organic chemistry - chemrave · polystyrene disposable plates, cups, food containers, packaging...
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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ESTERIFICATION • ACID + ALCOHOL ESTER + WATER
• CONDENSATION RXN
• CONDITIONS: CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID [ CATALYST & DEHYDRATING AGENT]
• NAMING ESTER: 1ST NAME FROM ALCOHOL
2ND NAME FROM ACID
• DRAWING ESTER: 1ST PART: ACID
2ND PART: ALCOHOL
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ESTERS • Covalent non-polar molecules held together by weak Van der Waals
forces.
• Short chain acids ( C1- C4) produce esters which are oily pleasant smelling liquids. [ fruits, flowers from which perfumes & flavourings are made)
• Long chain acids ( C11 and >) produce esters referred to as fats and oils which are greasy, scentless solids & liquids.
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HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS • Two types:
1. Acid hydrolysis
2. Alkaline hydrolysis
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ACID HYDROLYSIS • Dilute acid is used to speed up the rxn.
• Ester heated under REFLUX with dilute acid.
• Rxn is reversible.
• What happens:
1. Ester + water [in presence of dil. acid] give acid & alcohol.
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ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS • Ester heated under reflux with dilute alkali
• Rxn is not reversible
• Products can separate easily.
• Rxn takes place in 2 stages:
1. Formation of acid and alcohol
2. The acid formed forms salt and water [in xs alkali]
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Saponification • What is it?
• Process by which soaps are made by the hydrolysis of natural esters.
• Conditions: conc. Sodium hydroxide solution.
• LET’S GO TO THE BOARD!!!!!!!!!!!
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Organic Chemistry
POLYMERS
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Many + Parts
Latin: Plasticus, that which can be molded
This name hints at how polymers are made
This name honors plastics useful property of being easily molded
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Definition of a POLYMER
• Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking together thousands of small molecules called MONOMERS
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Polymers are classified according to how they are made • 1. Addition polymers made by ADDITION POLYMERISATION
• Condensation polymers made by CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION
• THEY CAN ALSO OCCURE NATURALLY LIKE COTTON!!
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Cotton fiber is mostly cellulose, and cellulose is made of chains of the sugar, glucose linked together a certain way.
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POLYMERISATION
Addition
•Made from unsaturated monomers
•One product formed
•No atoms/molecules lost in the process
Condensation
•Made from monomers with a different composition to theirs
•Polymer formed, along with water/ small molecules
•Loss of small molecules-e.g. water
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Plastics made in ADDITION polymerisation Name of polymer Structure of monomer Used to make
Polythene Packaging, plastic bags, plastic film, plastic wrap
Polystyrene Disposable plates, cups, food containers, packaging material, heat insulator in buildings
PVC/ polyvinylchloride
Rain coats, upholstery, suitcase coverings, plumbing fittings, water pipes, insulation of electric wires
Polypropene Plastic containers- buckets, food containers, bowls, coolers, hinges for lids
Teflon Non-stick coatings for irons and pots
Perspex Glass substitute in aircrafts windows, reflectors on vehicles, sign boards
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Polymerisation
CONDENSATION
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Naturally Occurring: PROTEINS
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Synthetic/ man-made condensation polymers:
• Nylon
• Terylene
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Condensation Polymers are grouped based on the type of linkage between the monomer units 1. Polyamides
amide linkage
2. Polyesters
3. Polysaccarides ---O--- glycosidic linkage
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Nylon was discovered in 1935. The name nylon is
derived from two cities where it was discovered namely
New York (NY) and London (LON).
Nylon is used in clothes, shoes, jackets, belts, and accessories. It’s not surprising a magazine is named after this polymer. Where did nylon get its name?
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We say certain polymers are man-made, but the truth is they make themselves. Humans only have to get the ingredients near each other. The chemicals will assemble themselves.
Two ingredients are mixed and a solid begins to form at the junction between the two layers of liquid.
Hot nylon spaghetti can be extracted.
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Uses of Condensation Polymers Type of Polymer Example Uses
Synthetic polyamide Nylon Fibres for clothing, ropes, fishing lines, nets
Protein Keratin Growth & repair tissues, muscles, hair, nails, enzymes
Polyester Terylene Fibres for clothing, boat sails & fishing lines
Polysaccaride Starch Food reserves in plants, food source for animals