ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,

CH4)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

(CO2, H2O)

INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds

(CO2, H2O)

lipids

lipids

carbohydrates

carbohydrates

proteinsproteins

nucleic acids

nucleic acids

waterwater

most important inorganic

compound in living things

most cellular processes take place

in water solutions

excellent solvent (substances dissolve

in water)

CO2CO2

come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers

Most Organic Molecules

mono meaning ONE

mono meaning ONE

poly meaning MANY

poly meaning MANY

May also have di….

meaning TWO

May also have di….

meaning TWO

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)

Carbohydrates

are made by plants (autotrophs)are made by plants (autotrophs)

are the body’s primary source of energy

are the body’s primary source of energy

Contain 4 calories per gram of energy

Contain 4 calories per gram of energy

are made of monomers called monosaccharides

are made of monomers called monosaccharides

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..

Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide

..C6HH1212 OO66

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar).sugar).

Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:

fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk

sugar).sugar).

H

CH2OH

OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH OH

C

C

C

C

C

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas)

and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two

monosaccharides.monosaccharides.

O

CH2OH

H OO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OH

CH2OH

H

HH OH

H

O

OOHHHH

OHOH HH

CH2OH

HOO

HH

HH OH

OHOH

HHHHH

OHC

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Contain 9 calories per Contain 9 calories per gram of energygram of energy

Contain 9 calories per Contain 9 calories per gram of energygram of energy

function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane

and for energy and for energy storagestorage

function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane

and for energy and for energy storagestorage

examples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxes

contain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, O

not soluble in not soluble in waterwater

not soluble in not soluble in waterwater

classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated

glycerol

also steroids also steroids (serve as (serve as chemical chemical

messengers)messengers)

also steroids also steroids (serve as (serve as chemical chemical

messengers)messengers)

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H OO

C OO

C

H

H OO C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

made up ofmade up of

glycerol

glycerol

fatty acids

fatty acids

and

and

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which

function to function to control the rate control the rate

of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,

needed for the body to function

properly

complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,

needed for the body to function

properly

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails

contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S

3D protein structure

contain 4 calories contain 4 calories per gram of per gram of

energyenergy

contain 4 calories contain 4 calories per gram of per gram of

energyenergy

anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup

are made up ofare made up of

and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the

different amino different amino acidsacids

a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupa a carboxylcarboxyl group group

H

H

N C

H

R

O

OH

C

C

H

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

C

OH

H H

H

H

N C

H O

OH

C

Alanine Serine

Levels of protein structure

• PrimaryPrimary –

sequence of amino acids

Primary – sequence of amino

acidsSecondary – coils

and folds due to H-bonding

Secondary – coils and folds due to H-

bondingTertiary –

interactions between side

chains

Tertiary – interactions

between side chainsQuaternary –

interactions between 2 or more

polypeptides

Quaternary – interactions

between 2 or more polypeptides

very large linear molecules

very large linear molecules

examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA

examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA

contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen

base

nucleotide

store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteins

store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to

make proteinsmake proteinsmade up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase

made up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides

containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-

basebase DNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

energy storage (short-term), structure or support

glucose, starch, cellulose

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones

body fat, oils, waxes

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Name examples of nucleic acid.

nucleotides

store genetic information, help to make proteins

DNA, RNA

What are the compounds in a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base