organic compounds: the molecules of life any compound containing carbon (also oxygen and hydrogen)...
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Organic Compounds: Organic Compounds: The Molecules of LifeThe Molecules of Life
Any compound containing carbon (also Any compound containing carbon (also oxygen and hydrogen)oxygen and hydrogen)
Two exceptions: COTwo exceptions: CO22 and CO and CO Also called organic chemistryAlso called organic chemistry Four Macromolecules (large molecules):Four Macromolecules (large molecules):
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of C has Outer shell of C has
4 e-’s4 e-’s
Can hold 8 e-’sCan hold 8 e-’s
Each C atom can Each C atom can form covalent bonds form covalent bonds with up to 4 atomswith up to 4 atoms
C may form single, C may form single, double, or triple double, or triple bondsbonds
Bonding ArrangementsBonding Arrangements
Carbon atoms Carbon atoms can form chains can form chains or ringsor rings
Other atoms Other atoms project from the project from the carbon backbonecarbon backbone
Glucose(ball-and-stick model)
Polymers & MonomersPolymers & Monomers Polymer Polymer
Large molecule (macromolecule)Large molecule (macromolecule) Made up of many small subunits called Made up of many small subunits called
monomersmonomers Monomer Monomer
Small molecule that can be linked Small molecule that can be linked
together to form a large moleculetogether to form a large molecule
Ex: carbohydrate Ex: carbohydrate polymer polymer
simple sugar (glucose) simple sugar (glucose) monomer monomer
Condensation Reactions or Condensation Reactions or Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
Form polymers from subunits (monomers) Form polymers from subunits (monomers) of organic compounds of organic compounds
Enzymes remove Enzymes remove ––OH from one molecule, H OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two from another, form bond between two moleculesmolecules
Discarded atoms join to form waterDiscarded atoms join to form water
HydrolysisHydrolysis A type of cleavage (to break) reactionA type of cleavage (to break) reaction Breaks polymers into smaller units, called Breaks polymers into smaller units, called
monomersmonomers Enzymes split molecules into two or more partsEnzymes split molecules into two or more parts An An ––OH group and an H atom derived from water OH group and an H atom derived from water
are attached at exposed sitesare attached at exposed sites
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Ratio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or CRatio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or C11HH22OO11
Functions Functions provide QUICK energy provide QUICK energy Structural supportStructural support
Energy comes from breaking the C-H Energy comes from breaking the C-H bondsbonds
Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Aka -- simple sugarAka -- simple sugar
MonosaccharideMonosaccharide
Building block of carbohydratesBuilding block of carbohydrates AKA, simple sugarAKA, simple sugar Examples:Examples:
GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactosreGalactosre RiboseRibose DeoxyriboseDeoxyribose
Monosaccharide ExamplesMonosaccharide Examples
glucoseglucose
DisaccharideDisaccharide Two monosaccharides that have Two monosaccharides that have
been linked togetherbeen linked together ExamplesExamples
Sucrose: glucose + fructoseSucrose: glucose + fructose Lactose: glucose + galactoseLactose: glucose + galactose
Disaccharide ExamplesDisaccharide Examples
SucroseSucrose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together Many monosaccharides linked together (usually more than 8)(usually more than 8)
Some provide energySome provide energy Starch Starch plants plants Glycogen Glycogen animals (stored in liver & muscle) animals (stored in liver & muscle)
Some provide structural supportSome provide structural support Cellulose Cellulose plant cell walls plant cell walls Chitin Chitin fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton
Polysaccharides ExamplesPolysaccharides Examples
GlycogenGlycogen
Carbohydrates: ExamplesCarbohydrates: Examples
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Simple sugars Simple sugars Glucose, fructose, galactoseGlucose, fructose, galactose
DisaccharidesDisaccharides Two simple sugarsTwo simple sugars Sucrose, Maltose, and LactoseSucrose, Maltose, and Lactose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Glycogen Glycogen & & starch starch (storage)(storage) ChitinChitin & & cellulosecellulose (structural) (structural)
Cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall.
LipidsLipids
Primary function Primary function store energy store energy Contain C, H, and OContain C, H, and O Contain more C-H bonds than carbs Contain more C-H bonds than carbs
better energy sourcebetter energy source Subunits are…Subunits are…
Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain)Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain)
Combine to form a triglycerideCombine to form a triglyceride
Types of LipidsTypes of Lipids
Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides) PhospholipidsPhospholipids SterolsSterols WaxesWaxes
TriglyceridesTriglycerides 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol Triglycerides are most commonTriglycerides are most common Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex
carbscarbs Unsaturated Unsaturated one or more double bonds one or more double bonds Saturated with only single bondsSaturated with only single bonds
Glycerol
Fatty Acid (saturated)
Fatty acid(unsat.)
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Hydrophobic fatty acid Hydrophobic fatty acid tails tails
Phosphate head is Phosphate head is hydrophillic (orange area)hydrophillic (orange area) b/c it is polarb/c it is polar
Main component of cell Main component of cell membranesmembranes
SterolsSterols
4 fused carbon rings 4 fused carbon rings with functional groupswith functional groups
CholesterolCholesterol: most : most
common type in common type in
animalsanimals
Functions include: Functions include:
membrane components membrane components
and hormones and hormones
(testosterone & (testosterone &
estrogen)estrogen)
WaxesWaxes
Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon ringscarbon rings
All repel waterAll repel water Found on the outer covering of a leaf Found on the outer covering of a leaf
(cuticle)(cuticle)
ProteinsProteins Subunits are amino acidsSubunits are amino acids Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes SMade up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
FunctionFunction ExampleExample
Structure/supportStructure/support collagencollagen
Fight infectionFight infection antibodies (immune antibodies (immune system)system)
TransportTransport hemoglobin carries Ohemoglobin carries O22
CatalystCatalyst enzymeenzyme
MovementMovement actin & myosin in actin & myosin in musclemuscle
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Consists of…Consists of… Central carbon (brown)Central carbon (brown) Amino group (blue)Amino group (blue) Carboxyl group (orange)Carboxyl group (orange) Hydrogen atom (white)Hydrogen atom (white) R group (green)R group (green)
20 different R groups form 20 different amino acids
Linking Amino AcidsLinking Amino Acids Condensation reaction/dehydration Condensation reaction/dehydration
synthesis links amino group of one amino synthesis links amino group of one amino
acid with carboxyl group of next acid with carboxyl group of next Forms a peptide bond between amino Forms a peptide bond between amino
acidsacids
Water forms as a by-product
Bonding in ProteinsBonding in Proteins
2 amino acids 2 amino acids dipeptide dipeptide More than 2 amino acids More than 2 amino acids
polypeptidepolypeptide DNA determines the sequence of DNA determines the sequence of
amino acids in a protein or amino acids in a protein or polypeptide chain.polypeptide chain.
Sequence of amino acids is unique to Sequence of amino acids is unique to each proteineach protein
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Subunits is a nucleotideSubunits is a nucleotide Contains C, H, O, N, and PContains C, H, O, N, and P Function Function store & retrieve heritable store & retrieve heritable
informationinformation Examples: DNA, RNA, & ATPExamples: DNA, RNA, & ATP
NucleotidesNucleotides
Function Function energy carriersenergy carriers chemical messengerschemical messengers building blocks of nucleic building blocks of nucleic
acids & coenzymesacids & coenzymes Subunits Subunits
1 sugar (ribose or 1 sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)deoxyribose)
1 phosphate group 1 phosphate group 1 nitrogen containing 1 nitrogen containing
basebase
Adenine (a base)
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Examples of NucleotidesExamples of Nucleotides
ATP: adenosine triphosphateATP: adenosine triphosphate 3 phosphate groups attached to sugar3 phosphate groups attached to sugar ATP is an energy carrier important to ATP is an energy carrier important to
metabolismmetabolism
Single strand of RNA
sugar
phosphateconnected bycovalent bond
base
Nitrogen Base
DNA DNA