organohalogen contaminants and mercury in …beluga whales during native subsistence hunts in cook...

NISTIR 7860

Organohalogen Contaminants and Mercury in Beluga Whale Tissues

Banked by the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project

Jessica L Reiner Jennifer Hoguet

Jennifer M Keller Steven G OrsquoConnell

John R Kucklick Colleen E Bryan

W Clay Davis Amanda Moors

Rebecca Pugh Paul R Becker

httpdxdoiorg106028NISTIR7860

NISTIR 7860








Material Measurement Laboratory Analytical Chemistry Division


June 2012

US Department of Commerce John E Bryson Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D Gallagher Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director

i

PREFACE

This NIST interagency report presents analytical data on beluga whale tissue samples (liver and blubber) collected and banked as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) Measurements of persistent organohalogenated compounds and mercury were made on the tissue of these animals This report presents the results of the analyses made by NIST

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All specimens used in this study were collected and banked through the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project with funding support from the Minerals Management Service US Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (USGS BRD) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Office of Protected Resources NMFS Alaska Region and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) The following individuals and organizations are acknowledged for their aid in the specimen collections and banking Robert Suydam North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management Geoff Carroll Alaska Department of Fish and Game Barbara Mahoney Brad Smith and Matt Eagleton NMFS Western Alaska Field Office Geoff York and Kristin Simak USGS BRD the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee Barbara Porter and Lauren Rust NIST Marine Environmental Specimen Bank Funding support for the analyses was provided by the NMFS Alaska Region and the USGS BRD Alaska Science Center

iii

DISCLAIMER

Certain commercial equipment instruments or materials are identified in this paper to specify adequately the experimental procedure Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III

DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1

MATERIALS AND METHODS 3

SAMPLE COLLECTIONS 3 ANALYSIS OF BLUBBER FOR PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT 6

ANALYSIS OF BLUBBER FOR HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE 6 ANALYSIS OF LIVER FOR PERFLUORINATED COMPOUND 7

ANALYSIS OF LIVER FOR PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONAMIDE 7 ANALYSIS OF LIVER FOR TOTAL MERCURY 8

ANALYSIS OF BLUBBER FOR LIPID (TOTAL EXTRACTABLE ORGANICS) DETERMINATION 8 STATISTICAL METHODS 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9

PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS 9

HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANES 14 PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS 14

MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Beluga whale tissue samples that have been analyzed 4

Table 3 Mean mass fractions (plusmn standard deviation) of POPs (ngg wet mass) in beluga blubber from

Table 4 Summary of statistical findings (p-values) examining the influences of beluga location year sex

Table 5 Mass fractions (ngg wet mass basis) and ratios of POPs in two matched mother and fetus pairs

Table 2 Mass fractions of POPs (ngg wet mass) in beluga blubber samples 10

Arctic locations 10

and length on POPs in beluga whales 11

13

Table 6 Mass fractions of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga liver samples 15

Table 8 R2 values from pairwise correlations of PFCs in beluga liver samples Asterisks () indicate


Table 10 Percentage of annual increasedecrease of PFCs in Cook Inlet beluga and eastern Chukchi Sea

Table A4 Mass fraction of HCHs HCB pentachlorobenzene mirex heptachlor and heptachloro epoxide

Table 7 Ranges of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga livers from Arctic locations 15

there were significant correlations (p lt 005) 16

and length on PFCs in beluga whales 18

beluga samples from 1989 to 2006 18 Table 11 Mass fractions (ngg wet mass) and ratios of PFCs in two matched mother and fetus pairs 21 Table 12 Mass fraction of Hg (ngg wet mass) in beluga liver samples 23

Table A1 Mass fraction of PCBs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 29 Table A2 Mass fraction of DDTs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 36 Table A3 Mass fraction of chlordanes (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 37

(ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 38

Table A5 Mass fraction of PBDEs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 39 Table A6 Mass fraction of HBCDs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber 40 Table A7 Mass fraction of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale livers 41

Table A8 Mass fraction of Hg (gg wet mass) in beluga whale livers 42

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Patterns of individual POPs as percent of ΣPOPs in the blubber of beluga whales 9 Figure 2 Temporal trend of ƩPBDE (ngg wet mass) (R2 = 040) in beluga whale blubber Individual data points are red and the blue line is the log linear regression 12 Figure 3 Linear regression between length and log concentration of ƩHCHs and mirex in blubber samples of belugas from Alaska R2 for ƩHCH = 0018 and mirex = 039 For both regressions p lt 005 13 Figure 4 Patterns of individual PFCs as percent of ΣPFC in the livers of beluga whales 17 Figure 5 Temporal trend of a) PFNA (R2 = 092) b) PFOS (R2 = 064) c) PFDA (R2 = 097) d) PFUnA (R2= 086) e) PFDoA (R2= 090) and f) PFHxS (R2= 071) concentrations (ngg wet mass) in beluga

Figure 6 Linear regression between length and log concentration of PFCs (PFNA and PFOS) in livers of

Figure 7 Linear regression between length and log concentration of Hg in livers of belugas from Alaska

livers from Alaska drawn with AMAP PIA program 19

belugas from Alaska R2 for PFNA = 018 and PFOS = 0074 22

R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION

The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) was established in 1991 as an international effort to assess the status of target contaminants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in the circumpolar Arctic [1] AMAPrsquos initial report indicated the ubiquitous presence of contaminants throughout the Arctic Consequently the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was signed in 2001 to initiate a global banning of these contaminants Although usages of select POPs have been banned or restricted the effectiveness of this treaty can only be realized by investigating temporal trends in Arctic marine biota Since the Stockholm Conventionrsquos inception extensive investigation of marine biota in the eastern Arctic has been conducted whereas it has been lacking in its western counterpart To get a comprehensive account of the Arcticrsquos current and predicted environmental status it is important that temporal trends be assessed throughout the Arctic as regional differences in contaminants likely vary due to factors including proximity to contaminant sources and varying transport and deposition rates

The beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas is an Arctic species that feeds close to the top of the food chain providing the potential to bioaccumulate persistent contaminants in their tissues Belugas are expected to accumulate organohalogenated compounds and mercury in their tissues because of their relatively long life span (gt 30 yr) [2] and their high trophic level While there have been numerous studies focusing on temporal and spatial trends of these contaminants in Canadian and eastern Arctic beluga [3-5] there is limited information on these trends in Alaskan and western Arctic beluga

In Alaskan waters there are two genetically isolated populations of beluga whales Cook Inlet and Bering Sea the Bering Sea population is represented by four stocks Bristol Bay eastern Bering Sea eastern Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea [67] The Alaskan Peninsula geographically isolates the Cook Inlet animals (living year round in Cook Inlet and in the Gulf of Alaska immediately outside Cook Inlet) from the Bering Sea animals [8] Since 1992 blubber and liver samples have been collected as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) from belugas taken during Alaska Native subsistence hunts in Cook Inlet [9] In addition blubber and liver samples have been collected from the eastern Chukchi Sea stock during subsistence hunts since 1989 As there are no overlapping areas of distribution between the Cook Inlet and eastern Chukchi Sea animals having two distinct populations for comparison provides an opportunity to evaluate possible sources of contamination in the North American Arctic The Cook Inlet belugas are thought to be affected more by local anthropogenic sources coming from the surrounding more urbanized area of Anchorage while the eastern Chukchi Sea animals will be affected more by atmospheric and oceanic transport The eastern Chukchi Sea animals forage between the Russian and United States Arctic There is a lack of data on POPs in marine mammals from this area of the Arctic and having animals from the Chukchi Sea is a unique opportunity to assess the influences of Asian and Russian production of legacy and emerging POPs to this area of the Arctic

In this study aliquots of Cook Inlet and eastern Chukchi Sea beluga blubber and liver samples were analyzed for legacy POPs (ie polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dichlorodiphenylshydichloroethanes (DDTs) chlordanes hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) hexachlorobenzene

1

(HCB) pentachlorobenzene mirex heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) emerging POPs (ie polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)) and mercury The primary objective of this study was to fill in existing temporal and spatial gaps from the Alaskan Arctic by investigating the trends as well as examining gender differences and possible bioaccumulation with total length in two separate Alaskan beluga populations

2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample Collections

As part of AMMTAP full-depth blubber and liver tissues were collected from free-ranging beluga whales during native subsistence hunts in Cook Inlet and the eastern Chukchi Sea Alaska from 1989 to 2006 Collection procedures followed standard AMMTAP protocols designed to preserve sample integrity and minimize sample contamination [10] Following collection samples were maintained in liquid nitrogen vapor freezers until cryohomogenization at the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank (NMMTB) housed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [11] Information regarding sample identification year location sex and length is provided in Table 1

Tissue Preparation

Each tissue specimen analyzed (approximately 150 g each) was homogenized using a cryogenic procedure designed to reduce the likelihood of changes in sample composition due to thawing and refreezing [12] Subsamples of the tissue homogenate a frozen (non freeze-dried) powder were transferred to Teflon jars (10 mL) for storage (at -150 degC) until analyses were performed

3

Table 1 Beluga whale tissue samples that have been analyzed

Animal Identification

Number

Liver Identification

Number

Blubber Identification

Number Year Beluga Stock Population Sex Total Length

Percent Lipids

692-BLKA-001 MM3L069 MM3B071 1989 eastern Chukchi Sea F 343 790 692-BLKA-002 MM3L072 MM3B074 1989 eastern Chukchi Sea F 310 842 692-BLKA-003 MM3L075 NA 1989 eastern Chukchi Sea F 348 NA 692-BLKA-004 MM3L077 NA 1989 eastern Chukchi Sea M 348 NA 692-BLKA-005 MM4L125 MM4B127 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 394 797 692-BLKA-006 MM4L128 MM4B130 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 430 883 692-BLKA-007 MM4L131 MM4B133 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea F 363 789 692-BLKA-008 MM4L134 MM4B136 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 364 777 692-BLKA-009 MM4L137 MM4B139 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 348 780 692-BLKA-010 MM4L140 MM4B142 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 400 851 692-BLKA-011 MM4L143 MM4B145 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 433 839 692-BLKA-012 MM4L146 MM4B148 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea F 375 817 692-BLKA-013 MM4L149 MM4B151 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea M 434 915 692-BLKA-014 MM4L152 MM4B154 1990 eastern Chukchi Sea F 351 861 692-BLKA-015 MM6L216 MM6B218 1992 Cook Inlet M 373 823 692-BLKA-016 NA MM9B328 1994 Cook Inlet M 472 888 692-BLKA-017 NA MM9B329 1994 Cook Inlet F 305 852 692-BLKA-018 NA MM9B330 1994 Cook Inlet M 305 824 692-BLKA-020 MM10L331 MM10B332 1995 Cook Inlet F 240 866 692-BLKA-021 MM10L333 MM10B335 1995 Cook Inlet M 409 887 692-BLKA-022 MM10L336 MM10B338 1995 Cook Inlet F 360 805 692-BLKA-023 MM10L339 MM10B341 1995 Cook Inlet F 353 846 692-BLKA-024 MM10L342 MM10B344 1995 Cook Inlet F 368 865 692-BLKA-025 MM10L345 MM10B347 1995 Cook Inlet F 143 660 692-BLKA-026 MM10L368 MM10B370 1995 Cook Inlet M 422 863 692-BLKA-027 MM10L371 MM10B373 1995 Cook Inlet M 377 887 692-BLKA-028 MM10L374 MM10B376 1995 Cook Inlet M 391 858 692-BLKA-029 NA MM10B388 1995 Cook Inlet M 413 863 692-BLKA-031 NA MM11B418 1996 Cook Inlet F 367 871 692-BLKA-032 MM11L467 MM11B469 1996 Cook Inlet F 256 NA 692-BLKA-033 MM11L463 MM11B465 1996 Cook Inlet F 359 874 692-BLKA-034 MM11L477 MM11B479 1996 Cook Inlet F 377 NA 692-BLKA-035 MM11L481 MM11B483 1996 Cook Inlet M 415 918 692-BLKA-036 NA MM11B486 1996 Cook Inlet M 429 898 692-BLKA-037 MM11L488 MM11B490 1996 Cook Inlet M 367 917 692-BLKA-038 MM13L678 MM13B680 1998 Cook Inlet F 320 940 692-BLKA-039 MM13L682 MM13B683 1998 Cook Inlet F 126 663 692-BLKA-040 MM11L436 MM11B438 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea M 315 842 692-BLKA-041 NA MM11B442 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea F 322 885 692-BLKA-042 MM11L444 MM11B446 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea F 393 894

4

Table 1 (Cont) Beluga whale tissue samples that have been analyzed


Number


Number


Number Year

Beluga Stock Population

Sex Total

Length Percent Lipids

692-BLKA-043 MM11L420 MM11B422 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea M 427 897



692-BLKA-046 NA MM11B434 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea M 396 875

692-BLKA-047 MM11L448 MM11B450 1996 eastern Chukchi Sea F 333 875



692-BLKA-050 MM13L686 MM13B688 1998 Cook Inlet F 320 764

692-BLKA-051 MM13L689 MM13B691 1998 Cook Inlet M 450 734


692-BLKA-053 MM13L705 NA 1997 eastern Chukchi Sea F 255 NA




692-BLKA-057 MM15L109C MM15B111C 1999 eastern Chukchi Sea M 405 839







692-BLKA-064 MM15L067C MM15B069C 1999 eastern Chukchi Sea F 357 859





692-BLKA-069 MM16L232C MM16B234C 2000 eastern Bering Sea M 313 887

692-BLKA-070 MM16L235C NA 2000 eastern Bering Sea F 245 NA

692-BLKA-071 MM16L237C MM16B239C 2000 eastern Bering Sea F 238 817


692-BLKA-073 MM17L314C MM17B316C 2001 Cook Inlet F 345 864


692-BLKA-075 MM18L347C MM18B349C 2002 Bristol Bay M 287 785

692-BLKA-076 MM18L413C MM18B415C 2002 Cook Inlet M 457 841


692-BLKA-078 NA MM19B468C 2003 Cook Inlet F 365 861

692-BLKA-079 MM20L553C NA 2003 Cook Inlet F 366 NA



NA material was not available

5

Analysis of Blubber for Persistent Organic Pollutant

Seventy-three beluga blubber samples (approximately 10 g) were extracted for determination of POPs using pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) [13] Briefly blubber was mixed with 25 g of Na2SO4 and the mixture was transferred to PFE cells An internal standard solution containing a suite of labeled PCB congeners PBDE congeners and organochlorine pesticides was added gravimetrically to all PFE cells and samples were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) using PFE Following extraction samples were cleaned up using size exclusion chromatography and solid phase extraction through activated silica Lipid content was determined gravimetrically from a subsample of the PFE extract prior to cleanup Next extracts were cleaned up using an acidified silica solid phase extraction [14] Two fractions were collected Fraction 1 for most POPs and Fraction 2 used for HBCD analysis

Fraction 1 samples were analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) with a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet operated in the solvent vent mode and equipped with a 5 m x 025 mm Restek Siltek guard column (Bellefonte PA) connected to a 018 mm x 30 m DB-5MS capillary column 018 m film thickness (Agilent Palo Alto CA) The first injection with electron impact ionization (EI) was used for the determination of the majority of the analytes including PCBs PBDEs DDTs HCB and mirex Extracts were further analyzed using the instrument above in the negative chemical ionization mode for cyclodiene compounds The column used was a 018 mm x 30 m DB-XLB capillary column 018 m film thickness (Agilent Palo Alto CA) NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1945 Organics in Whale Blubber was analyzed with each set of blubber samples as a control material

Analysis of Blubber for Hexabromocyclododecane

Fraction 2 from the POP analysis method was solvent exchanged to methanol and analyzed for the alpha beta and gamma isomers of HBCD (HBCDHBCD and HBCD) by using liquid chromatography interfaced to a negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MSMS) The HBCD isomers were separated on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (30 mm x 150 mm x 35 m column) using a flow rate of 03 mLmin Initial conditions began at 90 25 mM ammonium acetate in 125 water in methanol (volume fraction) and 10 acetonitrile The acetonitrile was ramped to 33 by 12 min and held for 3 min Acetonitrile was increased to 100 by 20 min held for 3 min and by 28 min reverted back to the original conditions and held for 5 min The MSMS method included the optimization parameters and the three most abundant transitions were monitored NIST SRM 1945 was analyzed with each set of blubber samples as a control material

6

Analysis of Liver for Perfluorinated Compound

Sixty-nine beluga liver samples were selected for analysis of PFCs using the methodology described in Reiner et al [15] Briefly 05 g of sample was mixed with 05 mL of MilliQ water The internal standard solution containing isotopically labeled perfluorinated compounds was gravimetrically added to each sample and the samples were allowed to equilibrate with the internal standards (20 min) Potassium hydroxide in methanol was added to the samples and samples were vortexed sonicated centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube The extraction procedure was repeated and both extracts were combined and evaporated to approximately 3 mL The extracts were filtered using a Whatman UniPrep 02 m filter (Stanford ME) and then further evaporated to 1 mL Ten mL of 50 (volume fraction) formic acid (98 Fluka) in MilliQ water was added to each sample A Waters Oasis Weak Anion Exchange (WAX) SPE (3 cc 60 mg 30 microm Milford MA) cartridge was conditioned with methanol and water and samples were loaded onto the SPE columns on the RapidTrace workstations (Caliper Hopkinton MA) Extracts were concentrated in volume spiked with the recovery standard vortexed and transferred to autosampler vials

Samples were injected onto the LC-MSMS using the NIST method described in Keller et al [16] The MSMS method included the optimization parameters for each analyte and two to three of the most abundant transitions for each PFC were monitored NIST QC97LH2 Beluga Whale liver was analyzed with each set of liver samples as a control material

Analysis of Liver for Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide

Eighteen of the 69 beluga liver samples were extracted and cleaned up using a secondary method for the determination of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) Briefly 05 g of sample was mixed with 05 mL of MilliQ water The internal standard solution was gravimetrically added to each sample and the samples were allowed to equilibrate with the internal standards (20 min) Potassium hydroxide in methanol was added to the samples and samples were vortexed sonicated centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube The extraction procedure was repeated and both extracts were combined and evaporated to approximately 3 mL The extracts were filtered using a Whatman UniPrep 02 m filter (Stanford ME) A Supelco Supelclean ENVI-Carb SPE (3 cc 250 mg 120 ndash 400 mesh Bellefonte PA) cartridge was conditioned with 6 mL methanol followed by 6 mL water Samples were loaded on the SPE cartridge and eluted immediately using 45 mL methanol

This subset of beluga liver extracts was analyzed using the Phenomonex Luna PFP (2) column (50 mm x 30 mm x 5 μm) column The solvent gradient started at 60 methanol and 40 20 mmolL ammonium acetate in water (volume fractions flow rate of 03 mLmin) and then increased to 65 methanol by 5 min held for 5 min and then increased to 80 methanol by 15 min held for 5 min before reverting back to original conditions at 205 min with a 10 min hold NIST QC97LH2 was analyzed with each set of liver samples as a control material

7

Analysis of Liver for Total Mercury

Sixty-nine beluga liver samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg) The mass fraction of Hg was determined with a direct mercury analyzer DMA 80 (Milestone Scientific Shelton CT) The samples were weighed in sample boats then thermally decomposed catalytically reduced to Hg0

and trapped on a gold amalgamation trap The mercury was then thermally desorbed and the Hg atomic absorption measured at 254 nm NIST QC97LH2 and SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue were analyzed with the liver samples as control materials

Analysis of Blubber for Lipid (Total Extractable Organics) Determination

Beluga blubber extracts were evaporated under a stream of nitrogen to approximately 4 mL Thirty percent of the extracts were removed gravimetrically and transferred to tared aluminum pans Pans were allowed to dry for 24 h or more at room temperature before re-weighing (solvent was known to be gone when the balance reading was stable for longer than 10 sec) All remaining extracts were evaporated to 1 mL

Statistical Methods

All statistical analyses were performed using JMP 702 (SAS Institute Cary NC) or JMP 900 (SAS Institute Cary NC) Statistical tests were performed for compounds detected in gt 70 of the samples The mass fractions of compounds less than the reporting limit (RL) were set equal to half the RL prior to running the statistical tests The distribution of the data was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test All compounds were either normally or log-normally distributed If log-normally distributed the data were logarithmically transformed to meet the criteria for normal distribution and parametric tests were performed The Pearson product-moment coefficient was used to determine pairwise correlations among individual compounds Backward stepwise multiple regressions were performed with the beluga location year sex and animal length used as the independent variables For PFCs when year was shown to be significant based on the regression the log-linear regressions based on the annual geometric means were modeled using the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) PIA program [17]

8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Analytical data for the POPs in the 73 beluga whale blubber samples are presented in Appendix A Table A1-A5 Individual congener mass fractions are listed in Appendix A Tables A1-A5 PCBs DDTs chlordanes HCH HCB and PBDEs were detected in all blubber samples (Table 2) Pentachlorobenzene mirex and heptachlor epoxide were detected less frequently (85 to 91 of the samples) Heptachlor was detected infrequently (lt 50 ) so it was not included in the statistical analysis PCBs and DDTs made up greater than 50 of ΣPOPs measured The wet mass fractions of ΣPCBs ranged from 138 ngg to 7510 ngg (median 1870 ngg) and ΣDDTs ranged from 139 ngg to 6830 ngg (median 1520 ngg) sumChlordanes comprised approximately 15 of the ΣPOPs measured (491 ngg to 3700 ngg median 641 ngg) HCB at 5 (311 ngg to 980 ngg median 220 ngg) sumHCHs at 3 (460 ngg to 517 ngg median 118 ngg) and sumPBDEs at less than 1 (163 ngg to 396 ngg median 105 ngg) of the ΣPOPs measured (Figure 1) Similar ranges have been measured in beluga whales from the northeastern and western Canadian Arctic (Table 3)

Figure 1 Patterns of individual POPs as percent of ΣPOPs in the blubber of beluga whales

9

Table 2 Mass fractions of POPs (ngg wet mass) in beluga blubber samples Cook Inlet eastern Chukchi Sea

Males Females Males Females Geometric n gt RL n gt RL n gt RL Geometric n gt RL

Range Range Geometric mean Range Geometric mean Range mean (n=15) (n=17) (n=26) mean (n=14)

ƩPCBs 364‐3330 1480 15 138‐1580 1580 17 1920‐7510 4030 26 481‐4290 1330 14 ƩDDTs 310‐3800 1530 15 139‐1490 1490 17 1180‐6830 3140 26 247‐3550 3550 14 Ʃchlordanes 129‐854 854 15 491‐505 505 17 845‐3700 2020 26 208‐2050 2050 14 ƩHCH 632‐241 241 15 460‐210 210 17 652‐292 292 26 692‐517 517 14 HCB 499‐368 368 15 311‐268 268 17 278‐840 840 26 532‐980 980 14 Pentachlorobenzene 209‐573 573 15 173‐972 972 17 ltRL‐687 687 25 ltRL‐334 334 7 Mirex 444‐299 299 15 109‐118 118 17 242‐129 129 26 ltRL‐375 375 7 Heptachlor ltRL‐518 518 7 192‐740 740 17 ltRL ltRL 0 ltRL ltRL 0 Heptachlor Epoxide ltRL‐414 414 14 ltRL‐113 113 9 246‐1870 1865 26 ltRL‐491 491 13 ƩPBDEs 541‐396 153 15 163‐276 106 17 345‐289 104 26 163‐158 466 14

n gt RL indicates the number of samples above the reporting limit (RL) Values were calculated with half the RL substituted for non-detects as described in the methods section Compounds marked with asterisks indicate there are significant differences between beluga stocks (p lt 005)

Table 3 Mean mass fractions (plusmn standard deviation) of POPs (ngg wet mass) in beluga blubber from Arctic locationsnortheastern Alaskaeastern western Hudson Bay St Lawrence River

southern AlaskaCook Inlet N West Greenland Beaufort Sea Location Chukchi Sea (n=40 males and CanadaHedrickson Island (n=44 males and (n=54 males and

(n=32 males and females)a (n=54 males only)b (n=26 males only)c females)a (n=10 males only)d females)e females)f

Years 1992 ‐ 2005 1989 ‐ 2000 1989 ‐ 1990 1993 ‐ 1994 2007 1999 ‐ 2003 1988 ‐ 1999 lipid 842 853 891 899 818 894 901 ƩPCBs 1100 plusmn 810 3380 plusmn 1840 5580 plusmn 2500 5010 plusmn 1620 105 ‐ 10900 ƩDDTs 1110 plusmn 890 2680 plusmn 1710 4370 plusmn 1730 3430 plusmn 640 120 ‐ 9150 ƩChlordanes 326 plusmn 210 1680 plusmn 900 2600 plusmn 1160 2490 plusmn 320 ƩHCH 118 plusmn 55 147 plusmn 95 390 plusmn 140 334 plusmn 94 32 ‐ 1200 HCB 157 plusmn 86 413 plusmn 219 825 plusmn 477 956 plusmn 128 Pentachlorobenzen 861 plusmn 1040 267 plusmn 187 Mirex 954 plusmn 670 480 plusmn 261 Heptachlor 304 plusmn 129 lt RL Heptachlor Epoxide 149 plusmn 103 783 plusmn 560 ƩPBDEs 149 plusmn 89 989 plusmn 676 927 plusmn 186 44 ‐ 130 283 plusmn 220

a This study b [18] c [19] d [20] e [21] only ranges were provided f [22] lt RL = below the reporting limit nm = not measured NA = not applicable

10

The effects of location year sex and length on contaminants were examined using backward stepwise regressions (Table 4) Only contaminants detected in gt 85 of the samples were used in the regression model Spatial trends were observed with significantly higher mass fractions of ΣPCB (p lt 00001) sumDDT (p lt 00001) sumChlordanes (p lt 00001) and pentachlorobenzene (p=00023) in the eastern Chukchi Sea belugas while sumPBDEs were significantly higher in Cook Inlet belugas (p=00028) The sumPBDEs contaminant class showed a significant temporal trend (R2 = 040 p lt 00001 Figure 2) Regarding sex males had significantly higher amounts of mirex (p=0004) sumPCBs (p lt 00001) sumDDTs (p lt 00001) sumChlordanes (p lt 00001) pentachlorobenzene (p lt 00001) and sumPBDEs (p=00001) than females in both Cook Inlet and the eastern Chukchi Sea sumHCH showed no significant differences between the sexes (p=0057) sumHCHs did significantly decrease with increasing animal length with a coefficient of determination (R2) = 018 (p=002) Conversely mirex significantly increased with increasing length (R2 = 039 p lt 00001) (Figure 3)

Table 4 Summary of statistical findings (p-values) examining the influences of beluga location year sex and length on POPs in beluga whales

Trait ƩPCBs ƩDDTs ƩChlordanes ƩHCH Pentachlorobenzene Mirex ƩPBDEs Beluga Location lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00735 00023 lt 00001 00028 Year gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 lt 00001 Sex lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00572 lt 00001 00004 00001 Length gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 00201 gt 0100 lt 00001 gt 0100

Multiple lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00354 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001

regression Bold p-values were considered statistically significant (p lt 005) Values shown as gt 0100 indicate that the backward stepwise multiple regression model eliminated the model effect and that trait was removed from the total model

11

Ʃ

Figure 2 Temporal trend of PBDE (ngg wet mass) (R2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year

= 040) in beluga whale blubber Individual data points are red and the blue line is the log linear regression

As an interesting aside tissues from three mother-fetus pairs were collected and analyzed to investigate offloading patterns for these contaminants (Table 5) Ratios of each mother-fetus pair were calculated by dividing the contaminant mass fraction of the mother by the contaminant mass fraction of the fetus Ratio values of lt 10 indicated a high amount of offloading while values gt 10 indicated less offloading from mother to fetus sumHCHs HCB and pentachlorobenzene appear to demonstrate high offloading tendencies from mother to fetus with mean ratio values of 0732 0963 and 0637 respectively Conversely mirex shows less of a tendency towards offloading from mother to fetus with mean ratios of 593

12

Figure 3 Linear regression between length and log concentration of ƩHCHs and mirex in blubber samples of belugas from Alaska R2 for ƩHCH = 0018 and mirex = 039 For both regressions p lt 005


ƩPCBs ƩDDTs ƩChlordanes ƩHCH HCB Pentachlorobenzene Mirex Heptachlor Heptachlor Epoxide ƩPBDEs

Mother-1 (ngg) 984 810 322 103 171 460 817 282 585 124 Fetus-1 (ngg) 575 577 237 111 138 578 150 219 620 104 Ratio-1 (mother to fetus) 171 140 136 093 124 080 547 128 094 119


Mother-3 (ngg) 365 337 265 46 39 187 63 359 ltRL 129 Fetus-3 (ngg) 130 169 160 73 57 340 11 293 ltRL 977 Ratio-3 (mother to fetus) 281 199 166 063 068 055 576 122 132

lt RL = below the reporting limit

13

Hexabromocyclododecanes

The and isomers of HBCDs were investigated in 73 beluga whale blubber samples The only congener quantifiable in most samples was the ‐HBCD generally at mass fraction lt 5 ngg wet mass One animal had an unusual pattern of HBCDs and very high mass fraction of the ‐HBCD isomer (Appendix A Table A6)

Perfluorinated Compounds

Analytical data for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the 69 beluga whales are presented in Appendix A Table A7 PFCs were detected in all beluga liver samples (Table 6) with PFDA PFDoA PFOS and PFOSA detected in all samples PFNA PFUnA PFTriA PFTA and PFHxS were detected less frequently (72 to 97 of the samples) Short-chain PFCs (PFOA PFHpA and PFHxA) were detected infrequently (lt 2 ) so these short-chain PFCs were not included in the statistical analysis ΣPFC mass fractions (wet-mass basis) ranged from 175 ngg to 240 ngg (Appendix A Table A7) PFOS and PFOSA accounted for greater than 50 of the ΣPFCs measured The wet-mass mass fraction of PFOS ranged from 181 ngg to 703 ngg (median 108 ngg) PFOSA was also found ranging from 452 ngg to 657 ngg (median 228 ngg) The long-chained PFCAs with odd numbers of carbons PFUnA and PFTriA were detected at higher mass fractions compared to even numbered long-chained PFCAs PFUnA comprised approximately 15 of the ΣPFCs measured (median 849 ngg) and PFTriA made up 7 of the ΣPFCs measured (median 438 ngg)

Similar ranges have been measured in beluga whales from the northeastern and western Canadian Arctic (Table 7) [212023] The relatively high body burden of PFOSA in beluga whales has also been seen in previous studies [2021] Higher measurements of PFTA were found in this study compared with beluga whales from northeastern Canada [21] The prevalence of PFTA that was not seen in the earlier study suggests that there are different transport pathways andor sources of PFTA that exists in Alaska not found in the northeastern Canadian Arctic [21] In this study there were statistically significant (p lt 005) associations between all individual PFCAs between PFCAs and PFOS and between PFHxS and PFOSA but not between PFOSA and other compounds (Table 8) These associations are similar to those seen previously in multiple Arctic species (Arctic fox ringed seal mink and polar bears) suggesting exposure to PFCs is from similar transport pathways andor sources [24] except for PFOSA

14

Table 6 Mass fractions of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga liver samples

Cook Inlet eastern Chukchi Sea Males Females Males Females

Range median n gt RL (n=11)




PFNA 0454 - 308 179 11 lt 0502 - 567 166 15 0170 - 255 0670 25 lt 0180 - 546 0960 13 PFDA 0894 - 411 315 11 0309 - 698 195 16 0553 - 538 215 25 0514 - 143 159 16 PFUnA 790 - 272 200 11 lt0678 - 416 118 15 lt 0497 - 208 676 24 167 - 490 440 16 PFDoA 101 - 348 238 11 0365 - 555 188 16 0230 - 310 0898 25 0191 - 555 0841 16 PFTriA 617 - 480 200 11 lt 0357 - 828 977 12 lt0262 - 143 253 21 lt 0356 - 176 146 13 PFTA 111 - 133 294 11 lt 0552 - 213 146 12 lt 0659 - 799 0982 23 lt 0323 - 436 155 11 PFHxS lt 00600 - 0644 0306 10 lt 00649 - 355 0301 15 lt 00246 - 0366 0120 15 lt 00261 - 0378 0139 9 PFOS 144 - 304 225 11 461 - 703 130 16 429 - 284 920 25 181 - 381 476 16 PFOSA 452 - 179 114 11 104 - 278 184 16 177 - 638 318 25 112 - 657 278 16

n gt RL indicates the number of samples above the reporting limit (RL) Values were calculated with half the RL substituted for non-detects as described in the methods section but values shown as ldquoltrdquo a specified number describe the actual RL Compounds marked with asterisks indicate there are significant differences between beluga stock of the log-transformed data (p lt 005)

Table 7 Ranges of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga livers from Arctic locations

southern AlaskaCook Inlet northeastern Alaskaeastern Chukchi Sea northeastern CanadaHudson Bay CanadaNewfoundland western CanadaHedrickson Island Location

(n=27 males and females)a (n=41 males and females)a (n=22 males and females)b (n=5 males only)c (n=10 males only)d

Years 1992 - 2006 1989 - 2000 1999 - 2003 1996 2007 PFNA lt RL - 567 lt RL - 546 069 - 658 nm 572 - 203 PFDA 0309 - 698 0514 - 143 20 - 189 nm 587 - 339 PFUnA lt RL - 416 lt RL - 490 38 - 396 nm 647 - 307 PFDoA 0365 - 555 0191 - 555 080 - 989 nm lt RL - 539 PFTriA lt RL - 828 lt RL - 176 nm nm nm PFTA lt RL - 213 lt RL - 799 lt RL - 235 nm nm PFHxS lt RL - 355 lt RL - 0378 lt RL - 376 nm nm PFOS 461 - 703 181 - 381 30 - 109 98 - 158 425 - 203 PFOSA 452 - 278 112 - 657 494 - 156 nm 776 - 245 ΣPFC 186 - 240 190 - 149 NA NA NA a This study b [25] c[23] d [20] lt RL = below the reporting limit nm = not measured NA = not applicable

15

The effect of beluga location year sex and length for the individual and total PFCs were examined using backward stepwise regressions (Table 9) ΣPFC were significantly higher in the Cook Inlet belugas compared to the eastern Chukchi Sea belugas (p lt 005 see Table 7) Also spatial trends in PFNA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA ΣPFCAs PFHxS PFOS and PFOSA were observed between the Cook Inlet and the eastern Chukchi Sea animals with significantly higher (p lt 005) concentrations of PFNA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA PFHxS and PFOS in belugas from Cook Inlet (Table 7 and Table 9) Contrarily the Chukchi Sea belugas had significantly higher concentrations of PFOSA (p lt 005) The general patterns of PFCs in liver samples from the Cook Inlet population were different when compared with the patterns of PFCs from the eastern Chukchi Sea belugas (Figure 4) as PFOSA comprised greater than 50 of the ΣPFCs measured in the eastern Chukchi Sea animals and less than 35 of the ΣPFCs in the Cook Inlet belugas PFOS and PFUnA were found at the second and third highest percentages of PFCs measured in the eastern Chukchi Sea samples The most dominant PFC found in belugas from Cook Inlet was PFOS followed by PFTriA then PFOSA The differences between the concentrations and patterns in the two beluga groups suggest that there are either different transport processes andor sources of PFCs for the two locations

Table 8 R2 values from pairwise correlations of PFCs in beluga liver samples Asterisks () indicate there were significant correlations (p lt 005)

PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA PFHxS PFOS PFOSA PFNA - 056 046 048 020 016 038 056 001 PFDA - 074 074 042 035 016 052 003 PFUnA - 074 064 037 026 064 001 PFDoA - 052 047 026 057 000 PFTriA - 060 015 051 004 PFTA - 009 030 001 PFHxS - 040 005 PFOS - 002 PFOSA -

16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Males (n=11) Females (n=13) Fetus (n=3) Males (n=25) Females (n=16)

Cook Inlet eastern Chukchi Sea

PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA

Figure 4 Patterns of individual PFCs as percent of ΣPFC in the livers of beluga whales

Among the PFCs determined concentrations of PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA ΣPFCAs PFHxS PFOS PFOSA and ΣPFCs showed significant increases from 1989 to 2006 in Alaskan beluga whales (p lt 005) (Figure 5) In fact exponential increases were observed over this time period without any noticeable recent stabilization Other studies have shown temporal increases of PFC concentrations in marine mammals For example one study has shown an increase in PFDA PFUnA and PFOS concentrations from 1982 to 2003 in ringed seal livers from Greenland [26] In another study the concentrations of PFNA PFDA and PFOS measured in Baikal seal livers from 2005 showed an increase compared to samples collected in 1992 [27] A recent study measuring PFCs in peregrine falcon eggs (Falco peregrines) shows a similar exponential increase for PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA PFHxS and PFOS in eggs collected from 1974ndash 2007 [28] In contrast recent measurements of PFOS concentrations in sea turtle plasma and serum have shown a decrease from 2000 to 2008 [29] Measurements from human plasma and milk from the United States and Europe have shown a decrease in PFOS concentrations after 2000 [3031] These decreases are attributed to the phase out of PFOS-based chemistry from the former main manufacturer Differences in temporal trend data have been attributed to differences in collection locations and localized sources of direct PFC input [29] It is thought wildlife samples from remote locations may show a reduction in PFC concentrations in years to come due to the delay from long-range transport of PFCs and their precursors [29]

17

The two beluga populations are geographically separated therefore the annual trends of PFCs were also examined in the two stocks separately (Table 10) The Cook Inlet belugas tended to have smaller slopes of temporal increases compared to the eastern Chukchi Sea belugas especially for PFOS PFNA PFDA and PFUnA The smaller annual increase seen in the Cook Inlet belugas is suggestive of a decrease of PFC inputs from local sources in and around Cook Inlet The larger annual increase in the eastern Chukchi Sea belugas suggests there are significantly higher inputs of PFCs likely caused by atmospheric transport oceanic transport andor inputs coming from Asia and Russia

Table 9 Summary of statistical findings (p-values) examining the influences of beluga location year sex and length on PFCs in beluga whales

Trait PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA ΣPFCA PFHxS PFOS PFOSA ΣPFC Beluga Location 00397 gt 0100 00056 00017 lt 00001 00014 00003 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00494 Year lt 00001 lt 00001 00001 lt 00001 gt 0100 gt 0100 lt 00001 00085 00001 00411 00052 Sex 00379 gt 0100 00692 gt 0100 00323 gt 0100 00310 gt 0100 lt 00001 gt 0100 00939 Length 00026 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 gt 0100 00688 00009 gt 0100 gt 0100

Multiple regression lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00014 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 lt 00001 00009

Bold p-values were considered statistically significant (p lt 005) Values shown as gt 0100 indicate that the backward stepwise multiple regression model eliminated the model effect and that trait was removed from the total model

Table 10 Percentage of annual increasedecrease of PFCs in Cook Inlet beluga and eastern Chukchi Sea beluga samples from 1989 to 2006

Cook Inlet belugas eastern Chukchi Sea belugas PFNA 11 14 PFDA 89 11 PFUnA 10 12 PFDoA 11 11 PFHxS 10 10 PFOS 40 94 PFOSA 26 26 PFOSAPFOS - -56

18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)

Figure 5 Temporal trend of a) PFNA (R2 = 092) b) PFOS (R2 = 064) c) PFDA (R2 = 097) d) PFUnA (R2= 086) e) PFDoA (R2= 090) and f) PFHxS (R2= 071) concentrations (ngg wet mass) in beluga livers from Alaska drawn with AMAP PIA program Data presented as the predicted concentrations based on the regression model taking into account significant factors such as beluga population sex and length Individual data points are black medians are red and error bars are the 95 confidence intervals The blue lines are the log linear regression black horizontal lines indicate the overall mean and green lines are the reporting limit

19

Since PFOSA is a precursor of PFOS the ratio PFOSAPFOS was also examined This ratio ranged from 03 to 17 depending on the beluga location year sex and length The belugas from Cook Inlet had a significantly lower PFOSAPFOS (p lt 005) compared to the belugas from the eastern Chukchi Sea While there is no significant annual trend in PFOSAPFOS in the Cook Inlet belugas there is a significant yearly decrease (p lt 005) of 56 of PFOSAPFOS in the Chukchi Sea belugas (Table 10) The annual decrease of PFOSAPFOS in the Chukchi Sea belugas could suggest the increase of PFOS andor PFOS precursors (not including PFOSA) being transported to the Chukchi Sea Little is known about the production statistics of PFCs from Asia and Russia It has been estimated that the production of PFOS based chemistry from China has increased since 2003 [32] but little production information is available for Russia The Chukchi Sea belugas forage in Arctic water between the United States and Russia and based on prevailing wind and ocean currents these animals may be more reflective of PFCs emissions coming from Asia and Russia

For most compounds male belugas had higher concentrations of PFCs when compared with females Males had significantly higher concentration of PFTriA ΣPFCAs and PFOS compared to the females (p lt 005) (Table 9) In contrast female belugas had significantly higher concentrations of PFNA (p lt 005) (Table 9) Gender related differences may be a result of higher dietary intake andor gender differences in elimination (urinary and fecal excretion) Although pharmacokinetic studies do not exist for cetaceans and therefore not comparable other mammal pharmacokinetic studies have shown gender differences in the elimination half-life of some PFCs [3334] Other important elimination pathways in female belugas are placental and lactational transfer from mother to calves

This study included three fetus samples all were females from Cook Inlet with a total length not exceeding 150 cm These fetus samples had a PFC pattern more similar to the males than females from Cook Inlet (Figure 4) Paired mother samples were available for two of the fetus liver samples By examining the ratios of PFC concentrations in the mother to the calf these samples were used to look at offloading of PFCs in belugas in utero (Table 11) A ratio equal to one indicates equilibrium between the mother and the calf a ratio greater than one represents retention in the mother and a ratio less than one represents preferential offloading from mother to calf Ratios between mother and fetus samples were less than one for all PFCs except PFHxS suggesting preferential offloading from mother to fetus in utero for most PFCs Similar to previous human and rodent studies maternal transfer of PFCs has been shown in utero and through lactation [35-37] In wild populations data from mother-calf pairs of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay showed higher concentrations of ΣPFCs in calves when compared to their mothers suggesting in utero andor lactational transfer of PFCs occurs in marine mammals [38]

20

Table 11 Mass fractions (ngg wet mass) and ratios of PFCs in two matched mother and fetus pairs

PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA PFHxS PFOS PFOSA ΣPFC Mother-1 (ngg) 0690 0727 432 0756 lt RL lt RL 355 106 111 317 Fetus-1 (ngg) 257 175 128 193 154 469 115 396 147 946 Ratio-1 (mother to fetus) 027 042 034 039 308 027 076 034



There was a significant decrease (p lt 005) of PFNA and PFOS with increasing beluga length in the backward stepwise regression (Figure 6) However the relationship was weak with R2 for PFNA and PFOS equal to 018 and 0074 respectively Beluga length did not significantly influence concentrations of any other PFCs in this study A previous study has suggested that some PFCs decrease with length in bottlenose dolphins [38] while another study has reported an increase of PFCs with length in sea turtles [39] Furthermore there are numerous studies that have observed no significant trends between PFC concentrations and length [4038] These conflicting results call to the importance of studying species-specific accumulation of PFCs and this emphasizes that length-analyte relationships are complicated

21

Figure 6 Linear regression between length and log concentration of PFCs (PFNA and PFOS) in livers of belugas from Alaska R2 for PFNA = 018 and PFOS = 0074 Data presented as the predicted concentrations of PFNA and PFOS based on the regression model taking into account significant factors such as beluga population year and sex For both regressions p lt 005

Mercury

Hg was detected in all beluga liver samples analyzed (Appendix A Table A8) with concentrations ranging from 337 ngg to 158000 ngg wet mass The levels of Hg in belugas from the Eastern Chukchi Sea were significantly higher (p lt 005) when compared to the total concentrations in belugas from Cook Inlet (Table 12) There was no significant increase or decrease in Hg concentrations observed from 1989 to 2006 and males and females had similar concentrations (p gt 005) A significant (p lt 005) length-Hg concentration relationship was observed in the Alaskan whales with an increase in length being associated with an increase in Hg (Figure 7)

22

Table 12 Mass fraction of Hg (ngg wet mass) in beluga liver samples


Geometric n gt RL Geometric n gt RL Geometric n gt RL Geometric n gt RL Range Range Range Range

mean (n=11) mean (n=16) mean (n=25) mean (n=16) Mercury 287‐337 699 11 0406‐667 203 16 0745‐158 158 25 0337‐919 635 16

The asterisks indicates there are significant differences between the beluga stock of the log-transformed concentrations (p lt 005)

Figure 7 Linear regression between length and log concentration of Hg in livers of belugas from Alaska R2 for Hg = 041 Data presented as the predicted concentrations of Hg based on the regression model taking into account significant factors such as beluga population year and sex For regression p lt 005

23

SUMMARY

In summary this study showed that the Cook Inlet animals compared with eastern Chukchi Sea belugas have different concentrations and patterns of legacy POPs emerging POPs and mercury Differences suggest different sources or transport pathways of these compounds which can be related to the geographic differences in long-range atmospheric transport of contaminants oceanic transport local releases andor feeding habits Besides the geographical differences concentration differences were related to year sex andor length Although no annual increase or decrease was seen for the legacy POPs and mercury there was an annual increase in the concentrations of the emerging POPs ƩPBDEs and PFCs in the beluga samples The toxicological implications of the concentrations measured in the blubber and hepatic tissue of beluga whales are unknown but their potential impact on beluga whale health and human health should be considered

24

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34 Kemper RA Jepson GW (2003) Pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats Toxicologist 72 (1-S)148 35 Apelberg BJ Witter FR Herbstman JB Calafat AM Halden RU Needham LL Goldman LR (2007) Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth Environ Health Perspect 115 (11)1670-1676 36 Fenton SE Reiner JL Nakayama SF Delinsky AD Stanko JP Hines EP White SS Lindstrom AB Strynar MJ Petropoulou SS (2009) Analysis of PFOA in dosed CD-1 mice Part 2 Disposition of PFOA in tissues and fluids from pregnant and lactating mice and their pups Reprod Toxicol 27 (3-4)365-372 37 Lau C Thibodeaux JR Hanson RG Rogers JM Grey BE Stanton ME Butenhoff JL Stevenson LA (2003) Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse II postnatal evaluation Toxicol Sci 74 (2)382-392 38 Houde M Wells RS Fair PA Bossart GD Hohn AA Rowles TK Sweeney JC Solomon KR Muir DCG (2005) Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in Free-Ranging Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean Environmental Science amp Technology 39 (17)6591-6598 39 Keller JM Kannan K Taniyasu S Yamashita N Day RD Arendt MD Segars AL Kucklick JR (2005) Perfluorinated Compounds in the Plasma of Loggerhead and Kemps Ridley Sea Turtles from the Southeastern Coast of the United States Environmental Science amp Technology 39 (23)9101-9108 40 Kannan K Koistinen J Beckmen K Evans T Gorzelany JF Hansen KJ Jones PD Helle E Nyman M Giesy JP (2001) Accumulation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Marine Mammals Environmental Science amp Technology 35 (8)1593-1598

27

APPENDIX A Organohalogen Contaminants Beluga Whale Blubber

28

Table A1 Mass fraction of PCBs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification PCB_8 PCB_18 PCB_29 PCB_50 PCB_28+31 PCB_45 PCB_52 PCB_49 PCB_104 PCB_44 PCB_63

Numbers

MM3B071 417 478 ltRL nm 134 27 102 362 nm 240 20 MM3B074 350 463 ltRL nm 319 79 201 722 nm 636 22 MM4B127 ltRL 659 ltRL 0348 58 63 266 544 ltRL 496 19 MM4B130 ltRL 500 ltRL 0385 77 69 296 783 ltRL 591 25 MM4B133 349 432 ltRL nm 70 65 270 510 nm 572 22 MM4B136 ltRL 597 ltRL 0323 149 58 220 716 ltRL 454 19 MM4B139 340 429 ltRL nm 176 69 267 963 nm 630 30 MM4B142 ltRL 813 ltRL 0450 125 91 299 101 ltRL 733 27 MM4B145 ltRL 788 ltRL 0354 200 79 281 940 ltRL 707 21 MM4B148 403 448 ltRL nm 171 35 924 277 nm 277 09 MM4B151 ltRL 548 ltRL 0403 93 66 301 683 ltRL 524 23 MM4B154 501 458 ltRL nm 77 04 166 57 nm 53 04 MM6B218 ltRL ltRL 65 nm 110 16 592 218 nm 205 ltRL MM9B328 ltRL ltRL 16 nm 66 27 102 280 nm 312 ltRL MM9B329 ltRL ltRL 46 nm 127 11 410 156 nm 119 ltRL MM9B330 ltRL ltRL 27 nm 81 ltRL 151 54 nm 54 ltRL MM10B332 366 ltRL 84 nm 122 23 728 272 nm 234 16 MM10B335 253 111 ltRL 0191 257 50 153 595 ltRL 516 20 MM10B338 522 344 84 nm 145 27 938 317 nm 299 ltRL MM10B341 877 ltRL 73 nm 78 ltRL 96 40 nm 38 ltRL MM10B344 516 ltRL 57 nm 141 17 547 201 nm 191 ltRL MM10B347 ltRL ltRL 17 nm 106 14 423 156 nm 153 ltRL MM10B370 ltRL 744 ltRL 0089 139 34 129 478 ltRL 364 10 MM10B373 ltRL 598 ltRL ltRL 112 25 727 272 ltRL 238 11 MM10B376 ltRL 492 ltRL ltRL 96 20 642 235 ltRL 205 09 MM10B388 ltRL 558 ltRL 0094 113 27 936 359 ltRL 264 09 MM11B418 626 ltRL 02 nm 112 09 261 94 nm 101 ltRL MM11B469 511 ltRL 04 nm 61 ltRL 96 34 nm 38 ltRL MM11B465 633 ltRL ltRL nm 58 06 196 73 nm 74 ltRL MM11B479 ltRL ltRL 19 nm 41 ltRL 71 27 nm 29 ltRL MM11B483 ltRL 510 ltRL 0118 147 27 854 330 ltRL 255 13 MM11B486 ltRL 296 ltRL 0109 123 31 994 377 ltRL 314 10 MM11B490 ltRL 359 ltRL 0000 83 17 573 217 ltRL 167 06 MM13B680 ltRL ltRL 75 nm 157 16 581 220 nm 185 ltRL MM13B683 ltRL ltRL 20 nm 132 13 478 178 nm 165 ltRL MM11B438 ltRL 650 ltRL nm 81 33 213 562 nm 338 385 MM11B442 ltRL 431 ltRL nm 85 08 559 188 nm 118 96 MM11B446 ltRL 471 ltRL nm 97 05 223 71 nm 65 40 MM11B422 ltRL 593 ltRL 0394 84 82 294 100 ltRL 702 26 MM11B426 ltRL 423 ltRL 0523 67 87 369 109 ltRL 754 38 MM11B430 ltRL 731 ltRL 0384 66 81 294 942 ltRL 722 26 MM11B434 ltRL 373 ltRL 0446 66 60 322 855 ltRL 528 29 MM11B450 205 500 ltRL nm 65 04 179 55 nm 54 28 MM11B457 220 534 ltRL nm 114 10 397 128 nm 106 66 MM11B461 260 540 ltRL nm 44 ltRL 209 58 nm 48 37 MM13B688 546 ltRL 54 nm 46 ltRL 82 30 nm 31 ltRL MM13B691 ltRL ltRL 22 nm 198 57 209 773 nm 613 ltRL MM13B703 540 ltRL 05 nm 124 31 126 380 nm 342 ltRL MM13B716 196 100 ltRL 0476 78 80 285 800 ltRL 440 24 MM13B719 ltRL 840 ltRL 0712 71 101 417 109 ltRL 731 37 MM13B722 ltRL 124 ltRL 0572 110 104 362 117 ltRL 833 32

MM15B111C ltRL 359 ltRL 0294 72 44 235 549 ltRL 395 20 MM15B057C ltRL 423 ltRL 0444 46 61 335 727 ltRL 554 28 MM15B060C 233 513 ltRL nm 73 18 116 366 nm 247 219 MM15B114C ltRL 430 ltRL 0274 82 48 212 709 ltRL 459 22 MM15B063C ltRL 348 ltRL 0440 43 65 416 661 ltRL 551 35 MM15B066C ltRL 316 ltRL 0220 54 40 187 568 ltRL 350 19 MM15B117C 230 507 ltRL nm 57 22 113 249 nm 201 183 MM15B069C 277 549 ltRL nm 74 ltRL 182 60 nm 54 30 MM15B072C ltRL 285 ltRL 0199 108 39 161 558 ltRL 344 17 MM15B075C 260 516 ltRL nm 78 22 146 367 nm 280 253 MM15B119C 446 286 ltRL 0170 81 31 121 347 ltRL 255 11 MM15B121C 269 566 ltRL nm 217 46 190 526 nm 482 281 MM16B234C 169 419 ltRL 0267 165 34 234 822 ltRL 472 25 MM16B239C 320 838 16 nm 402 31 244 133 nm 561 340 MM16B242C 291 373 ltRL 0128 154 19 162 571 ltRL 335 17 MM17B316C ltRL ltRL 11 nm 110 10 433 161 nm 122 ltRL MM17B319C 555 ltRL 26 nm 130 09 281 100 nm 103 ltRL MM18B349C 203 427 ltRL nm 101 15 770 313 nm 220 76 MM18B415C ltRL 296 13 nm 113 29 120 445 nm 342 ltRL MM19B471C ltRL ltRL ltRL nm 84 04 106 38 nm 42 ltRL MM19B468C 539 ltRL ltRL nm 63 ltRL 105 38 nm 35 ltRL MM21B713C ltRL ltRL 46 nm 164 24 858 326 nm 275 ltRL

ltRL samples are less than the reporting limit nm compound was not measured

29

Table A1 (cont) Mass fraction of PCBs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification PCB_74 PCB_70 PCB_95+121 PCB_66 PCB_56 PCB_92 PCB_101 PCB_99 PCB_79 PCB_119+112 PCB_87

Numbers MM3B071 218 142 799 90 37 434 1411 901 11 34 435 MM3B074 504 281 117 239 80 930 3422 1972 15 82 1079 MM4B127 477 82 165 230 68 666 2709 2184 ltRL 78 749 MM4B130 544 130 182 125 81 868 4756 3318 04 104 1161 MM4B133 604 105 150 298 117 1269 3372 2850 22 111 907 MM4B136 417 136 155 240 80 664 2588 1708 ltRL 63 824 MM4B139 418 202 151 163 86 1335 4422 2733 22 113 1396 MM4B142 502 162 209 205 61 970 4040 2789 04 109 1395 MM4B145 710 205 185 508 125 840 3537 2405 ltRL 93 1177 MM4B148 235 133 525 210 80 436 1472 999 04 40 523 MM4B151 601 94 198 340 106 1004 3434 2784 04 103 1011 MM4B154 68 69 132 66 21 92 306 231 05 04 95 MM6B218 121 103 426 101 23 171 843 447 ltRL 87 304 MM9B328 230 44 715 180 32 289 1147 727 ltRL 85 391 MM9B329 99 96 288 91 35 134 617 393 ltRL 78 235 MM9B330 39 62 114 47 26 48 207 136 ltRL 68 81 MM10B332 166 72 529 154 32 214 952 545 ltRL 87 356 MM10B335 348 290 136 250 54 470 2239 1260 ltRL 45 813 MM10B338 191 135 657 171 42 288 1249 741 ltRL 91 454 MM10B341 40 41 65 30 16 27 115 79 ltRL 57 45 MM10B344 122 110 377 114 30 156 733 397 ltRL 78 270 MM10B347 97 99 312 95 26 110 538 278 ltRL 74 202 MM10B370 252 191 121 156 56 481 2275 1207 ltRL 43 747 MM10B373 144 127 680 106 22 243 1171 599 ltRL 21 388 MM10B376 133 107 523 94 23 191 926 481 ltRL 18 312 MM10B388 196 132 830 122 27 312 1516 836 01 30 530 MM11B418 64 95 186 81 32 66 322 189 ltRL 63 123 MM11B469 26 46 69 34 19 29 124 80 ltRL 56 49 MM11B465 46 50 156 51 14 63 285 170 ltRL 60 107 MM11B479 21 37 53 25 12 21 93 57 ltRL 59 33 MM11B483 187 160 802 135 39 280 1392 729 ltRL 26 488 MM11B486 197 154 929 130 32 322 1598 823 ltRL 30 556 MM11B490 89 96 513 53 20 173 874 441 ltRL 16 297 MM13B680 123 142 431 117 38 185 795 479 ltRL 75 320 MM13B683 99 131 341 96 27 126 622 316 ltRL 65 237 MM11B438 ltRL 369 300 998 ltRL 583 2672 1968 14 47 819 MM11B442 05 118 71 277 04 180 770 627 07 33 290 MM11B446 ltRL 60 61 107 20 70 270 238 ltRL 12 108 MM11B422 333 135 202 128 52 998 4115 2876 04 119 1427 MM11B426 636 139 234 279 82 1139 5477 4005 05 143 1715 MM11B430 386 124 184 146 53 862 4005 2974 04 111 1302 MM11B434 600 118 193 314 87 1120 4305 3357 04 114 1202 MM11B450 ltRL 45 50 82 13 55 217 193 ltRL 12 86 MM11B457 ltRL 109 65 181 32 124 469 416 04 27 181 MM11B461 ltRL 49 24 116 10 79 294 263 ltRL 13 101 MM13B688 23 33 63 27 12 29 122 86 ltRL 48 46 MM13B691 379 185 155 272 38 635 3092 1669 03 132 1106 MM13B703 284 107 881 246 54 388 1707 1040 ltRL 94 559 MM13B716 466 88 206 295 70 914 3339 2511 03 98 1069 MM13B719 755 127 288 385 113 1293 4843 3807 04 139 1630 MM13B722 557 157 234 224 73 1033 5151 3535 04 114 1452

MM15B111C 384 106 142 209 62 787 3239 2286 03 80 820 MM15B057C 502 99 228 235 70 1255 4361 3675 04 133 1272 MM15B060C ltRL 190 51 531 13 325 1430 1032 ltRL 62 480 MM15B114C 315 116 142 132 47 754 3240 2275 03 91 1055 MM15B063C 527 124 254 200 77 1512 4696 4633 06 155 1276 MM15B066C 203 85 118 83 37 621 2648 1922 02 69 808 MM15B117C ltRL 237 46 500 27 362 1348 1165 09 72 407 MM15B069C ltRL 41 64 96 83 266 223 175 ltRL 06 82 MM15B072C 288 114 115 149 44 544 2422 1609 02 62 791 MM15B075C ltRL 268 69 646 26 412 1623 1317 09 79 515 MM15B119C 252 85 705 153 49 345 1443 1111 ltRL 41 448 MM15B121C ltRL 413 160 776 57 427 1861 1366 10 82 637 MM16B234C 596 150 151 306 84 660 3321 2318 ltRL 81 1007 MM16B239C 16 605 397 1102 78 904 4480 1887 10 1730 897 MM16B242C 440 170 105 251 78 489 2268 1760 ltRL 59 693 MM17B316C 101 88 304 86 31 142 641 371 ltRL 50 223 MM17B319C 66 97 207 72 30 80 346 206 ltRL 60 131 MM18B349C ltRL 205 130 461 04 247 1253 787 03 20 438 MM18B415C 250 93 860 167 27 387 1790 963 ltRL 99 651 MM19B471C 27 49 76 33 18 28 133 83 ltRL 48 52 MM19B468C 26 37 83 31 20 43 171 121 ltRL 53 68 MM21B713C 192 154 615 161 33 254 1200 686 ltRL 82 456


30


NIST Identification PCB_110 PCB_154 PCB_82 PCB_151 PCB_107 PCB_149 PCB_106 PCB_118 PCB_114 PCB_165 PCB_188

Numbers

MM3B071 505 29 68 519 102 1009 98 692 21 232 02 MM3B074 1512 46 140 814 131 1506 1090 1156 32 258 02 MM4B127 440 61 74 1139 67 2352 ltRL 2040 40 ltRL 06 MM4B130 867 82 120 2201 97 3304 ltRL 2493 56 09 09 MM4B133 494 77 101 1313 93 2618 2154 2252 06 555 05 MM4B136 671 47 68 914 65 1889 ltRL 1492 32 04 04 MM4B139 1769 76 171 1371 159 2704 1998 2088 55 587 06 MM4B142 1753 78 146 1431 134 2737 ltRL 2578 65 09 08 MM4B145 1340 68 123 1279 110 2539 ltRL 2434 61 08 07 MM4B148 585 30 70 551 68 1052 802 834 05 220 03 MM4B151 575 84 85 1517 94 2914 ltRL 2524 50 09 09 MM4B154 106 08 ltRL 142 20 260 180 183 07 79 ltRL MM6B218 369 15 29 257 47 633 462 483 10 06 ltRL MM9B328 271 22 51 386 47 1001 02 816 17 ltRL ltRL MM9B329 277 14 37 229 53 487 396 415 12 17 ltRL MM9B330 89 06 22 98 20 203 ltRL 129 ltRL 06 ltRL

MM10B332 464 20 58 353 87 784 ltRL 573 15 22 03 MM10B335 1010 32 99 648 120 1498 ltRL 1290 37 03 02 MM10B338 446 23 74 414 57 963 ltRL 743 18 28 03 MM10B341 50 ltRL ltRL 43 11 104 ltRL 78 ltRL 05 ltRL MM10B344 341 14 28 241 59 547 402 420 10 ltRL ltRL MM10B347 288 07 25 151 40 363 ltRL 315 07 03 ltRL MM10B370 862 36 82 721 92 1725 ltRL 1181 34 02 03 MM10B373 478 14 43 338 67 822 ltRL 577 16 ltRL ltRL MM10B376 400 09 39 256 48 636 ltRL 470 13 ltRL ltRL MM10B388 576 22 56 463 72 1095 ltRL 840 24 02 ltRL MM11B418 161 06 24 107 31 238 ltRL 189 04 09 ltRL MM11B469 58 ltRL ltRL 52 12 118 ltRL 89 03 05 ltRL MM11B465 121 08 ltRL 122 26 260 ltRL 174 07 ltRL 07 MM11B479 46 07 ltRL 33 09 81 ltRL 67 ltRL 19 ltRL MM11B483 587 17 51 389 82 976 ltRL 728 22 ltRL ltRL MM11B486 663 20 65 458 78 1138 ltRL 795 24 ltRL ltRL MM11B490 373 06 31 211 34 531 ltRL 396 12 ltRL ltRL MM13B680 363 18 37 280 65 651 ltRL 482 13 ltRL 03 MM13B683 317 07 27 155 41 387 ltRL 342 08 ltRL ltRL MM11B438 506 56 41 1076 06 2283 1851 1738 21 03 06 MM11B442 318 21 28 362 55 707 628 598 09 202 ltRL MM11B446 124 08 16 132 27 248 262 248 05 ltRL ltRL MM11B422 1813 86 154 1490 160 2840 ltRL 2594 73 10 08 MM11B426 1388 121 166 2010 150 3955 ltRL 3707 89 13 13 MM11B430 1507 85 137 1440 118 2828 ltRL 2661 66 09 08 MM11B434 870 99 108 1605 112 3239 ltRL 3074 64 10 10 MM11B450 101 08 10 110 22 203 219 206 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM11B457 201 15 24 220 32 407 ltRL 429 06 ltRL ltRL MM11B461 88 12 13 180 22 360 255 241 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM13B688 45 05 04 66 11 136 ltRL 85 ltRL 06 ltRL MM13B691 1293 53 123 890 172 2270 31 1760 51 ltRL 04 MM13B703 483 36 66 564 85 1385 ltRL 1123 30 07 03 MM13B716 853 70 102 1250 97 2529 ltRL 2385 50 ltRL 06 MM13B719 988 110 130 1802 119 3518 ltRL 3785 79 10 09 MM13B722 1614 80 165 1433 134 3251 ltRL 2827 74 08 07

MM15B111C 531 72 69 1190 78 2556 ltRL 2150 43 06 07 MM15B057C 626 125 95 1957 115 3678 ltRL 3398 64 12 14 MM15B060C 553 31 50 536 63 1134 ltRL 949 19 ltRL ltRL MM15B114C 1261 67 107 1116 116 2241 ltRL 2117 51 07 06 MM15B063C 461 150 85 2314 122 4554 ltRL 4098 72 14 15 MM15B066C 856 60 83 984 94 2012 ltRL 1685 42 05 06 MM15B117C 299 41 30 571 37 1170 1264 1203 10 03 04 MM15B069C 106 06 10 109 17 216 170 160 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM15B072C 926 47 76 824 94 1676 ltRL 1466 34 04 05 MM15B075C 355 40 43 668 09 1414 ltRL 1282 21 ltRL 04 MM15B119C 364 33 43 573 45 1178 ltRL 1125 25 02 03 MM15B121C 674 28 51 560 64 1218 ltRL 1431 21 ltRL ltRL MM16B234C 953 64 96 933 91 1889 ltRL 1959 52 05 06 MM16B239C 1472 1544 103 746 113 1464 ltRL 1668 27 ltRL 115 MM16B242C 757 48 62 711 68 1384 ltRL 1473 36 ltRL 04 MM17B316C 280 12 26 201 47 475 ltRL 373 09 15 ltRL MM17B319C 170 06 18 109 25 257 ltRL 216 06 ltRL ltRL MM18B349C 567 24 34 357 821 867 838 817 24 03 ltRL MM18B415C 767 29 117 534 103 1367 1009 1049 27 37 03 MM19B471C 68 ltRL 13 45 10 99 ltRL 83 02 ltRL ltRL MM19B468C 64 06 16 96 19 189 104 111 04 ltRL ltRL MM21B713C 584 22 56 360 98 873 724 754 20 15 02


31


NIST Identification PCB_146 PCB_153+132 PCB_105 PCB_127 PCB_137 PCB_176 PCB_130 PCB_163 PCB_138 PCB_158 PCB_178

Numbers

MM3B071 293 2412 168 ltRL 68 18 51 351 1334 112 115 MM3B074 321 2834 52 277 192 17 57 424 1537 157 110 MM4B127 649 5932 538 ltRL 175 31 120 619 3334 189 240 MM4B130 890 7939 710 ltRL 231 40 167 1139 5198 251 337 MM4B133 700 6082 100 598 133 32 123 726 3328 265 248 MM4B136 528 4396 404 ltRL 126 25 96 499 2466 141 180 MM4B139 737 5892 94 532 375 34 130 839 3269 220 254 MM4B142 787 7230 693 ltRL 216 37 148 878 4216 259 303 MM4B145 719 6391 689 ltRL 192 35 134 744 3715 228 268 MM4B148 274 2258 49 249 123 14 51 283 1315 107 103 MM4B151 855 7635 708 ltRL 230 40 157 739 4413 246 333 MM4B154 99 787 ltRL 53 40 05 14 95 455 43 60 MM6B218 179 1378 120 ltRL 40 ltRL 46 193 687 67 56 MM9B328 272 2150 214 04 57 25 70 291 1021 51 80 MM9B329 166 1330 106 ltRL 41 ltRL 37 167 646 48 58 MM9B330 70 491 37 ltRL 16 ltRL ltRL 66 248 14 27 MM10B332 227 1745 151 ltRL 47 24 58 265 847 68 70 MM10B335 444 3682 371 ltRL 109 33 108 457 2022 116 137 MM10B338 276 2144 191 181 60 27 66 293 1054 67 91 MM10B341 38 251 21 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 31 120 09 14 MM10B344 162 1219 112 105 33 ltRL 38 174 587 35 52 MM10B347 88 705 82 ltRL 18 ltRL 21 111 346 23 19 MM10B370 521 4061 307 ltRL 113 42 130 488 2159 97 172 MM10B373 226 1774 150 ltRL 50 18 56 235 931 45 65 MM10B376 170 1391 127 ltRL 38 14 44 184 718 39 50 MM10B388 333 2713 236 ltRL 79 25 85 333 1519 79 104 MM11B418 67 523 55 ltRL 17 ltRL 17 75 251 12 20 MM11B469 40 287 23 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 37 141 05 17 MM11B465 85 623 48 ltRL 16 ltRL 22 85 299 20 31 MM11B479 23 172 18 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 23 88 ltRL 06 MM11B483 266 2111 207 ltRL 61 22 69 285 1160 52 79 MM11B486 299 2361 220 ltRL 66 26 79 311 1247 59 89 MM11B490 124 1027 102 ltRL 29 09 35 138 559 27 29 MM13B680 191 1372 128 ltRL 40 20 47 196 681 32 57 MM13B683 91 717 87 ltRL 19 ltRL 24 111 357 26 21 MM11B438 648 5850 452 ltRL 159 34 105 771 3510 1007 ltRL MM11B442 264 2053 181 181 52 12 36 945 1292 382 ltRL MM11B446 96 788 82 ltRL 21 06 17 101 511 169 ltRL MM11B422 919 7726 713 ltRL 247 38 175 1018 4891 287 343 MM11B426 1262 11175 1055 ltRL 343 53 239 1288 7068 312 492 MM11B430 893 8050 712 ltRL 247 37 168 955 5131 290 333 MM11B434 1098 9406 850 ltRL 286 44 203 1059 5747 247 395 MM11B450 87 673 67 ltRL 17 06 12 86 436 150 ltRL MM11B457 146 1240 138 ltRL 33 08 27 166 825 260 ltRL MM11B461 129 1106 71 ltRL 23 08 18 134 644 210 ltRL MM13B688 52 360 21 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 43 166 13 23 MM13B691 603 4750 446 ltRL 133 52 154 674 2414 131 167 MM13B703 400 3110 286 ltRL 87 33 95 407 1524 114 111 MM13B716 737 6025 723 ltRL 189 36 140 768 3766 234 240 MM13B719 1176 9782 1141 ltRL 304 50 224 1172 6114 397 376 MM13B722 912 8081 820 ltRL 234 43 175 980 5143 263 278

MM15B111C 799 7075 569 ltRL 204 32 150 816 4143 215 277 MM15B057C 1291 11113 904 ltRL 340 55 233 1262 6743 386 533 MM15B060C 340 2972 252 ltRL 85 17 55 402 1777 522 ltRL MM15B114C 729 6350 557 ltRL 190 30 133 791 3738 213 268 MM15B063C 1551 14416 1031 ltRL 422 59 282 1531 9041 461 608 MM15B066C 664 5768 415 ltRL 172 28 119 702 3400 185 246 MM15B117C 375 3533 320 ltRL 103 17 48 438 2182 634 ltRL MM15B069C ltRL 610 51 ltRL 15 ltRL 12 83 361 132 ltRL MM15B072C 517 4313 397 ltRL 125 23 92 547 2497 148 184 MM15B075C 445 3874 342 ltRL 116 19 68 508 2374 687 ltRL MM15B119C 405 3356 311 ltRL 103 16 74 408 2024 113 134 MM15B121C 301 2948 417 ltRL 88 13 55 431 1862 549 ltRL MM16B234C 611 5872 534 ltRL 146 32 108 570 2964 150 186 MM16B239C 353 4029 459 06 94 18 52 495 2138 626 ltRL MM16B242C 476 4399 401 ltRL 111 25 82 424 2251 118 144 MM17B316C 140 1079 98 ltRL 29 ltRL 32 157 532 29 40 MM17B319C 63 499 54 ltRL 15 ltRL ltRL 76 262 14 13 MM18B349C 285 2153 241 ltRL 40 ltRL 445 324 1195 351 ltRL MM18B415C 367 2841 269 ltRL 78 34 92 410 1383 78 102 MM19B471C 27 200 22 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 29 102 06 05 MM19B468C 69 464 31 ltRL 14 ltRL ltRL 63 217 21 27 MM21B713C 235 1828 193 ltRL 55 21 58 265 923 52 62


32



Numbers

MM3B071 ltRL ltRL 613 ltRL 225 176 27 23 166 83 47 MM3B074 ltRL ltRL 597 11 223 216 47 25 188 85 45 MM4B127 35 12 1128 ltRL 423 445 93 41 305 125 90 MM4B130 50 16 1610 ltRL 604 597 134 58 417 171 129 MM4B133 32 30 1219 ltRL 462 484 99 41 345 128 99 MM4B136 28 08 881 ltRL 314 321 69 33 233 100 61 MM4B139 36 ltRL 1315 ltRL 483 488 111 46 372 143 101 MM4B142 43 16 1387 ltRL 529 564 127 54 371 147 118 MM4B145 39 13 1260 ltRL 472 500 112 48 332 137 101 MM4B148 ltRL ltRL 586 ltRL 238 205 50 19 154 70 56 MM4B151 46 16 1555 ltRL 583 586 115 55 400 162 130 MM4B154 ltRL ltRL 358 ltRL 141 56 09 09 51 31 46 MM6B218 09 ltRL 289 ltRL 108 93 23 11 95 72 17 MM9B328 12 15 438 ltRL 162 148 32 15 152 108 29 MM9B329 09 06 298 05 148 94 24 10 86 69 23 MM9B330 ltRL ltRL 164 ltRL 66 33 06 ltRL 40 34 13

MM10B332 12 12 354 ltRL 135 121 27 15 129 96 18 MM10B335 23 06 681 ltRL 327 284 64 29 211 162 37 MM10B338 15 17 477 ltRL 188 157 30 15 150 112 30 MM10B341 94 ltRL 89 ltRL 33 18 03 ltRL 18 18 10 MM10B344 288 09 277 08 108 84 19 11 87 67 17 MM10B347 ltRL ltRL 99 ltRL 38 54 08 ltRL 40 27 ltRL MM10B370 26 07 912 ltRL 354 271 72 35 270 224 53 MM10B373 11 03 349 ltRL 128 126 29 15 115 88 18 MM10B376 08 ltRL 266 ltRL 96 98 21 11 88 66 14 MM10B388 16 05 540 ltRL 240 199 45 22 159 130 31 MM11B418 ltRL ltRL 123 ltRL 48 37 06 08 33 28 10 MM11B469 ltRL ltRL 91 ltRL 35 20 03 ltRL 20 20 10 MM11B465 204 08 196 ltRL 74 44 09 ltRL 48 44 16 MM11B479 ltRL ltRL 40 ltRL 13 12 03 ltRL 08 08 ltRL MM11B483 13 04 427 ltRL 154 156 36 17 134 107 23 MM11B486 14 04 489 ltRL 175 171 38 20 157 122 27 MM11B490 05 ltRL 146 ltRL 52 78 15 05 56 40 06 MM13B680 08 05 316 ltRL 112 104 21 12 92 79 21 MM13B683 ltRL ltRL 92 ltRL 34 56 10 ltRL 39 25 ltRL MM11B438 31 08 1234 ltRL 1177 430 82 621 310 313 ltRL MM11B442 10 ltRL 490 ltRL 161 164 40 253 111 51 38 MM11B446 ltRL ltRL 247 ltRL 80 ltRL 14 135 45 21 29 MM11B422 48 16 1606 ltRL 596 676 149 57 400 164 128 MM11B426 70 25 2298 ltRL 866 914 204 80 566 230 203 MM11B430 46 17 1533 ltRL 582 665 149 54 379 159 125 MM11B434 59 20 1874 ltRL 705 731 164 60 454 194 150 MM11B450 ltRL ltRL 228 ltRL 71 ltRL 12 123 39 19 28 MM11B457 09 ltRL 320 ltRL 101 ltRL 21 173 61 28 33 MM11B461 10 ltRL 320 ltRL 106 ltRL 18 173 68 31 31 MM13B688 05 ltRL 139 ltRL 48 24 05 07 35 30 14 MM13B691 25 09 914 04 324 346 71 34 304 218 58 MM13B703 24 07 594 ltRL 217 218 47 20 180 142 39 MM13B716 36 14 1169 ltRL 436 523 95 43 303 140 81 MM13B719 55 21 1836 ltRL 692 854 177 61 451 231 127 MM13B722 42 17 1379 ltRL 516 658 148 53 371 169 90

MM15B111C 40 12 1326 ltRL 487 531 113 41 334 143 98 MM15B057C 78 22 2482 ltRL 942 861 188 76 595 241 233 MM15B060C 14 ltRL 582 ltRL 190 217 45 291 143 64 41 MM15B114C 40 13 1254 ltRL 466 501 124 41 307 131 103 MM15B063C 88 24 2806 ltRL 1073 1089 219 82 673 272 254 MM15B066C 35 12 1180 ltRL 437 442 106 39 282 122 98 MM15B117C 15 ltRL 674 ltRL 236 270 58 354 158 70 50 MM15B069C ltRL ltRL 180 ltRL 50 ltRL 11 98 41 19 16 MM15B072C 27 10 896 ltRL 322 327 78 30 218 95 69 MM15B075C 21 ltRL 774 ltRL 263 299 62 394 194 82 57 MM15B119C 20 07 639 ltRL 230 273 59 20 153 71 43 MM15B121C 11 ltRL 391 ltRL 121 254 53 196 118 45 19 MM16B234C 24 12 814 ltRL 329 393 67 30 193 137 58 MM16B239C 11 ltRL 466 61 ltRL 284 46 260 125 74 28 MM16B242C 19 09 636 ltRL 250 299 49 22 143 103 44 MM17B316C 05 ltRL 220 ltRL 79 74 15 07 69 51 14 MM17B319C ltRL ltRL 70 ltRL 26 37 06 ltRL 28 19 ltRL MM18B349C 07 ltRL 389 ltRL 104 171 34 166 101 89 23 MM18B415C 17 05 577 ltRL 207 201 46 23 207 140 33 MM19B471C 04 ltRL 35 ltRL 12 13 03 ltRL 09 08 ltRL MM19B468C 170 ltRL 163 ltRL 59 31 08 07 39 36 09 MM21B713C 09 ltRL 320 ltRL 117 140 30 11 103 79 18


33


NIST Identification PCB_156 PCB_201 PCB_157 PCB_172 PCB_197 PCB_180+193 PCB_191 PCB_200 PCB_170 PCB_199 PCB_203+196

Numbers

MM3B071 28 02 36 51 05 386 07 04 156 74 72 MM3B074 62 ltRL 29 42 04 348 07 02 148 70 70 MM4B127 134 29 40 82 13 972 15 05 426 174 157 MM4B130 207 41 58 126 19 1407 21 06 632 262 235 MM4B133 142 41 59 118 12 1008 15 04 458 189 178 MM4B136 102 21 30 60 09 682 11 04 293 118 102 MM4B139 206 41 78 127 12 1023 15 04 472 196 180 MM4B142 210 36 54 99 17 1170 17 06 509 214 195 MM4B145 182 32 49 92 14 1053 16 05 461 191 170 MM4B148 67 06 53 56 07 413 08 04 163 78 74 MM4B151 162 41 47 109 18 1286 18 06 565 243 218 MM4B154 ltRL ltRL 24 36 05 265 04 ltRL 114 86 91 MM6B218 35 ltRL 07 28 ltRL 310 04 ltRL 124 44 40 MM9B328 43 14 11 37 ltRL 470 05 ltRL 187 76 71 MM9B329 40 ltRL 08 33 ltRL 417 08 ltRL 164 55 81 MM9B330 14 ltRL ltRL 17 ltRL 164 156 ltRL 72 43 45

MM10B332 48 ltRL 14 32 ltRL 368 06 ltRL 169 45 44 MM10B335 120 16 28 72 07 937 15 06 393 109 135 MM10B338 52 16 12 41 ltRL 524 05 ltRL 227 84 93 MM10B341 08 ltRL ltRL 11 ltRL 93 ltRL ltRL 38 23 23 MM10B344 33 ltRL 07 28 ltRL 297 06 ltRL 125 55 53 MM10B347 17 ltRL ltRL 11 ltRL 97 ltRL ltRL 42 ltRL 09 MM10B370 111 20 29 86 09 1043 15 09 413 152 149 MM10B373 48 08 14 31 03 341 05 04 135 52 49 MM10B376 36 07 10 23 03 259 04 03 102 42 39 MM10B388 82 13 20 54 06 681 10 05 278 87 103 MM11B418 13 ltRL ltRL 13 ltRL 128 04 ltRL 56 27 31 MM11B469 08 ltRL ltRL 10 ltRL 97 ltRL ltRL 43 20 22 MM11B465 16 ltRL ltRL 20 ltRL 206 06 ltRL 83 47 53 MM11B479 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 37 ltRL ltRL 11 ltRL 23 MM11B483 60 10 16 37 04 418 05 04 170 64 60 MM11B486 62 11 16 41 04 461 07 05 180 73 65 MM11B490 24 04 08 11 ltRL 129 02 ltRL 51 17 15 MM13B680 35 15 10 28 ltRL 297 06 ltRL 124 52 48 MM13B683 15 ltRL ltRL 08 ltRL 78 ltRL ltRL 33 ltRL ltRL MM11B438 121 62 47 86 16 1039 11 07 442 185 158 MM11B442 81 26 23 44 08 424 05 04 196 73 63 MM11B446 ltRL 23 09 27 08 220 04 ltRL 98 61 64 MM11B422 265 39 68 124 18 1386 20 05 633 247 218 MM11B426 332 63 88 181 30 2026 29 08 924 395 354 MM11B430 255 38 68 120 18 1378 20 06 623 240 215 MM11B434 233 47 70 147 22 1712 27 07 759 301 273 MM11B450 ltRL 24 07 23 08 207 03 ltRL 86 58 58 MM11B457 ltRL 27 14 36 09 276 04 ltRL 127 65 64 MM11B461 ltRL ltRL 10 33 08 281 04 ltRL 113 62 56 MM13B688 07 ltRL ltRL 17 ltRL 144 ltRL ltRL 59 34 40 MM13B691 114 30 31 72 10 877 09 09 360 147 125 MM13B703 68 19 19 49 ltRL 590 06 ltRL 241 88 84 MM13B716 188 27 52 84 11 989 15 05 460 159 146 MM13B719 267 40 79 141 18 1695 25 07 793 252 238 MM13B722 262 31 73 109 14 1259 19 06 581 190 177

MM15B111C 157 31 49 100 14 1186 18 04 517 197 174 MM15B057C 236 70 73 187 35 2262 32 08 977 452 406 MM15B060C 89 29 27 49 09 479 05 ltRL 204 79 67 MM15B114C 191 31 53 96 15 1128 17 04 485 196 177 MM15B063C 273 75 91 212 37 2661 38 09 1148 497 448 MM15B066C 173 31 49 92 15 1053 15 05 458 194 171 MM15B117C 91 34 31 69 10 639 07 03 266 99 85 MM15B069C ltRL ltRL 05 18 06 146 03 ltRL 61 33 31 MM15B072C 123 22 33 64 10 719 10 03 310 126 109 MM15B075C 99 38 33 60 12 682 06 04 294 114 97 MM15B119C 90 15 29 50 07 566 09 02 259 88 76 MM15B121C 87 ltRL 31 36 05 315 05 ltRL 154 38 31 MM16B234C 135 19 35 55 09 692 12 05 294 93 108 MM16B239C 95 ltRL 25 35 06 356 07 06 158 42 50 MM16B242C 91 15 26 41 07 512 08 04 218 71 79 MM17B316C 25 ltRL 06 19 ltRL 218 03 ltRL 92 36 33 MM17B319C 10 ltRL ltRL 07 ltRL 62 ltRL ltRL 26 ltRL ltRL MM18B349C 58 18 20 23 05 254 02 05 113 44 37 MM18B415C 67 17 16 48 ltRL 559 05 05 227 91 83 MM19B471C ltRL ltRL ltRL 06 ltRL 29 ltRL ltRL 13 ltRL 06 MM19B468C 13 ltRL ltRL 18 ltRL 155 03 ltRL 67 33 35 MM21B713C 45 ltRL 13 27 ltRL 303 04 ltRL 125 44 43


34


NIST Identification Numbers

PCB_189 PCB_208 PCB_195 PCB_207 PCB_194 PCB_205 PCB_206 PCB_209

MM3B071 ltRL 04 21 ltRL 23 ltRL ltRL nm MM3B074 ltRL 04 19 ltRL 22 ltRL ltRL nm MM4B127 12 13 20 08 77 05 17 0469 MM4B130 17 20 30 13 121 07 31 113 MM4B133 10 12 35 ltRL 73 ltRL 15 nm MM4B136 08 07 14 04 50 03 06 ltRL MM4B139 ltRL 10 35 ltRL 75 ltRL ltRL nm MM4B142 13 16 24 10 91 05 21 0562 MM4B145 12 14 22 09 82 05 17 0365 MM4B148 ltRL 09 21 62 35 ltRL ltRL nm MM4B151 14 18 26 11 105 06 24 0639 MM4B154 ltRL 08 21 ltRL 34 ltRL ltRL nm MM6B218 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 39 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM9B328 ltRL ltRL 14 ltRL 48 ltRL 11 ltRL MM9B329 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 54 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM9B330 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 31 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM10B332 ltRL ltRL 370 ltRL 28 ltRL 35 ltRL MM10B335 11 06 24 03 98 04 08 ltRL MM10B338 03 ltRL 18 ltRL 65 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM10B341 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 20 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM10B344 ltRL ltRL 10 ltRL 42 33 ltRL ltRL MM10B347 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL MM10B370 12 09 23 06 110 04 13 0316 MM10B373 04 03 09 02 34 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM10B376 03 03 07 02 26 02 ltRL ltRL MM10B388 07 05 17 03 76 03 07 ltRL MM11B418 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 24 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM11B469 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 25 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM11B465 ltRL ltRL 07 ltRL 34 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM11B479 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 44 ltRL MM11B483 04 05 10 03 41 02 03 ltRL MM11B486 05 05 10 03 46 02 04 ltRL MM11B490 ltRL ltRL 04 ltRL 10 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM13B680 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 34 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM13B683 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 39 ltRL MM11B438 09 12 46 11 93 08 ltRL ltRL MM11B442 04 04 25 04 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM11B446 ltRL 07 26 07 ltRL 04 ltRL ltRL MM11B422 17 17 28 11 110 06 24 0649 MM11B426 24 32 42 20 176 09 48 189 MM11B430 17 18 28 11 112 06 24 0686 MM11B434 21 22 36 14 150 09 33 136 MM11B450 ltRL 07 25 06 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM11B457 03 08 30 09 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM11B461 ltRL ltRL 29 05 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM13B688 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 30 ltRL 12 ltRL MM13B691 09 ltRL 27 ltRL 92 07 23 219 MM13B703 05 ltRL 20 ltRL 60 ltRL 10 ltRL MM13B716 13 10 19 06 83 05 14 0312 MM13B719 22 16 32 10 143 08 25 0812 MM13B722 18 11 24 07 108 07 16 0542

MM15B111C 13 13 22 09 95 06 18 0666 MM15B057C 26 39 48 25 210 11 56 254 MM15B060C 04 ltRL 30 05 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL MM15B114C 13 14 23 09 94 05 19 0684 MM15B063C 29 40 53 25 239 12 60 286 MM15B066C 13 14 22 09 94 05 19 0756 MM15B117C 05 07 33 07 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM15B069C ltRL ltRL 24 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL MM15B072C 08 07 15 05 57 03 08 ltRL MM15B075C 06 06 34 07 ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM15B119C 08 06 12 03 43 03 05 ltRL MM15B121C ltRL ltRL 25 ltRL ltRL 04 ltRL ltRL MM16B234C 09 08 15 05 53 04 09 0304 MM16B239C ltRL ltRL 32 ltRL ltRL 05 ltRL ltRL MM16B242C 07 06 11 04 40 03 06 ltRL MM17B316C ltRL ltRL 15 ltRL 24 ltRL 06 ltRL MM17B319C ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 27 ltRL MM18B349C 03 ltRL ltRL 03 ltRL 03 ltRL ltRL MM18B415C ltRL ltRL 16 05 55 ltRL 13 ltRL MM19B471C ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 22 ltRL MM19B468C ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 23 ltRL 32 ltRL MM21B713C ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 31 ltRL 30 ltRL


35

Table A2 Mass fraction of DDTs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification 44-DDE 24-DDE 44-DDD 24-DDD 44_DDT 24_DDT

Numbers MM3B071 6488 247 3004 148 2419 891 MM3B074 7819 369 3823 319 2674 1301 MM4B127 21636 365 8864 365 4051 nm MM4B130 26931 376 12604 422 4751 nm MM4B133 19728 452 6201 380 6547 2184 MM4B136 13821 315 5435 284 3704 nm MM4B139 18384 452 5591 329 5939 2077 MM4B142 26113 518 10943 460 4874 nm MM4B145 22990 411 10501 480 4731 nm MM4B148 5737 138 3028 297 3688 937 MM4B151 27870 413 10121 370 5101 nm MM4B154 1348 40 627 82 1037 248 MM6B218 5912 217 1172 127 1029 1166 MM9B328 10865 373 1888 151 1964 2176 MM9B329 4284 126 942 92 839 747 MM9B330 1647 67 428 73 459 422 MM10B332 6482 240 1424 102 1176 1175 MM10B335 16239 579 6723 370 2535 nm MM10B338 9162 303 1999 179 1475 1749 MM10B341 885 38 273 47 220 192 MM10B344 4767 189 1118 129 940 956 MM10B347 3340 156 914 104 619 639 MM10B370 18327 485 5334 230 2565 nm MM10B373 7503 290 2984 162 1338 nm MM10B376 6459 241 2212 116 1069 nm MM10B388 11999 351 3902 153 1937 nm MM11B418 1980 105 562 71 427 413 MM11B469 1080 46 275 50 264 231 MM11B465 2147 90 470 78 471 526 MM11B479 786 36 193 38 179 154 MM11B483 10134 372 3623 173 1716 nm MM11B486 11790 405 3711 140 1819 nm MM11B490 5762 201 1850 105 787 nm MM13B680 6327 224 1260 119 1150 1255 MM13B683 4084 176 996 94 661 744 MM11B438 17547 255 2098 145 3796 2644 MM11B442 5129 95 1045 100 1803 1025 MM11B446 1581 ltRL 517 90 990 469 MM11B422 26477 417 11035 418 4727 nm MM11B426 39252 510 16055 441 4623 nm MM11B430 28167 468 11712 332 4722 nm MM11B434 28942 310 9784 278 4832 nm MM11B450 1297 ltRL 454 82 926 429 MM11B457 2795 ltRL 892 138 1704 897 MM11B461 2075 ltRL 409 65 832 572 MM13B688 1126 41 265 43 245 235 MM13B691 25462 760 3936 287 3442 4067 MM13B703 14711 399 2402 182 2145 2320 MM13B716 19527 400 8306 354 3668 nm MM13B719 29115 489 11705 494 5350 nm MM13B722 24562 522 11199 498 3673 nm

MM15B111C 21844 247 6763 234 2819 nm MM15B057C 34890 394 11624 352 5447 nm MM15B060C 7718 174 1009 74 1549 1317 MM15B114C 18955 281 5568 193 3467 nm MM15B063C 48037 445 14995 506 4299 nm MM15B066C 17912 254 4368 192 2410 nm MM15B117C 8224 141 1543 137 2254 1450 MM15B069C 1301 ltRL 310 56 471 334 MM15B072C 12089 224 3944 192 2563 nm MM15B075C 10804 191 1461 134 2420 1820 MM15B119C 9054 160 2970 174 2208 nm MM15B121C 8798 259 2068 285 2164 1674 MM16B234C 15080 153 2704 81 1230 nm MM16B239C 11748 8987 2491 121 930 545 MM16B242C 11746 90 2273 62 1038 nm MM17B316C 4301 137 903 65 560 564 MM17B319C 2783 106 570 90 329 407 MM18B349C 7436 319 1186 108 1417 1340 MM18B415C 15052 459 1924 118 2057 2518 MM19B471C 965 41 262 41 143 147 MM19B468C 1659 49 326 50 284 284 MM21B713C 9562 316 1643 135 1321 1477


36

Table A3 Mass fraction of chlordanes (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification oxychlordane trans-chlordane cis-chlordane trans-nonachlor cis-nonachlor

Numbers MM3B071 2238 46 225 5895 913 MM3B074 4021 33 183 8102 1259 MM4B127 6191 55 1885 11140 1312 MM4B130 6560 82 2358 13060 1868 MM4B133 5081 53 313 12359 2687 MM4B136 5275 52 1715 9932 1076 MM4B139 5393 48 279 12116 2552 MM4B142 7410 69 2436 13504 1716 MM4B145 6047 93 2370 13345 1847 MM4B148 1958 62 359 5854 1523 MM4B151 7303 52 2316 12791 1418 MM4B154 387 54 266 1885 596 MM6B218 802 24 100 1988 258 MM9B328 1083 22 84 2338 287 MM9B329 630 22 83 1650 209 MM9B330 284 22 81 771 131 MM10B332 1106 08 45 2462 316 MM10B335 1846 80 908 4798 591 MM10B338 1241 23 110 3282 391 MM10B341 188 21 74 474 95 MM10B344 742 26 114 2065 277 MM10B347 583 19 89 1454 221 MM10B370 1495 53 653 3789 373 MM10B373 998 52 493 2668 281 MM10B376 987 31 323 1948 183 MM10B388 1324 35 491 2875 269 MM11B418 420 16 64 926 140 MM11B469 159 19 69 403 73 MM11B465 293 26 96 933 153 MM11B479 123 16 58 244 51 MM11B483 1050 37 440 2496 259 MM11B486 1380 27 441 2638 245 MM11B490 776 34 297 1690 184 MM13B680 804 17 80 2007 208 MM13B683 630 10 54 1263 149 MM11B438 5381 26 124 10091 713 MM11B442 1388 33 145 4398 491 MM11B446 527 44 194 2072 438 MM11B422 6232 71 2452 14087 1919 MM11B426 9257 62 2712 15978 1827 MM11B430 7425 49 2162 13789 1498 MM11B434 7699 54 2504 14984 1502 MM11B450 405 46 207 1734 408 MM11B457 945 50 240 3432 707 MM11B461 545 29 125 2308 332 MM13B688 152 14 55 453 69 MM13B691 2002 27 152 5827 538 MM13B703 1592 22 108 3911 362 MM13B716 6356 58 2023 11316 1146 MM13B719 11480 83 3028 17041 1766 MM13B722 8602 90 2437 15652 1758

MM15B111C 5826 36 1732 10647 1126 MM15B057C 8375 38 2657 15158 1487 MM15B060C 2916 12 56 5126 342 MM15B114C 5743 26 1674 9921 970 MM15B063C 10626 73 3439 20414 2437 MM15B066C 4521 27 1428 9357 965 MM15B117C 2556 24 122 7228 931 MM15B069C 396 20 94 1363 208 MM15B072C 3998 35 1369 8189 945 MM15B075C 3397 24 121 7527 740 MM15B119C 3156 38 1072 6713 879 MM15B121C 4105 38 265 7208 896 MM16B234C 5945 23 1390 9446 622 MM16B239C 4575 51 162 7981 730 MM16B242C 4139 26 1078 6737 490 MM17B316C 758 13 45 1532 164 MM17B319C 399 19 87 843 159 MM18B349C ltRL 21 64 341 54 MM18B415C 1131 13 57 2794 238 MM19B471C 182 08 37 375 70 MM19B468C 215 14 55 658 92 MM21B713C 1015 17 88 2511 269

ltRL samples are less than the reporting limit

37

Table A4 Mass fraction of HCHs HCB pentachlorobenzene mirex heptachlor and heptachloro epoxide (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification a-HCH b-HCH g-HCH HCB pentachlorobenzene mirex heptachlor heptachlor epoxide

Numbers MM3B071 1471 nm 306 2277 nm 192 nm 170 MM3B074 1333 nm 816 9799 nm 159 nm 255 MM4B127 320 366 286 4430 283 415 ltRL 1084 MM4B130 525 558 264 4417 340 650 ltRL 1272 MM4B133 706 nm 468 9323 nm 375 nm 307 MM4B136 883 656 437 4708 389 302 ltRL 889 MM4B139 1063 nm 428 8400 nm 402 nm 246 MM4B142 623 310 376 4770 687 489 ltRL 1335 MM4B145 252 425 331 4672 580 431 ltRL 1054 MM4B148 1605 nm 436 4587 nm 170 nm 162 MM4B151 279 416 293 4641 248 536 ltRL 1342 MM4B154 572 nm 120 839 nm 162 nm 35 MM6B218 542 736 148 1603 51 83 28 73 MM9B328 578 711 167 2337 44 148 29 85 MM9B329 281 433 75 986 30 88 36 60 MM9B330 336 229 66 499 21 63 26 ltRL

MM10B332 306 920 188 2680 97 58 51 89 MM10B335 339 1025 231 3133 260 159 ltRL 326 MM10B338 386 1068 153 2209 47 118 74 113 MM10B341 301 156 43 462 23 42 44 ltRL MM10B344 321 615 99 1711 46 82 28 58 MM10B347 233 771 102 1376 58 15 22 62 MM10B370 318 1277 ltRL 2268 174 227 ltRL 352 MM10B373 312 753 ltRL 1840 152 95 ltRL 178 MM10B376 327 544 120 1906 123 86 ltRL 179 MM10B388 324 520 ltRL 1819 153 131 ltRL 222 MM11B418 298 419 93 1185 36 50 22 45 MM11B469 300 175 48 388 17 46 27 ltRL MM11B465 317 412 74 519 21 74 20 ltRL MM11B479 343 171 56 311 19 28 27 ltRL MM11B483 338 611 98 1809 117 125 ltRL 209 MM11B486 339 815 773 1973 573 137 ltRL 218 MM11B490 357 779 110 1620 95 44 ltRL 163 MM13B680 312 875 133 1478 46 107 19 78 MM13B683 329 1557 214 1533 82 16 21 45 MM11B438 1104 1589 227 4211 55 486 ltRL 522 MM11B442 595 417 109 937 85 202 ltRL 159 MM11B446 626 343 117 746 ltRL ltRL ltRL 65 MM11B422 114 412 198 4470 653 588 ltRL 1138 MM11B426 250 255 181 4472 500 852 ltRL 1651 MM11B430 164 436 201 4820 539 619 ltRL 1319 MM11B434 175 410 137 5757 304 885 ltRL 1341 MM11B450 347 323 111 595 08 ltRL ltRL 51 MM11B457 361 589 151 1280 24 ltRL ltRL 83 MM11B461 378 394 106 532 ltRL ltRL ltRL 61 MM13B688 248 187 48 376 18 74 25 ltRL MM13B691 284 1931 197 3681 86 299 25 166 MM13B703 454 1708 222 2728 62 209 24 141 MM13B716 221 436 224 4192 320 427 ltRL 1154 MM13B719 462 496 377 5145 164 658 ltRL 1855 MM13B722 501 733 416 6076 494 546 ltRL 1632

MM15B111C 250 594 159 3746 269 577 ltRL 1129 MM15B057C 143 385 124 4493 165 1077 ltRL 1470 MM15B060C 635 1111 199 2783 95 242 ltRL 297 MM15B114C 220 619 151 4056 192 582 ltRL 995 MM15B063C 214 427 173 4898 130 1290 ltRL 1865 MM15B066C 211 716 182 3470 272 581 ltRL 878 MM15B117C 436 1569 197 3087 58 317 ltRL 268 MM15B069C 265 433 125 911 06 ltRL ltRL ltRL MM15B072C 302 811 158 3390 325 394 ltRL 720 MM15B075C 752 1200 185 3225 37 326 ltRL 380 MM15B119C 278 916 145 3291 251 262 ltRL 633 MM15B121C 2282 1786 495 6614 334 ltRL ltRL 454 MM16B234C 460 972 259 4359 294 386 ltRL 1039 MM16B239C 883 3745 542 6729 251 ltRL ltRL 491 MM16B242C 236 1072 190 3934 209 279 ltRL 754 MM17B316C 186 446 45 1149 49 61 23 64 MM17B319C 501 858 179 1454 79 17 20 ltRL MM18B349C 440 73 37 307 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL MM18B415C 148 736 73 2227 57 192 52 414 MM19B471C 250 409 67 569 34 11 29 ltRL MM19B468C 200 223 37 387 19 63 36 ltRL MM21B713C 218 1366 123 1969 70 104 22 93


38

Table A5 Mass fraction of PBDEs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber


Number


PBDE_28 PBDE_49 PBDE_47 PBDE_100 PBDE_99 PBDE_155 PBDE_154 PBDE_153 Total

PBDEs

692-BLKA-001 MM3B071 ltRL nm 0726 0567 ltRL nm 0309 0663 227

692-BLKA-002 MM3B074 ltRL nm 128 0781 ltRL nm 0339 0629 303 692-BLKA-005 MM4B127 ltRL 00685 338 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 345

692-BLKA-006 MM4B130 ltRL 0179 495 0754 133 ltRL ltRL ltRL 721 692-BLKA-007 MM4B133 ltRL nm 252 0797 ltRL nm 0277 0580 418

692-BLKA-008 MM4B136 ltRL 0186 323 ltRL 0869 ltRL ltRL ltRL 429 692-BLKA-009 MM4B139 ltRL nm 290 0824 ltRL nm 0325 0579 463

692-BLKA-010 MM4B142 ltRL 0218 393 ltRL 0876 ltRL ltRL ltRL 503 692-BLKA-011 MM4B145 ltRL 0250 375 ltRL 0976 ltRL ltRL ltRL 498



692-BLKA-015 MM6B218 ltRL ltRL 291 ltRL 250 ltRL ltRL ltRL 541 692-BLKA-016 MM9B328 0588 ltRL 609 ltRL 414 ltRL ltRL ltRL 108


692-BLKA-020 MM10B332 0924 ltRL 129 688 390 ltRL ltRL ltRL 246 692-BLKA-021 MM10B335 ltRL 163 139 210 377 ltRL 0679 0366 225

692-BLKA-022 MM10B338 0652 ltRL 722 ltRL 414 ltRL ltRL ltRL 120 692-BLKA-023 MM10B341 0744 ltRL 291 ltRL 261 ltRL ltRL ltRL 627

692-BLKA-024 MM10B344 0745 ltRL 708 ltRL 456 ltRL ltRL ltRL 124

692-BLKA-025 MM10B347 0574 ltRL 596 ltRL 391 ltRL ltRL ltRL 104 692-BLKA-026 MM10B370 ltRL 0962 111 203 367 ltRL 104 0553 193

692-BLKA-027 MM10B373 ltRL 0908 686 126 236 ltRL 0419 ltRL 118 692-BLKA-028 MM10B376 ltRL 0678 614 119 212 ltRL 0409 ltRL 105

692-BLKA-029 MM10B388 ltRL 0835 845 148 251 ltRL 0418 ltRL 137 692-BLKA-031 MM11B418 ltRL ltRL 669 ltRL 449 ltRL ltRL ltRL 112

692-BLKA-032 MM11B469 0567 ltRL 351 ltRL 277 ltRL ltRL ltRL 68 692-BLKA-033 MM11B465 ltRL ltRL 492 ltRL 284 ltRL ltRL ltRL 78

692-BLKA-034 MM11B479 ltRL ltRL ltRL ltRL 163 ltRL ltRL ltRL 16 692-BLKA-035 MM11B483 ltRL 100 751 131 239 ltRL 0470 ltRL 127

692-BLKA-036 MM11B486 ltRL 0825 747 131 222 ltRL 0547 ltRL 124

692-BLKA-037 MM11B490 ltRL 0626 673 111 194 ltRL ltRL ltRL 104 692-BLKA-038 MM13B680 111 ltRL 117 ltRL 444 ltRL ltRL ltRL 172

692-BLKA-039 MM13B683 0744 ltRL 857 ltRL 519 ltRL ltRL ltRL 145 692-BLKA-040 MM11B438 ltRL ltRL 619 191 229 nm ltRL ltRL 104

692-BLKA-041 MM11B442 ltRL ltRL 358 167 ltRL nm ltRL ltRL 52 692-BLKA-042 MM11B446 ltRL ltRL 210 0860 146 nm ltRL ltRL 44

692-BLKA-043 MM11B422 ltRL 0436 805 111 159 ltRL ltRL ltRL 112 692-BLKA-044 MM11B426 ltRL 0369 994 152 194 ltRL 0404 ltRL 142

692-BLKA-045 MM11B430 ltRL 0357 814 114 178 ltRL ltRL ltRL 114 692-BLKA-046 MM11B434 ltRL 0309 113 215 257 0390 0789 ltRL 175

692-BLKA-047 MM11B450 ltRL ltRL 191 119 ltRL nm ltRL ltRL 31

692-BLKA-048 MM11B457 ltRL ltRL 293 138 169 nm ltRL ltRL 60 692-BLKA-049 MM11B461 ltRL ltRL 172 ltRL 177 nm ltRL ltRL 35

692-BLKA-050 MM13B688 0487 ltRL 432 ltRL 354 ltRL ltRL ltRL 84 692-BLKA-051 MM13B691 102 ltRL 212 409 643 ltRL ltRL ltRL 327

692-BLKA-052 MM13B703 170 ltRL 210 257 659 ltRL ltRL ltRL 318 692-BLKA-054 MM13B716 ltRL 0489 134 193 226 ltRL 0497 ltRL 186

692-BLKA-055 MM13B719 ltRL 0530 209 315 341 ltRL 0967 ltRL 289 692-BLKA-056 MM13B722 ltRL 0971 191 304 394 0329 106 ltRL 285

692-BLKA-057 MM15B111C ltRL 0350 945 155 192 ltRL 0523 ltRL 138 692-BLKA-058 MM15B057C ltRL 0249 112 209 224 0274 0761 ltRL 168

692-BLKA-059 MM15B060C ltRL ltRL 478 162 166 nm ltRL ltRL 81

692-BLKA-060 MM15B114C ltRL 0434 886 147 190 ltRL 0366 ltRL 130 692-BLKA-061 MM15B063C ltRL 0282 154 264 297 ltRL 0938 ltRL 222

692-BLKA-062 MM15B066C ltRL 0346 717 124 163 ltRL ltRL ltRL 104 692-BLKA-063 MM15B117C ltRL ltRL 594 171 171 nm ltRL ltRL 94

692-BLKA-064 MM15B069C ltRL ltRL 165 113 169 nm ltRL ltRL 45 692-BLKA-065 MM15B072C ltRL 0397 622 0975 136 ltRL ltRL ltRL 90


692-BLKA-068 MM15B121C ltRL ltRL 872 196 205 nm ltRL ltRL 127 692-BLKA-069 MM16B234C ltRL 0978 112 171 168 ltRL 0511 ltRL 161


692-BLKA-072 MM16B242C ltRL 0715 876 127 150 ltRL ltRL ltRL 122 692-BLKA-073 MM17B316C 215 ltRL 144 524 586 ltRL ltRL ltRL 276

692-BLKA-074 MM17B319C ltRL ltRL 906 308 442 ltRL ltRL ltRL 166 692-BLKA-075 MM18B349C ltRL ltRL 112 245 355 nm ltRL ltRL 172

692-BLKA-076 MM18B415C 101 ltRL 145 501 670 ltRL ltRL ltRL 272 692-BLKA-077 MM19B471C 0794 ltRL 565 ltRL 333 ltRL ltRL ltRL 98

692-BLKA-078 MM19B468C 0650 ltRL 742 ltRL 484 ltRL ltRL ltRL 129 692-BLKA-080 MM21B713C 159 ltRL 230 736 761 ltRL ltRL ltRL 396


39

Table A6 Mass fraction of HBCDs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale blubber

NIST Identification α-HBCD β-HBCD γ-HBCD

Numbers MM3B071 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM3B074 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM4B127 0146 lt RL lt RL MM4B130 0282 lt RL lt RL MM4B133 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM4B136 0134 lt RL lt RL MM4B139 0170 lt RL lt RL MM4B142 0214 lt RL lt RL MM4B145 0156 lt RL lt RL MM4B148 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM4B151 0150 lt RL lt RL MM4B154 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM6B218 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM9B328 0557 lt RL lt RL MM9B329 103 lt RL lt RL MM9B330 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM10B332 0445 lt RL lt RL MM10B335 136 lt RL lt RL MM10B338 0595 lt RL lt RL MM10B341 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM10B344 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM10B347 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM10B370 137 lt RL lt RL MM10B373 118 lt RL lt RL MM10B376 751 111 0970 MM10B388 108 lt RL 118 MM11B418 0286 lt RL lt RL MM11B469 0546 lt RL lt RL MM11B465 0604 lt RL lt RL MM11B479 0591 lt RL lt RL MM11B483 134 lt RL lt RL MM11B486 110 lt RL lt RL MM11B490 0999 lt RL lt RL MM13B680 129 lt RL lt RL MM13B683 0407 lt RL lt RL MM11B438 lt RL lt RL 0710 MM11B442 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM11B446 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM11B422 0523 lt RL lt RL MM11B426 0537 lt RL lt RL MM11B430 0409 lt RL lt RL MM11B434 0731 lt RL lt RL MM11B450 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM11B457 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM11B461 lt RL lt RL lt RL MM13B688 0653 lt RL lt RL MM13B691 220 450 992 MM13B703 237 lt RL 0189 MM13B716 125 lt RL lt RL MM13B719 226 lt RL lt RL MM13B722 231 lt RL lt RL

MM15B111C 0632 lt RL lt RL MM15B057C 0859 0181 lt RL MM15B060C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM15B114C 0561 lt RL lt RL MM15B063C 163 lt RL lt RL MM15B066C 0493 lt RL lt RL MM15B117C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM15B069C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM15B072C 0460 lt RL lt RL MM15B075C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM15B119C 0635 lt RL lt RL MM15B121C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM16B234C 0813 lt RL lt RL MM16B239C lt RL lt RL lt RL MM16B242C 0835 lt RL lt RL MM17B316C 135 lt RL lt RL MM17B319C 172 lt RL lt RL MM18B349C 164 lt RL lt RL MM18B415C 269 lt RL lt RL MM19B471C 113 lt RL lt RL MM19B468C 195 lt RL lt RL MM21B713C 514 lt RL lt RL


40

Table A7 Mass fraction of PFCs (ngg wet mass) in beluga whale livers

NIST Identification PFNA PFDA PFUnA PFDoA PFTriA PFTA PFHxS PFOS PFOSA

Numbers MM3L069 ltRL 0514 218 0293 114 0832 ltRL 181 304 MM3L072 0225 0581 192 0191 0875 0552 ltRL 339 112 MM3L075 ltRL 0653 175 0322 103 0941 ltRL 271 208 MM3L077 0187 0553 266 0290 166 0935 ltRL 561 184 MM4L125 0503 123 465 0452 151 0743 ltRL 707 240 MM4L128 0691 176 102 0967 261 0982 ltRL 871 285 MM4L131 ltRL 0611 167 0323 126 113 ltRL 228 201 MM4L134 0346 0830 376 0416 158 0576 ltRL 741 231 MM4L137 0430 106 356 0482 184 0866 ltRL 678 191 MM4L140 0670 119 316 0230 163 0834 ltRL 498 232 MM4L143 0468 107 349 0369 207 110 ltRL 667 356 MM4L146 0841 100 265 0373 187 150 ltRL 572 298 MM4L149 0593 100 427 0610 185 115 ltRL 669 270 MM4L152 0946 243 292 161 148 165 ltRL 215 293 MM6L216 0454 0894 790 101 617 110 ltRL 175 110 MM10L331 0460 121 423 0814 ltRL ltRL 00980 102 104 MM10L333 111 206 132 173 142 232 0293 302 114 MM10L336 172 176 833 183 549 847 0192 221 278 MM10L339 ltRL 0309 ltRL 0365 ltRL ltRL ltRL 461 122 MM10L342 0690 0727 432 0756 ltRL ltRL 355 106 111 MM10L345 257 175 128 193 154 469 115 396 147 MM10L368 211 315 220 238 200 294 0408 268 114 MM10L371 180 382 200 236 214 593 0318 220 145 MM10L374 179 330 222 273 214 568 0644 254 157 MM11L467 0676 123 511 0920 482 0770 0123 885 164 MM11L463 0745 167 101 133 848 239 00394 844 166 MM11L477 129 414 233 449 146 364 0236 154 292 MM11L481 163 405 199 256 270 818 0162 225 947 MM11L488 308 411 268 263 181 196 0151 304 179 MM13L678 161 230 108 125 586 148 135 171 144 MM13L682 356 486 288 375 284 316 132 703 196 MM11L436 162 311 815 120 ltRL 143 00630 109 364 MM11L444 0780 101 522 0954 0566 155 0378 390 267 MM11L420 0980 507 183 310 116 763 00320 138 431 MM11L424 0690 311 113 194 436 144 0104 144 488 MM11L428 141 366 179 270 441 161 0207 143 612 MM11L448 0550 0843 342 0864 ltRL ltRL 00310 425 385 MM11L455 0960 276 742 160 504 170 0139 172 657 MM11L459 116 146 442 0819 ltRL ltRL 00440 474 300 MM13L686 113 139 546 109 ltRL ltRL 0316 101 254 MM13L689 168 169 139 171 132 201 0244 224 178 MM13L701 167 284 155 218 153 723 0420 225 176 MM13L705 546 409 128 138 457 161 0247 142 211 MM13L715 152 281 453 0815 124 0749 0366 160 523 MM13L720G 0580 0721 ltRL 0589 ltRL 120 ltRL 429 391 MM15L109C 0560 322 114 163 457 0928 0113 103 394

MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638

MM15L064C 153 294 982 141 538 277 0231 122 309 MM15L115C 0460 113 464 0671 224 0231 0100 913 343 MM15L067C 0610 179 650 108 109 ltRL 00910 477 290 MM15L070C 0170 116 537 0898 298 0364 00620 920 221 MM15L073C 105 700 224 266 913 436 ltRL 131 378 MM15L118C 0600 316 976 170 607 491 00440 108 318 MM15L120C 502 143 490 555 176 256 0233 381 165 MM16L232C 255 215 466 0640 ltRL ltRL 0140 652 177 MM16L235C 210 172 437 0323 146 ltRL 0278 146 242 MM16L237C 253 249 515 0779 ltRL ltRL 0115 950 195 MM16L240C 185 132 438 0724 ltRL ltRL 0134 652 241 MM17L314C 241 276 196 210 111 0743 00720 257 189 MM17L317C 567 698 416 555 828 213 101 573 180 MM18L347C 311 172 522 0598 222 0376 0288 260 909 MM18L413C 282 354 272 348 480 133 0501 295 105 MM19L469C 543 336 225 347 205 144 0672 315 218 MM20L553C 209 389 178 381 165 357 0285 102 225 MM21L711C 180 259 214 251 206 277 0122 144 452 MM22L869C 170 214 156 211 134 112 0563 100 254


41

Table A8 Mass fraction of Hg (gg wet mass) in beluga whale livers

NIST Identification Total Mercury

Numbers MM3L069 478 MM3L072 144 MM3L075 134 MM3L077 491 MM4L125 342 MM4L128 422 MM4L131 836 MM4L134 414 MM4L137 101 MM4L140 519 MM4L143 465 MM4L146 287 MM4L149 308 MM4L152 381 MM6L216 287 MM10L331 0406 MM10L333 101 MM10L336 236 MM10L339 491 MM10L342 202 MM10L345 0434 MM10L368 562 MM10L371 400 MM10L374 328 MM11L467 551 MM11L463 415 MM11L477 668 MM11L481 130 MM11L488 337 MM13L678 562 MM13L682 0514 MM11L436 620 MM11L444 542 MM11L420 759 MM11L424 992 MM11L428 836 MM11L448 607 MM11L455 919 MM11L459 102 MM13L686 460 MM13L689 822 MM13L701 362 MM13L705 0444 MM13L715 137 MM13L720G 515 MM15L109C 463 MM15L055C 105 MM15L058C 122 MM15L112C 603 MM15L061C 158 MM15L064C 163 MM15L115C 129 MM15L067C 294 MM15L070C 116 MM15L073C 473 MM15L118C 508 MM15L120C 0337 MM16L232C 0745 MM16L235C 325 MM16L237C 0396 MM16L240C 281 MM17L314C 178 MM17L317C 0591 MM18L347C 259 MM18L413C 113 MM19L469C 0474 MM20L553C 467 MM21L711C 614 MM22L869C 421

42

NISTIR 7860








Material Measurement Laboratory Analytical Chemistry Division


June 2012

US Department of Commerce John E Bryson Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D Gallagher Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director

i

PREFACE


ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


iii

DISCLAIMER


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

i

PREFACE


ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


iii

DISCLAIMER


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

PREFACE


ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


iii

DISCLAIMER


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


iii

DISCLAIMER


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

DISCLAIMER


iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE II


DISCLAIMERIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLESVI

LIST OF FIGURESVII

INTRODUCTION 1









MERCURY 22

SUMMARY 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDIX A 28

v

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

LIST OF TABLES






Arctic locations 10


13














vi

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

LIST OF FIGURES






R2 for Hg = 041 23

vii

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

INTRODUCTION





1


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


2


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


Sample Collections


Tissue Preparation


3



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Number


Number



Percent Lipids


4



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Number


Number


Number Year


Sex Total










































5






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






6







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42







7






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






Statistical Methods


8





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42





9











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42











10






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






11

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

Ʃ


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Con

cen

trat

ion

(ng

g w

et m

ass)

Year



12








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42








13






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






14













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42













15




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42




16

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

of ΣP

FC

s 100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



PFOSA

PFOS

PFHxS

PFTA

PFTriA

PFDoA

PFUnA

PFDA

PFNA



17








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42








18

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

a) b)

c) d)

e) f)


19




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42




20






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






21


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


Mercury


22







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42







23

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

SUMMARY


24

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42

REFERENCES


25


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


26


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


27


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42


28



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Numbers




29






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






30



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Numbers





31



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Numbers




32



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Numbers





33



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Numbers





34







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42







35






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






36






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






37







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42







38



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42



Number



PBDEs










































39






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42






40




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42




MM15L055C 0980 538 208 294 703 0858 0155 209 614 MM15L058C 0900 253 865 120 153 0816 ltRL 114 254

MM15L112C 236 381 986 113 253 100 0255 284 619 MM15L061C 0670 516 166 306 143 799 0120 186 638



41




42




42

organohalogen contaminants and mercury in …beluga whales during native subsistence hunts in cook...

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