Organic Molecules of LifeSpring 2013 - Althoff Reference: Mader & Windelspecht Ch. 3)

Lec03

• Elements form molecules

• Everything that happens in our body is due to changes in levels of molecules: 1) make _____ molecules 2) ________ existing molecules 3) ________ molecules

Fundamental: all life is interconnected because it uses a ______________________ to build larger, more complex molecules

Examples - moleculesIonic bond – NaCl – SALTtransfer of an electron

(Mader p26, Fig. 2.7)

Covalent bond – CH4 – METHANEsharing of electron(s)

(Mader p25, Fig. 2.8c)

First consider…__________ molecules(non-living…and water soluble)

• Inorganic molecules __________C and H (thus, water is _____ an organic molecule despite

being critical to life)

• ______, in living systems, are importantNaCl = sodium chloride KCl = potassium chlorideCaCl2 = calcium chloride MgCl2 = magnesium chlorideHCl = hydrochloric acid NaOH = sodium hydroxide• Salts in water _______________, creating charged molecules

(ex. Na+, H+, Cl-)• Therefore, because these molecules are charged, they are

__________ in water

__________ is key for organic molecules

• Contains only 6 electrons (2 in inner shell, 4 in outer shell…leaves ___

• Means one atom of C can _______ up with up to 4 other atoms

• Can bond up with other C atoms: make long carbon _______ (ex: octane)

can produce _________ (ex: cyclohexane)

Carbon Skeleton & Function Groups

• _______ skeleton =carbon chain of an organic molecule. Accounts for the shape of the organic molecule

• ___________ group = a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the carbon skeleton

• See handout: functional groups isomers (identical formulas, different

arrangement of atoms)

Functional Group examples:

Carboxyl (acidic)

Amino

= remainder of molecule

present inamino acids, fatty acids

R

present inamino acids

Isomer example:same molecular formula but __________________ of atoms

C3H6O3

_________ molecules = _______molecules(associated with living organisms)

• Organic molecules ____ contain C and H • Long known as “___________________”

• Four basic types: _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________

Each string of simpler compounds are the

building blocks for eachof these ________types

__________________________________________

Carbohydrates: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ___________ in water • Building block for carbohydrates = _________

(________saccharides = MS)• One major MS is glucose…a “___________”• MS + MS = ____saccharide...+ MS = ____saccharide• MS+MS+MS+etc. = ______saccaride (not so “simple” sugar)

• Primary functions __________ source attached to proteins to create ____________ __________ of cells

Carbohydrates: PRIMARY FUNCTIONS con’t

Energy source: eat carbohydrates and get glucose, store as ___________ (a polysaccarharide) in the liver until body needs it for energy. Glucose is used by cells for “______” to run.

Glucose ____ food that cells in ______ can use (Mader p43

Fig. 3.8b)

Carbohydrates: PRIMARY FUNCTIONS con’t

Structure of Cells: combine with other molecules.

A)Plants –________ in cell walls provides rigidity

B) Insects—________…hard covering on beetles, etc.

(Mader p44Fig. 3.9)

Lipids: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ____________ in water • 4 types: 1) ___________(triglycerides, neutral lipids)

building block = glycerol and fatty acids

2) ____________ (same as neutral lipids with extra molecules, thus made up of fatty acids, too. One end soluble inwater, other isn’t—important in cell membranes

3) _____________—ring structure results in “rigid” molecule. Not soluble in water

4) _________—long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols. Solid at normaltemps

Lipids: ORGANIC MOLECULES

Primary functions __________ source (long-term storage in body = fat,

in plants = oils)

make-up _______________ (phospholipids) –absolutely essential to structure and function of cells

_____________ (steriods): testosterone, estrogen, anabolic steriods.

Lipids: PHOSPHOLIPIDS FORM MEMBRANES

(Mader p48Fig. 3.11)Plasma membrane of cell

Polar & Nonpolar ends: Polar “head” is hydrophilic (i.e., water loving) and therefore, soluble in water

Non-polar “tail” groups are hydrophobic and therefore, not soluble in water

Lipids: GOOD & BAD FATTY ACIDS ????

(Mader 6th edition p36,

Fig. 3.13)

% of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in fats and oils

Saturated fats associated with cardiovascular disease

Lipids: ORGANIC MOLECULES

Waxes -- examples• protect fruit• “comb” portion of bee hive to store honey• human ear wax – traps dust & dirt

Proteins: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ____________ in water • Building block for proteins = _______________

• AA + AA = ___peptide (2 AAs) (simple protein)

• AA + AA + AA = ___ peptide (3 AAs)• AA+AA+AA+etc. = ____ peptide (complex protein)

Proteins: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Primary functions ________ (support)—found within and between

cells ________(metabolism)—speed up chemical

reactions ________ (regulation)—regulate body function

(ex. Insulin) ________ (defense)—fight infection, pathogens ________—molecules across membranes (ex. RBC) ________—contractile proteins (ex. muscles)

Proteins: examples of support, transport, & defense

Hemoglobin in RBC

Spider web

Cytotoxic T cells(10,000 X)

Proteins: Shapes

• 4 Structual Levels Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

(Mader p52, Fig. 3.16)

Nucleic Acids: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• __________ in water • Building block for nucleic acids = ____________• 4 basic nucleotides in DNA: adenine, guanine, ctyosine,

thymine (G-C, A-T…base pairings)• 4 basic nucleotides in RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine,

uracil (G-C, A-U…base pairings)

• Form chains by combining ___________• DNA = _____________________ (genetic info)• RNA = _____________________(info for protein

synthesis)

Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

(Mader p219, Fig. 12.5)

DNA with base pairs G & C, A & T

RNA with base pairs G & C, A & U

DNA: the double helix model of molecular structure developed first presented in _______________________ but _________ also key.

Nucleic Acids: ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Primary functions - ____________ _____ – genes…contain all the information needed to

duplicate cells (i.e., “blueprints”). Genes specify sequence of amino acids in proteins

_____ –important for ______________( = making molecules)

_____—how cells store energy for their use …ATP is the ______________ of cells

(ATP = adenosine triphosphate)

Sickle Cell Disease

Organic Molecule type

Quick Summary – 4 Organic Molecules

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Soluble in water? Building blocks

Important to Reactions

• ___________ of a water molecule

• Uses monomers (subunits) together to form polymers (large macromolecules

• Ex. Polymerization of glucose monomers to make starch

• ___________ of a water molecule

• Used to disassemble polymers into monomer parts

• Ex. Digestion of starch into glucose monomers

Dehydration Hydrolysis

______________ – KEY TO THESE REACTIONS. 1) _____________ REACTION BUT

2) ______________IN THE PROCESS