organic reactions. combustion reaction with o 2 – burning for hydrocarbons, products of complete...
TRANSCRIPT
Combustion
• Reaction with O2 – burning
• For hydrocarbons, products of complete combustion are CO2 & H2O
• Insufficient O2 – C, CO, & H2O
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Substitution
C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl
HCCH + ClCl HCCH + HCl
H H
H H H H
H Cl
• Start with a saturated hydrocarbon• Replace 1 or more H atom with another atom or group. Get 22 products (swap).
Addition
HC=CH + ClCl HCCHH H Cl Cl
H H
• Add across a double or triple bond.• Start with an unsaturated hydrocarbon.• Get only 1 saturated product. (1 answer)
C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2
Esterification
• Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + Water
HCCOHOH + HHOCCCH H
H
=O H H H
H H H
HCCOCCCH + HH22OO
=
OHH
H H H
H H H
Fermentation
• Sugars are broken down into alcohol + CO2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
zymase
sugar ethanol carbon dioxide
What do the protein in eggs, the plastic in pop bottles, and the nylon in stockings have in common?
• They are all giant molecules called polymerspolymers.
• Poly means many
• Mers means parts
Polymers
• Very large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units.
• Analogy = chain consisting of many links
• Masses can be > 1,000,000 amu
• Monomer: Molecule from which a polymer is made. Starting material.
Synthetic Polymers
• Plastics – polyethylene, PVC
• Synthetic Fibers – nylon, rayon, polyester
• Rubber Substitutes – polyurethane
• Polymerization = reaction that produces a polymer
Polymerization Reactions
• AdditionAddition: start with unsaturated monomers. EverythingEverything in reactants goes into polymer. Only 1 product, saturated.
• CondensationCondensation: monomers containing 2 functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually H2O.
Addition Polymerization
C=C
H
H
H
H
H H H H H H CCCCCC H H H H H H
n
n
Ethene = monomer
Polyethylene =polymer
segmer
Polyethylene Varieties
• Milk bottles, detergent bottles, oil bottles, toys, & plastic grocery bags
• Shrink-wrap films, sandwich bags, garment bags, grocery bags
• Bottle caps
Substituted Ethylenes
H H
C=C
H CH3
H H H H H H H HCCCCCCCC H H H H
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Indoor-outdoor carpet, upholstery
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
H H
C=C
H Cl
H H H H H H H HCCCCCCCC H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
Phonograph records, garden hoses, pipesReplace the H’s with Cl & you get Saran wrap.
Condensation Polymerization
• Split out a small molecule such as H2O.
• Monomer has to have a functional group at each end.