organized crime : where we were , where we are and where we are going

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Petr Kupka

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Petr Kupka. Organized crime : where we were , where we are and where we are going. What is organized crime?. Definitions. Organized crime. Criminal organization Criminal activity. List of characteristics. (1) totalitarian organization; - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Petr Kupka

Page 2: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

What is organized

crime?

Page 3: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 4: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 5: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 6: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 7: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 8: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
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Page 10: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 11: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Definitions

Page 12: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Organized crime

Criminal organization Criminal activity

Page 13: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

List of characteristics (1) totalitarian organization; (2) immunity and protection from the law

through professional advice or fear or corruption, or all, in order to insure continuance of their activities;

(3) permanency and form; (4) activities which are highly profitable,

relatively low in risk, and based on human weakness;

(5) use of fear against members of the organization, the victims, and, often, members of the public;

(6) continued attempt to subvert legitimate gov;

(7) insularity of leadership from criminal acts; and

(8) rigid discipline in a hierarchy of ranks. (Cressey 1969)

Page 14: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Formula definition

From this orientation comes a definition which highlights organized crime as a system of power and interaction, not as an invincible organization with mystical powers. (Homer 1974)

Page 15: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Definition

„Criminal enterprise involved in criminal activities“

Varese 2011

Page 16: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Contemporary context

Ancient antecedents vs. modern manifestations

The growth of OC industry (scholars in the hands of policymakers )

Legality vs. legitimacy Blurring the policing and military functions Overlap between national security

intelligence and criminal intelligence New phenomena related to OC (weak

states, war economy etc.)

Page 17: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Development of the concept

Structural model Kingship/patron-client model

Enterprise model Multiple-constituency theory Transaction-cost economics

Network perspective

Page 18: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Structural model

OC = authoritarian and bureaucratic system designed to maximalization of profit; ground with the code of conduct with specific rules and procedures

Modus operandi – functional roles in division the labour, sophisticatated management, bureaucratic atributes of precedents

Structure, not people, deepen the tradition and character of system

Page 19: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Structural model

Rationality = predominant determinant

Predictive level – law enforcement successes

OC viewed by the leneses of its internal form

OC = unified organized entity, not the set of variables

Page 20: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Structural model

Kefauver commission (1951) „There´s a natiowide crime syndicate known as

the Mafia, whose tentacles are found in many large cities. It has international ramifications which appear most clearly in connecton with the narcotics traffic. Its leaders are usually found in control in most lucrative rackets of

their cities. There are indicators of a centralized direction and control of these rackets, but leadership appears to be in a

group rather than in single individual“

Page 21: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going
Page 22: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Structural model

No evidence of supporting the view of a centralized Sicilian or other foreign organization dominating OC in the U.S.

Refers to outside threat „Who“ is more important then „what“ Focused on career criminals, exclude (or de-

emphasize) the part played by representatives of officicaldom and the „respectable“ classes (Woodiwiss 2005)

Connected with Italian immigration – arising of LCN

Page 23: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Kingship based/patron-client model Variation of structural model Provide the frame for the family-

brotherhood analysis System of social control; can help with

the understanding of relations within the clans or between them

Comes out from the point of view of ethnical diversity

Social systems completely in the opposition to modern bureaucratic institution

Page 24: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Kingship based/patron-client model No structure, except for internal

functional mechanisms – if culture values are decreasing, clans as units are decreasing as well and the system is dissappearing

Predictive level – relations will be weakening due to sequent assimilation of next generations to the „X“ society

Page 25: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Economic model

Market model – supply-demand Legitimity spectrum – „saint“ vs.

„sinfull“ Market is formed by rules, not by

conspiracy or strucutral conventions Core technologies (general business

procedures) – operational enviroment

Page 26: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Enterprise model

Organization = systems opened for overcoming the uncertainity; closed systems subordinated to rationality and necessity of certainity

Enterpreneurial uncertainity is located in operational environment (illegality = environemnt dangerous for classic business activities)

Core technology = effective fulfillment of defined certainity

Page 27: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Enterprise model

Interdependency of organization and operational environment

The illegal market is working through dissatisfaction of potential candidates for products or services

Enterpreneurial crimes – production and distribution of „new“ products and services via market relations between suppliers and consumers and enterpreneurials worth

Products and services refer to the risk of detection

Page 28: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Enterprise model

2 type of crimes1)Illegal markets2)the penetration of legal

spcetrum the penetration of legal of spectrum

is not the force that can shape the form of illegal markets

Page 29: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Multiple-constituency theory

Organization is legal fiction Organizations are the results, not

initiators of any activities Unification of interests within certain

areas Organization is not the structure but

center of incentive changes External actors, quazi-insiders, internal

elements Cooperation and competition = conflict

Page 30: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Multiple-constituency theory Structure is not determined by the

objectives Organization is not located on the

geographical map of its material assets; we can locate it on the base of dominant forces

Location and structure can change their forms

Satisfaction of the interest can be sequential– time-share proces

Stability has minor influence compare to uncertainity

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Network perspective

Relational structures of the group (or widen social system) consisted of the relation matters between the sets of actors

Each of the units has relation to another units and these units have relation with another units etc.

Set of actors = interacting units Actors are no more independent, but

interdependent

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Model of relation ties in the network, Schwartz-Rouselle 2008

Page 33: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Von Lampe, K. 2009– lecture in IASSOC Catania

on 29/06/2009

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Network perspective

Relations or relation ties are used as chanells for transmitting material or nonmaterial sources

Network environment offer the opportunities, but also the limits

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Kleerks, P., ISSOC lecture Catania 2009

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Bruinsma – Bernasco 2004

Page 37: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Arsovska, J., ISSOC Ohrid lecture, 2011

Page 38: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Arsovska, J., ISSOC Ohrid lecture, 2011

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Network perspective

Actors Relation; relational tie Dyads, triads Subgroups System Nodes ….

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Roles in the criminal networks

Supplier (of raw materials, wholesale merchandise, machinery)

Customer (for goods or services) Broker (puts criminal entrepreneurs into

contact with potential business partners) Facilitator (supplier of support, such as

logistical orinstitutional facilities)

Financer (investor, supplier of money)

Source: Kleerks, P. (lecture in IASSOC Catania; July 2009)

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Network perspective Network structure characteristics

(positions, density, the number of participants, cells and factions – cliques, brokers)

Upperworld + underworld = environment

OC as a mirror of political economy and civic society

Weak side: the reality of OC is not clear; just „usual suspects“

Page 42: Organized crime :  where we were ,  where we  are  and where we  are  going

Zarkadoulas, N., lecture on IAASOC Ohrid 2011

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Analytical model of OC

Von Lampe, K. (2011)