organizing the elements
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Organizing the Elements. The Periodic Table. Elements. There are 118 different kinds of atoms. Most matter is made up of two or more kinds of atoms, but some consist of just one type of atom. When matter is composed of one type of atom it is called an element. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Organizing the ElementsThe Periodic Table
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Elements• There are 118 different kinds of atoms.• Most matter is made up of two or more
kinds of atoms, but some consist of just one type of atom.
• When matter is composed of one type of atom it is called an element.
• 94 elements are naturally occurring and the remaining are synthetic or unstable elements (24)
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Elements
Single atom of oxygen Molecule of oxygen
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Element…• Element: An element is a pure
substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means
• Ex. Gold, copper, carbon, lead
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Representing Elements…• Element Symbol: An abbreviation
for a chemical element.• The symbols for elements are the
same all over the world, regardless of the language.
• The symbol of an element is taken from its name. Often the first letter is used. (Fluorine = F)
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Element symbols..
Element Symbol
Oxygen O
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
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• The name of an element may begin with the letter of a symbol already in use. So they are named by:
• The element’s first two letters, Os, for Osmium
• The first letter and some other letter in the name, Cl, for Chlorine
• Symbols are taken from their Greek or Latin names , Aurium for gold
• Symbols are sometimes named after famous scientists or places eg. Einsteinium or Americium
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Element SymbolHelium He
Lead (plumbum) Pb
Calcium Ca
Gold (aurium) Au
Copper (cuprum) Cu
Europium Eu
Curium (Marie Curie) Cm
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Rules for writing symbols:
• The symbol always begins with a capital letter
• If there is a second or third letter, it is always a lowercase letter
• There is no period at the end of the symbol
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Early Classification of Elements…• Alphabetical, colour, taste didn’t
work
• Metals vs. non-metals• These just didn’t seem to cut it….
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Mendeleev• Russian chemist• Organized 64 elements known at that time• He did it by atomic mass• Found similarities in physical
properties of those in the same columns
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Today’s Table• Periodic table: a table in which
the elements are organized into rows and columns according to their atomic numbers and properties
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Today’s Table• Primarily organized by;1. atomic number, 2. metal/non-metal 3. properties like reactivity
• Organized into groups/families and periods
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The periodic Table of Elements… http://www.chemicool.com/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0
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Metals, metalloids, Non-metals
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Metals• Metals: an element that is lustrous,
malleable, ductile and conducts heat and electricity
• Even if the metal appears to be dull in colour on the surface, freshly cut a metallic sheen can be seen
• Located on the left side of the periodic table
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Non-metals• Non-metals: an element usually a
gas or dull powdery solid that does not conduct heat or electricity.
• Upper right portion of the periodic table
• Bromine is the only liquid non-metal at room temperature
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Metalloids• Metalloids: an element that has
properties of both a metal and a non-metal. Found along the staircase line between metals and non-metals
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Periods (there are 7)• Each row represents a separate
period• Have the same number of electron
shells (energy levels)
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Groups (there are 18)• Arranged together in rows
(numbered 1 to 18)• Also called a family• All elements in each group have
similar properties
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Group 1: Alkali Metals• React rapidly when
exposed to air and water• Shiny, silvery and soft• Highly reactive, often
explosive in water
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixxJtJPVXk
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Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals• Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra• Shiny and silvery, but not soft• Less reactive than alkali metals• These metals have a distinguishable
flame color, Mg & Be white, brick-red for Ca, magenta-red for Sr, green for Ba and crimson red for Ra.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2ZPrg9IVEo
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Group 3-12:Transition Metal• Includes Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Lu, Lr
and all the Uu… metals • Low reactivity• Rare earth metals/ inner transition
metals often included
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Group 18: Noble Gases• Unreactive, colourless, odourless• All gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)• He- low density for balloons, • Used for neon signs(glow with
electric current)– Ar: blue, Kr: pink/white, Xe: purple,
Ne:red
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmTZPx1whUQ
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Group 17: Halogens• Most reactive non-metals• Rarely found in elemental form• Poisonous in large amounts• Many common uses:
– Chlorine: pools– Iodine: clean wounds– Bromine: halogen light bulbs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2ogMUDBaf4
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Hydrogen?• As you may have noticed hydrogen
is not classified with any other group• Hydrogen is unique in the sense that
it has a single electron in the first orbital
• Hydrogen can donate an electron like the alkali metals but can accept an electron like a halogen
• Non-metal
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Periodic Trends• We saw changing reactivity between groups
– Group 1 more reactive than group 2 – Group 17 more reactive than group 16 in the
same row• Other trends:
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Other trends• As you go down a family, the
number of electron orbits increases• Within a family all elements have the
same # of electrons in the outer most shell
• Reactivity is based on the number of electrons in the outer shell
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Most reactive groups
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GROUP # VALENCE ELECTRONS
GAIN/LOSE to be STABLE
Overall Charge of
ion
Metal/Non-metal
Group 1 1 Lose 1 electron 1+ charge metal
Group 2 2 Lose 2 electrons 2+ metal
Group 13 3 Lose 3 electrons 3+ metal
Group 14 4 Gain or lose 4 electrons
4+ or 4- Non-metal
Group 15 5 Gain 3 3- Non-metal
Group 16 6 Gain 2 2- Non-metal
Group 17 7 Gain 1 1- Non-metal
Group 18 2 or 8 NOT REACTIVE
NO CHARGE Non-metal