organic seed production july webinar trials and selection · 2019. 1. 21. · welcome to the...
TRANSCRIPT
7/19/2016
1
Welcome to the webinar!
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
www.seedalliance.org
Organic Seed Production
July Webinar
Trials and Selection
http://www.extension.org/organic_production
Laurie McKenzie
Organic Seed Alliance
Jared Zystro
Organic Seed Alliance
7/19/2016
2
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
How to Conduct a Meaningful
Trial
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Why conduct trials?
• Identify best varieties
• Profitable seed crop
• Resistance or tolerance
• Fill a (market) niche
• Season extension
• Yield
• Uniqueness
• Breeding Material
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Planning your trial
• Prioritize crop(s)
• Identify goals
• What, When, and How to
Evaluate
• Evaluation tools
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Planning your trial
• Popular and important
commercial varieties in your
region
• OP and F1 standards
• Potential breeding material
• Your own material
• Susceptible and resistant
varieties
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Experimentation vs. Observation
Replication• Only way to tell if effects are due to variety differences
• Minimum of three reps
• Blind vs. Labeled
Randomization• Each replication is in a randomly assigned order
What do you want to know and how much data
analysis are you willing to do?• Results from experimentation require basic statistical analysis
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
What constitutes an effective
trial?
• Know your intention
• Locate in consistent field conditions
• Replicate and randomize
• Use a block design
• Use border rows
• Label, tag, flag, and map
• Evaluate the trial “blind”
• Score, measure, record important traits
• Perform data analysis
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Randomization and Replication
• 3 reps is
standard
• First rep can be
in “order”
• Mix up order for
other reps
*Include border rows if possible
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Using a block design
BDR BDR BDR BDR BDR
BDR 6 4 5 BDR
BDR 5 2 1 BDR
BDR 4 6 4 BDR
BDR 3 1 2 BDR
BDR 2 4 6 BDR
BDR 1 5 3 BDR
BDR BDR BDR BDR BDR
BDR BDR BDR BDR BDR
BDR 6 3 1 BDR
BDR 4 2 5 BDR
BDR 5 6 4 BDR
BDR 3 1 2 BDR
BDR 2 4 6 BDR
BDR 1 5 3 BDR
BDR BDR BDR BDR BDR
• Orient along the length or width of the field
depending on conditions
• Include border rows
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Soil = Environmental Variation
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Soil = Environmental Variation
B B B B B B B
B 3 2 1 4 5 B
B 1 3 5 2 4 B
B 5 2 3 4 1 B
B B B B B B B
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Consistent Field Conditions
Consider:
• Soil type
• Irrigation
• Cultivation
• Fertility
•Harvesting
•Mid-field, same crop
• Always strive to do any treatment on
the same day. But always treat by
block if any possible differences in
treatment are necessary across time.
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Consistent Field Conditions
Other Considerations:
• NOT optimum conditions
• NOT a beauty contest
• Non-optimum will reveal best
workhorse varieties
• Challenge trial with stress,
disease, drought, etc.
• Grow under conditions of intended
use
7/19/2016
6
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Marking and Mapping the Trial
• Always make a
field map
• Put in “breaks”
between varieties
• Consider using
multiple marking
techniques
• Orient datasheet to
field map
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
13 14 38 Moskvich NC12 LB8-7
12 15 37 Crim.Spt Stellar RomaVF
Rep3 11 16 36 IronLady S200 PlumRegal
10 17 35 Mt.Merit PlumPerfect Oroma
9 18 34 PlumRegal Mt.Merit RomaVF
8 19 33 Moskvich IronLady PlumPerfect
REP2 7 20 32 S200 NC12 LB8-7
6 21 31 LB8-3 Crim.Spt Oroma
5 22 30 Stellar LB8-3 Oroma
4 23 29 Stellar Mt.Merit LB8-7
REP1 3 24 28 Crim.Spt Moskvich PlumPerfect
2 25 27 IronLady NC12 PlumRegal
1 26 S200 RomaVFPaste Extra
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Evaluating the Trial
• What is important?
• Timing of evaluations
• Data collection tools
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
When to Evaluate a Trial
• Score trial at multiple times
depending on objectives
• Measuring vs scoring
• Project dates to score based
upon timing of planting
• Keep watch so crop doesn't get
ahead of you
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Typical Traits to
Evaluate
• Plant height
• Plant stature
• Days to maturity
• Harvestable yield
• Color
• Flavor
• Texture
• Storage life
• Uniformity
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
How to assign a Score for
each trait
• Always “set” the trial by walking the trial and finding
the 1, 5, 9 first
• Use all the numbers in the
range, esp. 1 & 9
• 1,3,5,7,9 & use even #s for in
between
• Use a 1-5 or 1-9 scale
• 1 = poorest, 5/9 = best
• Pre-set vs relative
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
2016NOVICCabbageTrialScoringGuideTrait Description Score
InsectDamage AllplantsinplotseverelyaffectedModeratedamage,mostplantsareadverselyaffectedModeratedamage,plantsaretoleratinginfestationModeratetolittledamage,majorityofplantsarehealthyVerylittletonosignsofdamage,healthyplants
13579
HeadDisease AllplantsinplotseverelyaffectedModeratedamage,mostplantsareadverselyaffectedModeratedamage,plantsaretoleratingdiseaseModeratetolittledamage,majorityofplantsarehealthyVerylittletonosignsofdamage,healthyplants
13579
PlotUniformity HighlyvariableacrossseveraltraitsVariableacrossseveraltoafewtraitsModeratelyvariableacrossafewtraitsUniformformosttraitsHighlyuniformforallornearlyalltraits
13579
HeadUniformity HighlyvariableacrossseveraltraitsVariableacrossseveraltoafewtraitsModeratelyvariableacrossafewtraitsUniformformosttraitsHighlyuniformforallornearlyalltraits
13579
OverallMarketability
StronglydislikeDislikeNeutralLikeStronglylike
13579
Taste Badoroff,overlypungentSlightbadoroffUnremarkable–neithergoodnorbadGoodExcellent
13579
TasteComparativeRanking(greensandpurplesseparate)
LeastpreferredDon’tlikeitUnremarkable–neithergoodnorbadLikeitMostpreferred
13579
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Measuring traits
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Recordkeeping
• Keep a good research log
– Variety names with seed source
– Planting/transplanting dates
– Emergence, maturity, evaluation dates
– Annotated notes
– Paper and electronic copies
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Data Analysis
• Descriptive statistics
• Mean, median, mode
• No “statistical significance”
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Requires statistical software
• May need assistance
• Only way to know if differences are NOT due to chance
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Making sense of the data
Variety Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Average
Nelson 3 5 1 3.0
Bolero 7 9 3 6.3
Scarlet
Nantes
8 7 7 7.3
Yaya 5 5 5 5
Nantes
Fancy
3 3 1 2.3
Carrot Top Height (1-9)
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Kale Trial - Seven Seeds Farm, Williams OR, Evaluated June 20th and September 12th 2009
Variety Source VigorUniformity Flavor Disease
Pest Suscept Overall
# off-types
Winterbor F1 JSS 9 3 7 7 3 5.8 3
Red Russian ABBO 9 9 5 5 5 6.6 0
Red Russian UPR 7 7 5 5 1 5 1
aRed Russian SSF 9 9 5 5 7 7 0
Toscano JSS 3 7 7 9 5 6.2 0
aLacinato WGS 7 7 7 7 7 7 0
Starbor F1 JSS 5 5 3 7 5 5 3
Ripbor F1 JSS 3 9 5 5 3 5 0
a@Blue Vates ABBO 5 9 5 7 5 6.2 0
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Trials are Ongoing
• Don’t wait until you are “done” or near done
to compare
• Compare to best varieties available
• Always test the newest varieties from good
sources
• Trial two years if possible, eliminate poorest
performers
• Best results from multiple trials across years
and locations
7/19/2016
11
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Helpful Resources
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Maintaining and improving
varieties through selection
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Selection
• A key aspect of
seed production is
selecting the plants
that you will allow to
make pollen and
seed
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Why Select?
• Some plants may be
inferior:
– Smaller, disease
prone, poor yield
• Some plants may
not match the
varietal “type”:
– Wrong color, shape,
habit
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Managing Selection –
Preventative measures
• Staying attentive to
isolation distances –
for your crops, your
neighbor’s crops,
volunteers, and
weeds
• Careful cleaning of
equipment between
seed lots
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Managing Selection – The stock
seed conceptStock seed: grown
specifically to be used to
grow a seed crop
- versus -
Production seed : grown
for sale
• Can come from intensive
selection within
production seed or from
separate grow-out
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
When to select?
• Selection can happen
multiple times from
seedling stage
through finished seed
• Identify best times to
evaluate key traits
• Selection made prior
to pollination is more
effective
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Types of selection
• Negative Mass
Selection –
“Rouging”
• Positive Mass
Selection
• Progeny / Family
Selection
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Negative selection
• Low percentage
removed
• Can be done with
production crop
• More effective in
self-pollinated crop
than cross-
pollinated crop
7/19/2016
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Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Mass selection
Tips:
– Select before pollination
– Large population
– Uniform conditions
– Select from quadrants
Selecting individuals from a population
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Mass selection
• Select evenly from quadrants
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Family selection
• Select plants from
pop.
• Save seed in
individual bags
• Plant individual rows
next season
7/19/2016
15
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Family selection - step 2
• Select best families.
• Eliminate poor families
Advancing the ethical development and stewardship
of the genetic resources of agricultural seed
Family selection - step 2
• Select best families
• Eliminate poor families
• Eliminate poorest plants
from selected rows
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