organization and functions of the nervous system
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Organization and Functions Organization and Functions of the Nervous Systemof the Nervous System
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Nervous System DivisionsNervous System Divisions
CNS (central nervous CNS (central nervous system)system) Brain, Spinal Cord Brain, Spinal Cord 12 pairs of cranial nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves
(originate from cranium)(originate from cranium)
PNS (peripheral nervous PNS (peripheral nervous system)system) Somatic nervous systemSomatic nervous system
31 pairs of spinal nerves31 pairs of spinal nerves Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Afferent and Efferent Afferent and Efferent NervesNerves
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12 cranial nerves12 cranial nerves
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Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous SystemSympathetic DivisionSympathetic Division
Exits Thoracic-Lumbar region of Exits Thoracic-Lumbar region of SCSC
Norepinephrine in postganglionic Norepinephrine in postganglionic synapsessynapses
Fight-or-Flight ResponseFight-or-Flight ResponseElevated hr, bpElevated hr, bpPupil dilationPupil dilationIncreased sweat gland activityIncreased sweat gland activityDry mouthDry mouthIncreased blood flow to Increased blood flow to musclesmuscles
Parasympathetic DivisionParasympathetic Division Exits Cranial and Sacral Exits Cranial and Sacral
regions of SCregions of SC Acetylcholine in Acetylcholine in
postganglionic synapsespostganglionic synapses Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation
Decreased hr, bpDecreased hr, bpPupil constrictionPupil constrictionSalivationSalivationGastric SecretionGastric Secretion
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Protection of the CNSProtection of the CNS
Meninges (3 protective layers)Meninges (3 protective layers) Dura MaterDura Mater Arachnoid MembraneArachnoid Membrane Pia MaterPia Mater
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Buoyancy and Shock AbsorptionBuoyancy and Shock Absorption Ventricles and subarachnoid spaceVentricles and subarachnoid space
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Ventricular SystemVentricular System
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Dissection PlanesDissection Planes
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NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomyDirectional TerminologyDirectional Terminology
Anterior – Posterior (Front –Back)Anterior – Posterior (Front –Back)
Dorsal – Ventral (Top – Bottom)Dorsal – Ventral (Top – Bottom)
Medial – Lateral (Middle –Side)Medial – Lateral (Middle –Side)
Superior –Inferior (Above – Below)Superior –Inferior (Above – Below)
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Spinal CordSpinal Cord
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Brain DivisionsBrain Divisions
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Four Cerebral LobesFour Cerebral Lobes
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Midsagittal View of BrainMidsagittal View of Brain
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Ventral Surface of BrainVentral Surface of Brain
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Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex
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Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Three Main ComponentsThree Main Components Caudate NucleusCaudate Nucleus PutamenPutamen Globus PallidusGlobus Pallidus
Major FunctionsMajor Functions Motor ControlMotor Control Somatosensory-Motor Somatosensory-Motor
IntegrationIntegration
Diseases of the BGDiseases of the BG Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease Huntington’s DiseaseHuntington’s Disease
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Limbic SystemLimbic SystemLimbic Structures: a group of structures surrounding Limbic Structures: a group of structures surrounding the brain stemthe brain stem Cingulate CortexCingulate Cortex HippocampusHippocampus AmygdalaAmygdala Mammillary BodiesMammillary Bodies Anterior HypothalamusAnterior Hypothalamus FornixFornix
FunctionsFunctions EmotionsEmotions MemoryMemory
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DiencephalonDiencephalonThalamusThalamus
Two lobes at the anterior portion of the brain stem surrounding Two lobes at the anterior portion of the brain stem surrounding the third ventricle, joined by massa intermediathe third ventricle, joined by massa intermedia
Interconnected with Cerebral Cortex and with CerebellumInterconnected with Cerebral Cortex and with Cerebellum Major Sensory RelayMajor Sensory Relay
Vision: Lateral Geniculate NucleusVision: Lateral Geniculate NucleusHearing: Medial Geniculate NucleusHearing: Medial Geniculate NucleusTouch: Ventral Posterior NucleusTouch: Ventral Posterior NucleusSmell: Medial Dorsal NucleusSmell: Medial Dorsal NucleusTaste: Ventral Posterior NucleusTaste: Ventral Posterior Nucleus
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DiencephalonDiencephalonHypothalamusHypothalamus Located below the anterior thalamusLocated below the anterior thalamus Contains several subdivisions and interconnected Contains several subdivisions and interconnected
with limbic system regionswith limbic system regions Detection of need states, involved in hormone and Detection of need states, involved in hormone and
temperature, fluid & nutrient regulationtemperature, fluid & nutrient regulation
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Brain StemBrain StemBrain StemBrain Stem—midbrain + hindbrain —midbrain + hindbrain (minus the cerebellum)(minus the cerebellum)
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Tectum (“roof”) Tectum (“roof”) relays visual and auditory information and relays visual and auditory information and
controls simple reflexes, eye and ear controls simple reflexes, eye and ear orientation movementsorientation movements
superior colliculi (“little hills”)—relay visual superior colliculi (“little hills”)—relay visual informationinformation
inferior colliculi—relay auditory informationinferior colliculi—relay auditory information
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
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Mesencephalon (Midbrain)Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Tegmentum (“floor covering”) Tegmentum (“floor covering”) Substantia nigra—integration of Substantia nigra—integration of
voluntary movementsvoluntary movements Red nucleus—controls basic body Red nucleus—controls basic body
movementsmovements Reticular formation—controls arousal Reticular formation—controls arousal
and consciousnessand consciousness RaphRaphéé system system
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The HindbrainThe Hindbrain
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The HindbrainThe HindbrainMetencephalon Metencephalon Pons—a “bridge” for many fibers passing from Pons—a “bridge” for many fibers passing from
one side of the brain to the other. one side of the brain to the other. Contains sensory fibers, fibers from the cortex to Contains sensory fibers, fibers from the cortex to cerebellum, and fibers that relay information on cerebellum, and fibers that relay information on sleep, arousal, muscle tone, and dreaming. sleep, arousal, muscle tone, and dreaming.
Cerebellum—involved in the development and Cerebellum—involved in the development and coordination of movementcoordination of movement
Myelencephalon Medulla Oblongata Medulla Oblongata
Cranial nerve nucleiCranial nerve nucleiRegulates basic life functions (e.g., respiration, heart Regulates basic life functions (e.g., respiration, heart rate, vomiting, salivation)rate, vomiting, salivation)
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CerebellumCerebellum
ComponentsComponents VermisVermis Lateral zoneLateral zone Flocculonodular lobeFlocculonodular lobe
Cell LayersCell Layers Molecular LayerMolecular Layer Purkinje Cell LayerPurkinje Cell Layer Granule Cell LayerGranule Cell Layer
Major FunctionsMajor Functions BalanceBalance Motor CoordinationMotor Coordination Timing and sequencing of Timing and sequencing of
rapid movementsrapid movements Sensorimotor LearningSensorimotor Learning Cognition?Cognition?