organic wild blueberry productionorganic wild blueberry production d.e. yarborough the university of...
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Organic Wild Blueberry Production
D.E. Yarborough the University of MaineACORN, PEI March 4, 2010
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Cultivated Blueberries Grown WorldCultivated Blueberries Grown World--widewide
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Lowbush production concentrated in Maine, Atlantic Canada and Quebec
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Frequency Distribution of Wild vs Cultivated Plants
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 16000 20000 24000 280000
10
20
30
40
WildCultivated
Wild blueberrypopulations have more diversity thancultivated selections
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Size of berries
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RhizomeRoot
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Figure 1. Yield from Untreated Plots byInitail Weed Cover on Percent from All Years
0 25% 50% 75% 100%0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fern 4.639 3.371 3.252 1.887 0.857Dogbane 5.515 4.463 2.272 2.38 1.434
Treatment, Cover = Highly Significant
Weed Cover
Weed populations will reduceblueberry yield and quality
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How:Cultural:Cut herbaceous weeds before go to seed
WEED MANAGMENT
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Woody weed mowing simulation 2007-2008
• Twenty clumps each of white birch and willow spp. were located at Highland Farm in Stockton Springs
• Three cutting regimes in summer 2007 to simulate mowing– Cut 21 June– Cut 21 June and 23 July– Cut 21 June, 23 July and 22 August
• Average height (in) and number of stems were assessed pre-treatment in June and at one month intervals through September 2007
• Average height and number of stems were assessed for recovery in summer 2008
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2008 white birch height and abundance following a 2007 mowing simulation
*
*
*
*
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
UTC 1 cut 2 cuts 3 cuts UTC 1 cut 2 cuts 3 cuts
Height Stems
Ave
rage
hei
ght (
in)/n
o. s
tem
s
2007 2008
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Untreated control
2007 2008
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1 cut
2007 2008
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2 cuts
2007 2008
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3 cuts
2007 2008
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2008 willow spp. height and abundance following a 2007 mowing simulation
*
*
*
*
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
UTC 1 cut 2 cuts 3 cuts UTC 1 cut 2 cuts 3 cuts
Height Stems
Ave
rage
hei
ght (
in)/n
o. s
tem
s
2007 2008
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Untreated control
2007 2008
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1 cut
2007 2008
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2 cuts
2007 2008
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3 cuts
2007 2008
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Radial spread of blueberry plants
Mineral Organic0
5
10
15
20
25Inches
Land Improvement- mulch promotes spread of plants
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Trevett in 1956 ‘Observations on the decline and rehabilitation of Lowbush blueberry fields’
Trevett recommended the use of much to replace the organic matter in the field and increase the rhizome spread
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Trevett in 1956 ‘Observations on the decline and rehabilitation of Lowbush blueberry fields’
Burning fields with oil was causing a decline in blueberry cover
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Trevett in 1956 ‘Observations on the decline and rehabilitation of Lowbush blueberry fields’
A hard burn that incinerated stems was though necessary
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Kender and Eggert in 1966 ‘Several soil management practices influencing the growth and rhizome development of the lowbush blueberry’
Research showed that the addition of much resulted in more water available for blueberry plant that produced more and longer rhizomes
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Joyal 1985 ‘Thermal effects of organic mulches on blueberry soils in Maine’
Research showed that without much the temperature was higher
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Smagula in 1989 ‘Effects of several mulches on frost heaving, soil moisture, soil temperature and rhizome development’Lowbush blueberry fields’
Mulch increased weight of rhizomes and top growth
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Smagula in 1989 ‘Effects of several mulches on frost heaving, soil moisture, soil temperature and rhizome development’Lowbush blueberry fields’
Mulch increased number of rhizomes and length
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Smagula in 1990 ‘Mulching for improved plant cover’– Wild Blueberry Fact sheet No. 228
Mulch source influences rhizome spread and erosion
0
2
4
6
8
10
10 b
est 1
leas
t
Bark Sawdust Peat Cedar chips millsludgeSource
Mulch source on spread and erosion Fact Sheet #228>Spread<erosion
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Mulch will improve plant cover, yield and reduce weed competition
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WEED MANAGMENTCultural: Lower pH to 4.0 for acid-loving plants
6.04.3
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Granular Sulfur 90% - like Split Pea
pH reduction
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Cultural Management pH Fact Sheet No. 254
Wild blueberries are well adapted to a low pH environment
Reducing the pH in your soil gives the advantage to the wild blueberryover many weeds but will not suppress all weeds
Sulfur at approximately 100 lb/acre for a reduction of 0.1 pH unit is less expensive than an herbicide
Change in pH may take several years to be completed
Results take longer to obtain but last longer
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Vicon Applicator – more common for fertilizer
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Air Assist Applicator – most accurate placement
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Cultural Management pH Fact Sheet No. 254
In general it takes two to three years for the sulfur application to reduce the soil pH and it takes about 100 pounds of sulfur pellets to reduce the soil pH 0.1 Target pH is 4.0
Apply sulfur in the spring after pruning but it could be applied other times of the year, except if the ground is frozen, or if the soil is saturated with standing water or if the plant leaves are wet
Apply preemergence in the spring to pruned plants would have the least potential for any blueberry plant injury
With Vicon type spreader Apply with ½ rate and 50% overlap
Reduced weed competition will increase yields
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N - 1.6%P - 0.125%B - 24 ppm
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Yield as influenced by DAP application rate and P concentration in leaves
0 200 4004
5
6
7
8
0.105
0.115
0.125
0.135
0.145Yield X1000 P concentration
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COMPARISON OF FISH HYDROLYSATE AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS FOR LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
John M. Smagula and Scott DunhamUniversity of Maine, Orono
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OBJECTIVES
• Compare organic and inorganic fertilizer• Determine effect of N, NP and NPK on
leaf nutrient concentrations• Evaluate yield response to fertilizers
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field with low leaf N and PTreatments: 33 or 67 kg N or P /ha
ControlN (urea)P (phosphoric acid)NP (diammonium phosphate)NPK (5-10-5)NPK (fish hydrolysate, 2-4-2)
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LEAF NITROGEN
Prune year , sign 1 %
CON N P NP NPK FH CON N P NP NPK FH
TREATMENTS
1
1.3
1.6
1.9N (%)
33.6 kg/ha 67.2 kg/ha
STD
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LEAF PHOSPHORUS
Prune year
CON N P NP NPK FH CON N P NP NPK FH
TREATMENTS
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15P (%)
33.6 kg/ha 67.2 kg/ha
STD
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LEAF POTASSIUM
Prune year
CON N P NP NPK FH CON N P NP NPK FH
TREATMENTS
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6K (%)
33.6 kg/ha 67.2 kg/ha
STD
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BLUEBERRY YIELD
CON N P NP NPK FH
TREATMENTS
0
2
4
6
8
10Stem length (cm)
0
1
2
3
4Yield (kg/ha) (Thousands)
Stem lengthYield
High Fertilizer RATE(67.2 kg/ha)
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CONCLUSIONS
Yield increase correlated well with stem lengthIn Fields low in N and P, 67 kg/ha rate of fertilizer containing N and P recommended for improving nutrient status, growth and yield.
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Open land provides wildlife habitat and increases land values
Wild Blueberry fields benefits
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Time-Table of Pest Abundance
Bud Swell Bloom Fruit Set Ripening Harvest
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Blueberry Plant Development
Spanworm L.
Flea Beetle L.
Sawfly L.
Thrips Curls
Blueberry Maggot A.
Rootworm A.
Leaf Beetle A.Leaf Beetle A.
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Cultural Techniques to Reduce Insect Infestation
More information may be found in Wild Blueberry Fact Sheet No. 253, Cultural Management for Insects and Diseases in Wild Blueberries.
Insects Method Comments
Blueberry Maggot Harvesting Harvesting techniques that reduce fruit loss can minimize the number of infected fruit left on the plants and on the ground.
ManagementKeep isolated fields in same cycle.
Winnower cleanup Compost, burn or dispose of winnower refuse.
Flea Beetle, Sawfly, Spanworm
Fire pruning Insecticides
BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) Botanigard (Beauveria bassiana) Entrust (spinosad) Blueberry litter must be ignited.
Thrips Fire pruning Burn curled stems as soon as extensive curling occurs in early spring, but not later than June 1 in a nonbearing crop or reduction in next year's fruit buds will occur.
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Beauveria bassiana
• BotaniGard / Mycotrol• Naturally occurring fungal pathogen
0
25
50
75
100
% s
urvi
val a
t 15
days
MycotrolES
Entrust 80WP
Imidan 2.5EC
Check0
25
50
75
100
% s
urvi
val
0 2 4 6 8 11 13 15Days after collection
CheckMycotrol ES
Control of Blueberry Flea Beetle Larvae - 2004
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 3 5 8 11 13Days after collection
Perc
ent s
urvi
val
Untreated check
Mycotrol ES + Entrust 70 WP
Percent Survival of Blueberry Flea Beetle
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Severity Rating of Monilinia Infection Periods
Mean Temperature (°F) during Infection PeriodWetness
Duration (Hours) 36° 43° 50° 57° 65°
2 NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE
4 NONE NONE NONE LOW MOD
6 NONE LOW LOW HIGH HIGH
8 NONE MOD HIGH HIGH HIGH
10 MOD HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH
15 MOD HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH
24 HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH
Data from Paul Hildebrand and Rick Delbridge, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nova Scotia.
Serenade approved for organic use but results variable
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Son. = Sonata (Bacillus pumilus) Water = WaterSer. = Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) Mulch = Peat MulchCT = Compost Tea Neem = Neem OilG = Garlic adjuvant alone Control = No treatment
Field 2
BP BS CI GW
ater
MULCH
NEEMCon
trol
0
10
20
30
40
50Field 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
cent
Dis
ease
.
..
.
.
..
Sonata
.Sere
nade
Compo
st Tea G
Wate
rMULC
HNEEM
Contro
l
Tests of organic treatments for control of mummy berry blight
*
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Honeybee Hives vs YieldYield lbs/a x 1000
Honey Bee Hives/a
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 40
1
2
3
4
5
Yield = 1264.2+881.4*hivesPr > F = 0.0004
Blueberries need insects for pollination
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05
10152025303540
W 0 10 20 50 100 200 300 500
Distance from field edge (ft)
Ave
rage
flie
s/tr
ap
Threshold
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If both fields are in the same cycle flies will not have Berries to lay eggs and populations will drop
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Small growers use backpack or ATV sprayers to apply Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait (spinosad)
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Control of Blueberry Maggot Fly with GF-120 NF Fruit Fly Bait
0
2
4
6
8
10
Avg
Num
ber o
f B
MF/
trap
GF-120 Check
2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
Avg
. num
ber
pupa
e/5
qts
GF-120 Check
2004
0
5
10
15
20
6-Jul 11-Jul 16-Jul 21-Jul 26-Jul 31-Jul
Avg
. BM
F/tr
ap
GF-120 NFCheck
1st application
12 July
2nd application
20 July
3rd application
26 July
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Organic Cultural Management for Insect Pests
Blueberry Maggot delayed harvest*remove winnow pilesisolated fields same cycleScreening fields∞
Flea beetleSpanwormSawflyRed striped firewormThrips
burn pruning †, ∆
burn pruningburn pruningburn pruningdelayed burn
* doesn’t work consistently∞
expensive and difficult to maintain in windy areas† flea beetles also overwinter outside of field as adults (small proportion)∆
appears not to have a dramatic effect on natural enemies – timing
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Organic Insecticides for Insect Pests
Blueberry maggot GF-120 NF Naturalyte®
Fruit Fly Bait
Blueberry spanworm Entrust®
80 W
Bacillus thuringiensis (various formulations)
Blueberry flea beetle Entrust®
80 W
Botanigard®
ES (Beauvaria
bassiana)*Strawberry rootworm Entrust®
80 W
* Botanigard is also very effective on grasshoppers, but not often a problem
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Organic Controls That Did NOT Work !!Blueberry maggot Surround®
-
can’t get the coverageEntrust®Botanigard®
-
B. bassianaPyrethrumNeem
/ azadirachtin
w/wo
molasses bait for push-pull strategy
Blueberry spanworm Hot Pepper SpraySteam sanitization ?Trichogramma wasp releaseBollworm virus
Blueberry flea beetle Bacillus thuringiensis (tenebrionus)Steam sanitization ?Diatomaceous earthInsecticidal soap
Strawberry rootwormGrasshoppers
Botanigard®
-
B. bassianaSemaspore®
– Nosema locustae
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Exclusion of Blueberry Maggot Fly from fields with Hopperfinder®
Barrier Tape
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Hopperfinder Untreated check
Pupa
e/qu
art
Exclusion of Blueberry Maggot Fly from fields with Hopperfinder®
Barrier Tape
2008*, P < 0.05
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Hopperfinder Untreated check
BM
F pu
pae/
qt
2009, P > 0.05
Mean number of pupae per quart of berries
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HOW DO FLIES MOVE INTO BEARING FIELDS?
• APPROACH FROM HIGH ALTITUDE AND DROP RANDOMLY INTO FIELD.
• APPROACH BY A SERIES OF SHORT HOPS AND CONTACT FIELD EDGE FIRST.
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2
FLIE
S / T
RA
P
TRAP HEIGHT (m)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
OPEN ENCLOSURE FENCE
SMALL ENCLOSURES (3 REPS, 225 SQ FT)DEBLOIS, ME 1999
FLIES / TRAPMAGGOTS / QUART
FLIE
S / T
RA
P or
MA
GG
OTS
/ Q
T
TREATMENT
a
b
a
b0
1
2
3
4
OPEN ENCLOSURE FENCE
LARGE ENCLOSURES (3 REPS, 70 X 150 X 70 FT)WASHNIGNTON CO, ME 2001
FLIES / TRAPMAGGOTS / QUART
FLIE
S / T
RA
P or
MA
GG
OTS
/ Q
T
TREATMENT
a
ba
a
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0
1
2
3
4
5
EDGE MIDDLE
WASHINGTON CO, ME2002
FLIES - BAITED SPHEREFLIES - CONTROL
FLIE
S / T
RA
P
TRAP LOCATION
a
b
a
b
0
1.2
2.4
3.6
4.8
6
EDGE MIDDLE
WASHINGTON CO, ME2002
MAGGOT - BAITED SPHEREMAGGOT - CONTROL
MA
GG
OTS
/ Q
T
LOCATION IN FIELD
a
a
Five years (1998-2002) of testing: NOT able to reduce maggot infestation: best results 2002
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Health Benefits of Wild BlueberriesBlueberries have highest antioxidant capacity of 40 tested fruits and vegetablesTufts USDA animal study shows improved memory and motor skill with blueberry dietUniversity of Illinois shows wild blueberries cancer-fighting promiseAnthocyanin (blue-pigment) linked to reduce eyestrain and improved eyesightBlueberries as effective as cranberries to prevent and treat urinary tract infections
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Organic Research Plot Treatments – Weed Plot evaluations
Study initiated in 2004, results of second cycle
Sulfur 0 or 1000 lb/a in 2004
Mow vs Burn in 2004 and 2005
Fertilizer (Pro-Holly 4-6-4) Interaction on weeds in 2006
Cut – with string trimmer above blueberry, end of June, July, August 2006 on all plots and evaluate cover
Harvest Plots for yield with Emerson Harvester Aug 2007
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Plot layoutCalhoun/Amherst siteSulfur No Sulfur
Mow
Burn
105 ft
66 ft6 6 6 66 6
50 ft
50 ft
cont 20 lb* N/a
40 lb N/a
* Pro-Holly (4-6-4)
5 10
5 5
Eight replications of each block
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ave
rage
Cov
er (%
)
June July August
Grass - MowGrass - BurnBroadleaf-MowBroadleaf-Burn
A
B
A
B
A
B
a
b
a
b a
b
Burn vs Mow on Weeds
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ave
rage
Cov
er (%
)
June July August
Grass- 0 lb/a
Grass-1000 lb/a
Broadleaf 0 lb/a
Broadleaf 1000 lb/a
A
BA
B
A
B
a
b
a
b
a
b
Sulfur Treatment on weeds
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05
1015202530354045
Ave
rage
Gra
ss C
over
(%)
June July August
0 lb/a20 lb/a40 lb/a
A
B
C AAB
B
C
B
A
Fertilizer Treatment on weeds
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Effect of Sulfur on Soil pH
Soil samples 7.6 cm deep taken July of each year. Within each year, values having the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
2004 2005 2006Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Soil pH
Control Sulfura aab
bb
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Effect of Sulfur on Soil pH
No Sulfur Sulfur0
1
2
3
4
5
6Soil pH
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Figure 1
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Effect of Treatments on Soil CharacteristicsPrune Method
Ca K Mg P Fe Cu Mn Zn S .
Nutrient Elements
0
50
100
150
200
Soil concentration (ppm)
Mow Burn
ab
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Effect of Treatments on Soil CharacteristicsSulfur
Nutrients that decreased
Ca K Mg P Zn .Nutrient Elements
0
50
100
150
200
250
Soil concentration (ppm)
No sulfur Sulfura
aaa
a
b
b
bb b
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Effect of Treatments on Soil CharacteristicsSulfur
Nutrients that increased
Al Fe Cu Mn S .Nutrient Elements
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Soil concentration (ppm)
No sulfur Sulfura
a
aaa
b
b b bb
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Harvest 2 foot strip down center of each plot and convert topounds per acre
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Organic study blueberry yield vs. prune method, pH reduction, and fertilizer rate- 2007
B
A
b
a
AA
A
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Mow Burn Sulfur 0 lb/a Sulfur 1000 lb/a 0 lb/a 20 lb/a 40 lb/a
Prune pH Fertilizer
Yiel
d (lb
/a)
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Organic Study YieldEffects of Treatments on 2007 Yield
0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 400
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mow Burn
No Sulfur No SulfurSulfur Sulfur
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2005 2007
0 kg N / h20 lb N / h40 lb N / h
Mum
myb
erry
dise
ase
inci
denc
e (%
)
Year
a
bb
a
a aa
Blueberry field in transition to organic production- Amherst
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Organic Study: blueberry yield vs. prune method and pH reductioninteraction 2007
C
B B
A
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Yiel
d (lb
/a)
Mow - sulfur 0 lb/a
Mow - sulfur 1000 lb/a
Burn - sulfur 0 lb/a
Burn - sulfur 1000 lb/a
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Organic Research Plot Treatments – Results
Sulfur at 1000 lb/a reduced weeds and increased yield
Burning increased yields over mowing
Combining burn and sulfur Interaction 3X increased yield
Fertilizer increased weeds and but with sulfur and burning also showed a trend to increased yield
Yield still much lower than conventional fields
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit quality evaluations
Quality in wild blueberries has long been a concern of growers
Use of sulfur to reduce soil pH in wild blueberry production for weed control is an effective cultural practice
Concerns were raised by some organic growers in Maine that the addition of sulfur could impart an “off-flavor” to the blueberry fruit
No previous research had been done to investigate this possibility we used fruit from an organic transition research site to test for the effect of sulfur application on fruit quality
Looked both at the chemical characteristics and mineral composition of the fruit
Used a trained taste-test panel to evaluate the flavor attributes of the fruit
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Organic Research Plots – Methods
Berry yield was obtained by mechanically harvesting a 0.6 m wide strip down each treatment plot
Two one-liter fruit sub-samples were taken from two treatments in each of the eight blocks
1) the mowed, unfertilized control plots with no sulfur 2) mowed, unfertilized control plots that received the sulfur treatment
Elemental Analysis - N, Ca, K, Mg ( %) and Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn (ppm)
Fresh fruit were analyzed for pH, percent soluble solids, titratable acidity and Hunter values (a measure of berry color)
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Plot layoutCalhoun/Amherst siteSulfur No Sulfur
Mow
Burn
105 ft
66 ft6 6 6 66 6
50 ft
50 ft
cont 20 lb* N/a
40 lb N/a
* Pro-Holly (4-6-4)
5 10
5 5
Eight replications of each block
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Organic Research Plots – Sensory Analysis
Berries were rinsed with tap water and then refrigerated. Defective berries, such as splits, wrinkled berries, and mushy berries were removed, as were any remaining stems and leaves
Eighteen persons received two samples of S and one of NS; the other eighteen also received two samples of NS and one of S
After all three samples were tasted, the panelists were asked to identify the one sample that tasted differently from the other two samples
Panelist were also asked why they thought that the sample tasted different
SIMS 2000 sensory software program was used to generate a balanced randomized sample presentation order
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit Quality Results
No difference in any of the fruit chemical characteristics or color from the sulfur
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
pH %solids acidity HunterL HunterA HunterB
resp
onse
No sulfurSulfur
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit Quality Results
No increase in sulfur in the fruit, slight increase in K and decrease in Ca, Mg
*
*
*
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
N Ca K Mg P S
% d
ry w
eigh
t
No sulfur
Sulfur
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit Quality Results
Large increase in Mn in the fruit with the sulfur treatment
*
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Al B Cu Fe Mn Zn
PPM
No sulfurSulfur
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit Quality Results
Panelists were able to distinguish between the samples
Table 1. Panelist comments*. Sample Comment Number of comments S less flavor 3 S less sweet 1 S sweeter/livelier flavor 2 NS less sweet 2 NS less flavor 2 NS more tart/sharper taste 5 NS sweeter and stronger flavor 3 can’t tell 1 *Total is greater than 18 because some persons made more than one comment.
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Organic Research Plots – Fruit quality results
Results of this study indicate that there should be no concern that the addition of sulfur added to wild blueberry fields for weed control
Panelists who evaluated the fruit indicated the non-sulfur treatment resulted in blueberries that were more tart but other wise, flavor preferences were equivalent
Increase in the accumulation of manganese with the sulfur application is viewed a positive one as the manganese in blueberries aids in maintenance of strong bones
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Wildblueberries.maine.edu/factsheets.html#organic