaction (one of the chlorine or fluorine atoms takes the place of one or more of the hydrogen atoms
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 18
Reactions of Alkanes
Combustion
alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 19
Combustion In the Cell
Metabolic oxidation is combustion
C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
glucose
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 20
Learning Check Alk2
Complete the combustion reaction for
C3H8 + O2 +
Balance your equation
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 21
Solution Alk2
Step 1
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Step 2
C3H8 + O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Step 3
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 22
Learning Check Alk3
Complete and balance the reaction for the complete combustion of C7H16
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 23
Solution Alk3
Step 1
C7H16 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Step 2
C7H16 + O2 7 CO2 + 8 H2O
Step 3
C7H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2 + 8 H2O
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Review
• Complete the revision questions page 175 (4 - 6)
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Isomers• Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row.• Branched chain alkanes: An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons.• Isomers: Compounds with same molecular formula but different structures.
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• There is only one possible way that the carbons in methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8) can be arranged.
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• However, carbons in butane (C4H10) can be arranged in two ways; four carbons in a row (linear alkane) or a branching (branched alkane). These two structures are two isomers for butane.
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Butane
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Different isomers are completely different compounds. They have different structures, different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and may have different physiological properties.
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 31
Review
• Complete revision questions page 176 (7 – 9)