OrganicOrganicChemistryChemistry

IntroductionIntroduction

Intro to Organic ChemistryIntro to Organic ChemistryAt the conclusion of our time At the conclusion of our time

together, you should be able to:together, you should be able to:

1. Define organic chemistry

2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon

3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural isomers and geometric isomers

4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to 40.

•Things my Mother taught me…

•TIME TRAVEL.

•     "If you don't straighten up, I'm going to knock you into the middle of next week!"

What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?

The study of carbon-containing

compounds made up of

non-metal elements(covalent bonds)

Organic Compound?Organic Compound?Yes or NoYes or No

Na2CO3 No

Yes!

Yes!

C2H6

C4H6Br2F2

Why Carbon??Why Carbon??

Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)ElementCompound

Found in all living matter Found in body tissue Found in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)

Murphy's LawsMurphy's Lawsofof

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

•You can never tell which way the train went by looking at the tracks

Forms of Carbon Forms of Carbon

Term = AllotropeSame elementDifferent bonding patternDifferent arrangement

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Fullerene

•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms

DiamondDiamond

Tetrahedrally oriented

Hardest material known

Most dense form of Carbon

High melting point

Conducts heat

Does not conduct electricity

GraphiteGraphite

Layers of hexagonal plates

Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity

FullereneFullerene

Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of

carbon Hexagons and pentagons Most stable is C60

C60 = Buckminsterfullerene

or

Buckyball No known uses

•Another Why - Maxine

•If  a pig loses its voice,

•is it disgruntled?  

Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon

• Can bond to itself covalently

• Forms chains and rings

• Term = Catenation

Carbon bonds to elementsCarbon bonds to elements

Carbon readily bonds to :– H– O– N– S– Halogens

Cl, Br, F,I

Hydrocarbons– Simplest organic

compounds– Only contain

Carbon and Hydrogen

(CxHy)

FormulasFormulas

Indicates # of atoms Types of atoms

Molecular Formula

Written representations of a compound

using letters (and sometimes numbers)

Example:

C8H18

Structural Formula

Indicates

• # of atoms

• Type of atoms

• Bonding Arrangement

Structural formulas show all bonds in compound

Condensed structural formulas only show bonds between carbon atoms

CH3CHCH3

CH3

Arrangement of AtomsArrangement of Atoms

Compounds that have:

– Same molecular formula

– Different structure or arrangement

– Called ISOMERS

As # of carbon atoms goes up

# of isomers goes up– C8 18 isomers– C9 35 isomers– C10 75 isomers– C40

69,491,178,805,831

Example of IsomersExample of Isomers

Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order

C4H10

Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers

Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different

Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!

15 Helpful Hints On The Lab 15 Helpful Hints On The Lab Report from Report from

Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!Mr. T’s Vast Lab Experience!!!

Hint #8. Do not believe in miracles –

rely on them.

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatics Alcohols

Ethers Esters Aldehydes Ketones Amines

We are going to study:

Some Simple Alkanes Some Simple Alkanes

(C(CnnHH2n+22n+2))

•2-methyl-propane

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Methodbegins with begins with

Questions about the World Around Questions about the World Around You.You.

Ever Wonder Why?...Ever Wonder Why?...

phonetic isn't spelled like it sounds?

The The nn-Alkanes-Alkanes

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

C6H14

C7H16

C8H18

C9H20

C10H22

methane

ethane

propane

butane

pentane

hexane

heptane

octane

nonane

decane

C11H24 undecane

C12H26 dodecane

C13H28 tridecane

C14H30 tetradecane

C15H32 pentadecane

•home heating

•alcohol production

•gas grills

•flick your bic

•dry cleaners 5-6

•gasoline 7-9

•kerosene ~ 12

•motor oil ~ 16

•petroleum jelly 20

•tar ~ 25

•wax ~ 40

Boiling PointsBoiling Points

•Another Why - Maxine

•If  4 out of 5 people SUFFER from diarrhea...

•does  that mean that one out of five enjoys  it?

Intro to Organic ChemistryIntro to Organic ChemistryLet’s see if you can:Let’s see if you can:

1. Define organic chemistry

2. List 5 unique qualities of carbon

3. Define an isomer and give examples of structural isomers and geometric isomers

4. List a general use of alkanes from one carbon to 40.

What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?

The study of carbon-containing

compounds made up of

non-metal elements(covalent bonds)

Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon

• Can bond to itself covalently

• Forms chains and rings

• Term = Catenation

Example of IsomersExample of Isomers

Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order

C4H10

Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers

Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different

Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!

The The nn-Alkanes-Alkanes

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

C6H14

C7H16

C8H18

C9H20

C10H22

methane

ethane

propane

butane

pentane

hexane

heptane

octane

nonane

decane

C11H24 undecane

C12H26 dodecane

C13H28 tridecane

C14H30 tetradecane

C15H32 pentadecane

•home heating

•alcohol production

•gas grills

•flick your bic

•dry cleaners 5-6

•gasoline 7-9

•kerosene ~ 12

•motor oil ~ 16

•petroleum jelly 20

•tar ~ 25

•wax ~ 40

Redneck Wedding: They have some Redneck Wedding: They have some different traditions…different traditions…