organising policy on the ground: analysis of ghana’s agriculture climate adaptation
TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Abrar ChaudhuryPostdoctoral Research FellowSaid Business SchoolNovember 21, 2017
Organising Policy ‘on the Ground’:A network analysis of Ghana’s Agriculture Climate Adaptation
• Concepts• Research Approach
• Ghana Field Research• Insights
Outline
Agriculture Statistics
Farmingfirst.org
Agriculture and Climate Change
Farmingfirst.com
Organizing Climate Change Adaptation
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Wicked Problem - Climate change effects everyone and the responses exceed the capabilities of any one actor to offer necessary resources and knowledge to tackle it (Ferraro et al., 2015, Lazarus, 2008, Levin et al., 2012).
• State responsibility- Legitimate responsibility for governing adaptation resides with the state, since adaptation constitutes public goods and generally offers low incentives to attract external attention (Huitema et al., 2016).
• Classic Public Policy Organisation Issue - Because of its level of uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (Parmesan and Yohe, 2003; Solomon et al., 2007; IPCC, 2013).
State Structures are Hierarchical
• Planned responses and actions take place within formal hierarchical state structures as country managers view state structures as most capable of implementing adaptation.
• Formal structures assume efficiency and active cooperation among its different units and agencies, backed by formal rules, processes and incentives.
• In reality, state structures can be formal, rigid and bureaucratic overlook the roles and actions of the many other actors outside these structures that are key to adaptation (Pugh, 1973, Weber, 2009)
• “Fixed political jurisdictions are often poorly matched to the scale of problems” Ansell and Torfing (2015, p.317)
Berkes et al 2016
Constitutive hierarchies. Individual -neighbourhoods, - villages or cities, - regions -nations, - international organisations.
• New light on organisation of complex policy based on relations and roles of all actors
• Relate relations and role-based levels to the planned state structures, to identify overlaps and gaps in the implementation
• Unveil broader structural characteristics for organising adaptation nationally and its effectiveness.
•
From State Hierarchies to Roles
Ghana Research Site
National Level - Accra
Local Level – Orbili Village District Level – Lawra District
Geographic /Administrative
Scale
Upper West Region
Regional Level - Wa
DevelopingEconomyRelianceonAgricultureHighlyvulnerabletoClimateChange
Research Approach
Ghana’s State Structure
NationalLevel
RegionalLevel
DistrictLevel
LocalLevelChaudhuryetal.2017
Network Map for Agriculture Adaptation
Government NGOs International Institutions
Private Sector
Platforms / Associations
Research Institutions
Local Projects
Community /Traditional
Actors
Ego- Orbili Network of actors in Ghana’s agriculture adaptation regime, built from the ego node of Orbili.
66 actors, 350 edges and 3,054 weighted edges
𝐖 =∑𝑹𝑿𝑬
W = weight of the relation, R = type relations–knowledge, resources, services and connections (1=relation 0= no relation) E = effectiveness of relation (scale of 1 to 3, 1 is least effective
and 3 is most effective).
Chaudhuryetal.2017
Geographic / Admin Network MapLocal Level
(Community/District/Region)
National Level
Geographic /Administrative
Scale
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Government NGOs International Institutions
Private Sector
Platforms / Associations
Research Institutions
Local Projects
Community /Traditional
Actors
Local Level
National Level
Combined Network
Size (Nodes) 18 48 66 Edges 32 268 350 Weighted Degree 324 2,372 3,054 Weighted Degree % 11% 78% 100% Average Weighted Degree 18 49 46 Density 0.21 0.24 0.16
Chaudhuryetal.2017
Actor- Communities
The Arbiters
The Climate Specialists
The Agriculture Policy Incumbents
The Locals
Chaudhuryetal.2017
Description of Actor CommunitiesOrganisation- Community
Organisation-Community Composition
Intra-Community Relation Driver
Description of Organisation-Community Roles
The Agriculture Policy Incumbents
Broad mix of organisations comprising government, international institutions, private sector, research institutions, NGOS
Resources and Collaboration
Funding of projects and activities in agriculture sector, with some support for adaptation actions. Collaboration between organisations for improving functional expertise in agriculture sector
The Climate Specialists
Dominated by NGOS, but other organisations from government and international institutions are also present
Collaboration and Services
Collaboration for generating climate expertise and promoting adaptation policies in the country. NGOs act as service providers for adaptation activities
The Arbiters Government agencies and development projects
Reporting Official responsibility for agenda setting, planning, coordinating and implementing national development priorities, including adaptation actions for agriculture. Formal budget guidelines are used to drive action and to coordinate activities of various government organisations across planned administrative levels
The Locals Local communities, community groups, traditional authorities, local government agencies, private sector, NGOs
Collaboration and Services
Collaboration and services relations for implementing practical agriculture activities and raising awareness of adaptation practices for agriculture on ground
Chaudhuryetal.2017
Actor- Communities on Geographic Map
Ego - Orbili
Local Level (Community/
District/Region)
National Level
Geographic /Administrative
Scale
Red - Agriculture Policy Incumbents, Green - Climate Specialists, Blue - Arbiters
Purple - Locals.
Chaudhuryetal.2017
Key Insights
• Adaptation as an Organisational Challenge
• Asymmetrical State Adaptation Policy Architecture
• Mismatch and Disconnect Between Policy and Practice
• Bridging Gaps Between Plans and Structures
