Organism reactivity. Role of Organism reactivity. Role of reactivity in human reactivity in human

pathologypathology

Prof. Olha V. DenefilProf. Olha V. Denefil

DEFINITION OF THE NOTIONDEFINITION OF THE NOTION ““REACTIVITYREACTIVITY””

ReactivityReactivity is the organism ability to is the organism ability to change functional activity of the change functional activity of the systems and organs for the organism systems and organs for the organism adaptation in new vital conditions of adaptation in new vital conditions of the environment and, finally, for the the environment and, finally, for the survival. survival.

The concept “reactivityThe concept “reactivity”” is common to is common to the concept the concept “resistance”“resistance”..

DEFINITION OF THE NOTION DEFINITION OF THE NOTION “RESISTANCE”“RESISTANCE”

ResistanceResistance is a stability state of the is a stability state of the organism in the condition of the organism in the condition of the

influences of influences of pathogenicpathogenic factors. factors.

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION of THE of THE RESISTANCERESISTANCE

1. 1. - - ACTIVEACTIVE ((appears inappears in the result of the result of organismorganism

adaptation to damage factoradaptation to damage factor))

-- PASSIVEPASSIVE ((caused bycaused by anatomyanatomy--physiological physiological

peculiarities of each organismpeculiarities of each organism))2. 2. - - PRIMARYPRIMARY ((congenitalcongenital)) - - SECONDARYSECONDARY (acquired(acquired, , which occurs during which occurs during the whole life, is changedthe whole life, is changed))3. 3. - - UNSPECIFICUNSPECIFIC ((is the is the oppositionopposition to the influence to the influence of many pathological agentsof many pathological agents)) - - SPECIFICSPECIFIC ((is the is the oppositionopposition to the influence of to the influence of the recognised agent (microorganism), the recognised agent (microorganism), results from the immune system activationresults from the immune system activation))

CLASSIFICATION of THE CLASSIFICATION of THE ““REACTIVITYREACTIVITY””

BiologicalBiological determined bydetermined by the the morphological and morphological and physiological physiological peculiarities of all individuals, which are peculiarities of all individuals, which are originate from some speciesoriginate from some species

IndividualIndividual

sexsex

ageage

constitutionconstitution

heredityheredity regulatoryregulatorysystemssystems

environmentenvironment

SPECIFICSPECIFIC UNSPECIFICUNSPECIFIC

physiologicalphysiological pathologicalpathological physiologicalphysiological pathologicalpathological

- immunodepressive conditions- immunodepressive conditions - - allergyallergy

shockshock collapsecollapse narcosisnarcosis

Individual reactivityIndividual reactivity Some diseases arise Some diseases arise

only in infant organism only in infant organism (measles, roseola, (measles, roseola, small pox,small pox, rachitis rachitis, , scarlet-feverscarlet-fever). ).

Children are less Children are less adapted to sharp adapted to sharp changes of air changes of air temperature, infant temperature, infant organism is more organism is more resistant to the resistant to the hypoxia, hypoxia, than adults. than adults.

Individual reactivityIndividual reactivity Resistance Resistance of the of the

old organism to the old organism to the infection reduces, infection reduces, but the number of but the number of cancer-ill and cancer-ill and atherosclerotic-ill atherosclerotic-ill persons are persons are increase.increase.

Old people have Old people have very slowly very slowly developing developing inflammatory inflammatory reaction.reaction.

Individual reactivityIndividual reactivity Reactivity of a female Reactivity of a female

organism varies during organism varies during the time of the time of menstrualmenstrual cycle, pregnancy, cycle, pregnancy, climax. Resistance of climax. Resistance of the women to the the women to the hypoxia, hypoxia, hungerhunger, and , and bleeding is betterbleeding is better, than , than men’s. men’s.

Women live longer, Women live longer, than men. Men are than men. Men are physically physically strongerstronger..

Mechanisms of the Mechanisms of the unspecific reactivity are unspecific reactivity are realized by means ofrealized by means of

nervous system reactions (central nervous system reactions (central nervous system, autonomic nervous nervous system, autonomic nervous system), system),

endocrine system reactions;endocrine system reactions; barrier systems; barrier systems; cell’s reactions; cell’s reactions; humoral reactions. humoral reactions.

The barrier systemsThe barrier systems preserve an organism against the pathological preserve an organism against the pathological factors of the external environment. factors of the external environment.

There are There are external and internal barriers.external and internal barriers.

The external barriersThe external barriers are skin, mucous membranes ( are skin, mucous membranes (conjunctivaconjunctiva, , throatthroat, respiratory, digestive and , respiratory, digestive and urogeninal tracts)urogeninal tracts), liver, , liver, spleenspleen, , lymphaticlymphatic nodes and other organs, which have the cells of the system nodes and other organs, which have the cells of the system of mononuclear phagocytesof mononuclear phagocytes..

There are There are internal barriersinternal barriers in the organism, which are named in the organism, which are named histohematic barriershistohematic barriers.. Wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier. Wall of a capillary has the function of a barrier. The wall of a capillary lets in only the nutritious substances and does The wall of a capillary lets in only the nutritious substances and does not let innot let in the toxins the toxins, medicines. , medicines.

Examples of internal barriers: hematoencephalichematoencephalic (blood-brain),(blood-brain), hematoophthalmichematoophthalmic (blood-eye tissue), (blood-eye tissue), hematolabirintichematolabirintic (blood- (blood-lymphlymph of a labyrinth), of a labyrinth), hematoovarialhematoovarial (blood-ovarian tissue), (blood-ovarian tissue), hematotesticalhematotestical (blood-(blood-testiculartesticular tissue), tissue), placentaplacenta (mother’s blood-foetus blood). (mother’s blood-foetus blood).

The skin is covered with multilayer epithelium. It is a barrier for the majority of microorganisms. The clean skin has bactericidal activity, which depends on the рН of the sweat, on the structure of a secret of grease glands, on the excretion of antiseptic products.

Connective tissue, which Connective tissue, which surrounds the vessels and surrounds the vessels and penetrates into a tissue, penetrates into a tissue, executes the protective executes the protective function too. function too.

The most powerful and The most powerful and complex barrier surrounds the complex barrier surrounds the nervous system and organs of nervous system and organs of reproduction. The nervous reproduction. The nervous cells are the most sensitive to cells are the most sensitive to the internal environment the internal environment changes. changes.

The The hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier barrier permeability is various in permeability is various in different sites of the central different sites of the central nervous system. nervous system.

For example, For example, hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier in barrier in the area the area of hypothalamusof hypothalamus lets lets pass all substances, which are pass all substances, which are in the blood. The information in the blood. The information about the chemical structure of about the chemical structure of blood is necessary for the blood is necessary for the hypothalamushypothalamus functions functions correction. The delay of the correction. The delay of the information can be dangerous information can be dangerous for life. for life.

HematoencephalicHematoencephalic barrier structure: barrier structure: slots between slots between endothelialendothelial cells of cells of the capillaries are absent; glial cells the capillaries are absent; glial cells cover all surface of the capillary; cover all surface of the capillary; basal membrane is very dense. basal membrane is very dense. The permeability of barrier amplifies The permeability of barrier amplifies when the temperature of body when the temperature of body increases. Doctors use this property increases. Doctors use this property for the treatment of infectious for the treatment of infectious diseases of the nervous system.diseases of the nervous system.

The protective function of barriers is depend on nervous and The protective function of barriers is depend on nervous and humoralhumoral influences, on a state of the external and internal influences, on a state of the external and internal environment. environment.

The alcohol has specific influence up The alcohol has specific influence up hematoencephalichematoencephalic barrier. The permeability of this barrier increases during barrier. The permeability of this barrier increases during initial stage initial stage of alcoholismof alcoholism, so various , so various toxictoxic substances substances influence up the brain. Then permeability of the barrier influence up the brain. Then permeability of the barrier decreases, that provokes violation of nutrition of the brain. decreases, that provokes violation of nutrition of the brain. Alcoholic Alcoholic psychosespsychoses, , degradationdegradation of the person, premature of the person, premature aging develop in such patients. The alcohol easily damages aging develop in such patients. The alcohol easily damages reproductivereproductive system, poisons a foetus. system, poisons a foetus.

Individual reactivityIndividual reactivity can be changed as a result of influence can be changed as a result of influence of the factors of the external environment. Reactivity of an of the factors of the external environment. Reactivity of an organism depends on ecology. Some changes of an organism depends on ecology. Some changes of an ecological situation can prevent development of disease; ecological situation can prevent development of disease; others on the contrary provoke development of disease. others on the contrary provoke development of disease.

For exampleFor example: the small doze of a ultra-violet irradiation : the small doze of a ultra-violet irradiation increases resistance of an organism to the infectious increases resistance of an organism to the infectious diseases, promotes synthesis of vitamin diseases, promotes synthesis of vitamin DD in the organism, in the organism, and the large doze promotes development of skin burn. and the large doze promotes development of skin burn.

Sharp changes of weather, season of year and Sharp changes of weather, season of year and climate influence on reactivity and resistance too. climate influence on reactivity and resistance too. Low temperature of air influences on organism Low temperature of air influences on organism variously. variously.

The overcooling lowers resistance to the The overcooling lowers resistance to the infection, so in such conditions influenza and infection, so in such conditions influenza and pneumonia may occur. The short-term contact of pneumonia may occur. The short-term contact of a human body with the cold environment, which a human body with the cold environment, which periodically repeats, increases resistance to the periodically repeats, increases resistance to the infection. infection.

Low temperature (Low temperature (hypothermiahypothermia) is used in ) is used in medicine during complex continual operations on medicine during complex continual operations on the heart and brain.the heart and brain.

Habitués of a childHabitués of a child 2,5 years old2,5 years old

Influence of the ageInfluence of the age on on individualindividual reactivityreactivity Progeria Progeria ((rapid ageingrapid ageing))

Verner’s Verner’s syndromesyndrome(26 years old (26 years old men)men)

Influence of the ageInfluence of the age on on individualindividual reactivityreactivity

Progeria Progeria ((rapid ageingrapid ageing))

PROGERIA PROGERIA ((rapid ageingrapid ageing)) Hutchinson-Gilford syndromeHutchinson-Gilford syndrome

PROGERIA PROGERIA ((rapid rapid ageingageing))

Hutchinson-Gilford Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome.syndrome.You see 13 years You see 13 years old girl (her old girl (her weight is 10 kg)weight is 10 kg)

ConstitutionConstitution It is a complex of functional It is a complex of functional

and morphological and morphological peculiarities of an organism, peculiarities of an organism, which were derivate by the which were derivate by the heredity, and which were heredity, and which were

formed during all life under formed during all life under the influences of the the influences of the

environment.environment.

It determines reactivityIt determines reactivity of of every individual.every individual.

Constitutional Constitutional typestypes by by

HippocratesHippocrates CholericCholeric SanguinicSanguinic PhlegmaticPhlegmatic MelancholicMelancholic

Constitutional Constitutional typestypes byby

АА..АА.. BOGOMOLETZBOGOMOLETZ

AsthenicAsthenic

FibrosisFibrosis

PastosisPastosis

LipomatosisLipomatosis

CONSTITUTIONAL TYPESCONSTITUTIONAL TYPES BY BY SIGOSIGO

respiratory digestive muscular brain

Constitutional typesConstitutional types by by KRECHMERKRECHMER astenicastenic

digestive

athleticathletic

Constitutional typesConstitutional types by by ChornoruzkiyChornoruzkiy

It is determined due to the size of It is determined due to the size of costal arcs angle of a personcostal arcs angle of a person

Normosthenic Normosthenic (90(90 degree)degree)

Hypersthenic Hypersthenic (more than 90(more than 90 degree)degree)

Asthenic Asthenic (less than 90(less than 90 degree)degree)

DIATHESISDIATHESIS manifestation of the abnormal constitutionmanifestation of the abnormal constitution, , which is characterized by which is characterized by

the the abnormal reaction of an organism to the physiological and abnormal reaction of an organism to the physiological and pathological influencespathological influences

1. EXUDATIVE-CATARAL (very intensive exudative processes, allergy reactions and long disease course)

2. LYMPHOHYPOPLASTIC (muscular tissue is developed deficiently, the lymphatic nodes size is increased aytoallergic diseases arise in these patients very often)

3. NERVOUS-ARTHRITIC (obesity intensification, nervous system irritability, diseases of joints, skin diseases, psychological disorders in some patients)

4. ASTHENIC (adynamia; lability of vascular reactions and gastroptosis

Exudative-catharal diathesisExudative-catharal diathesis

LYMPHOHYPOPLASTIC diathesisdiathesis

System System of mononuclear of mononuclear phagocytesphagocytes (S (SММPP))

IS THE SYSTEM OF CELLS, WHICH ARE UNITED IS THE SYSTEM OF CELLS, WHICH ARE UNITED DUE TO 3 FEATURES:DUE TO 3 FEATURES:

1. 1. mutual derivation (all these cells derive from mutual derivation (all these cells derive from the the stem cell of red bone marrowstem cell of red bone marrow););

2.2. mutual function (all cells are mutual function (all cells are phagocytesphagocytes););

3. 3. mutual structure (all these cells have one mutual structure (all these cells have one nuclear).nuclear).

System System of mononuclear phagocytesof mononuclear phagocytes (S(SММPP))

CELLS LOCALIZATION

CELL PRECURSORSCELL PRECURSORS Bone marrowBone marrow

PROMONOCYTESPROMONOCYTES Bone marrowBone marrow

MONOCYTESMONOCYTES Bone marrowBone marrow

MONOCYTESMONOCYTES Peripheral bloodPeripheral blood

MACROPHAGES

HISTIOCYTESHISTIOCYTES Connective tissueConnective tissue

KUPFFER’S CELLSKUPFFER’S CELLS LiverLiver

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGESALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES LungsLungs

FREE and FIXED FREE and FIXED MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES SpleenSpleen

MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES Bone marrow Bone marrow

PLEURAL PLEURAL andand PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES Serose cavitiesSerose cavities

OSTEOCLASTESOSTEOCLASTES BonesBones

MICROGLIAL CELLSMICROGLIAL CELLS Nervous systemNervous system

LANGERHANS’ CELLSLANGERHANS’ CELLS SkinSkin

HUMORALHUMORAL MECHANISMS of the MECHANISMS of the REACTIVITYREACTIVITY

1.1. SYSTEM SYSTEM of COMPLEMENT (of COMPLEMENT (has the has the protective function)protective function)

2.2. MEDIATORSMEDIATORS of the HUMORAL of the HUMORAL SYSTEMS (biological active SYSTEMS (biological active substances)substances)

3.3. HORMONESHORMONES

REACTIVITYREACTIVITY DEPENDENCEDEPENDENCE from from

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

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