- Since 1945 has the role of the US as a superpower had a positive or negative impact on the lives of Americans?

•How can a war be ‘cold’?

•What were the Hotspots of the Cold War?

The USA and the USSR were the two world Superpowers.

Both wanted to be the most powerful nation in the world.

American Goals Wanted democracy

and free economic opportunity for countries in Europe after WWII

Develop strong capitalist economies

(Less Government Intervention)

Soviet Goals Rebuild Europe so the

Soviet Union could recover from losses in WWII.

Wanted satellite nations, (countries under Soviet control)• Like a “Puppet State”

Promote the spread of communism throughout the world

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YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

At the end of World War II, relations between the Communist Soviet Union and the Allies grew increasingly tense

Yalta Conference- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to divide Germany between the Allies (France, England, US, Soviet Union)• Indicates tension between US and Soviets

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Notice Berlin

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The United Nations- Organization created to encourage cooperation in solving international problems PEACEFULLY

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POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

Roosevelt dies- April 12, 1945 and Vice President Truman becomes President

Potsdam Conference in July: Purpose: Determine how to administer

Germany and Poland Effect: Truman upset that Stalin was

uncooperative•Afraid Soviets are planning “world conquest”

Germany was split into two countries.

West Germany- controlled by the Allies, mainly the U.S.

East Germany- became another communist country, controlled by the U.S.S.R.• Berlin located in the EAST

“Iron curtain”” Geographic and political divisions between Communist and non-Communist nations in Europe.

The Iron Curtain

Provides support in the form of $$$ to prevent the:

“Domino Effect” Containment policy

The Truman Doctrine was first applied after “satellite nations” agree to follow guidance from the U.S.S.R.- Czechoslovakia- Poland - Hungary - China- Cuba - North Korea

Created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall

Financial aid from the United States to:•Help European nations recover from WWII and become strong democraciesPrevent communism from spreading

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Czechoslovakia: •tried to remain democratic, became a Soviet satellite in 1948.

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Hungary and Romania: •Arrested anti-Communist leaders in Hungary

•Forced the appointment of a Communist prime minister in Romania

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East Germany: •To ensure safety from Germany, Stalin established a totalitarian state named the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States for postwar Europe?

(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion(B) Build economically strong democracies(C) Add more members to the United Nations (D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin

Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine? (A) Soviet creation of “satellite nations”(B) The division of Germany into four zones(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech

Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States for postwar Europe?

(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion(B) Build economically strong democracies(C) Add more members to the United Nations (D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin

Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine? (A) Soviet creation of “satellite nations”(B) The division of Germany into four zones(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech

How did spread of Communism affect American foreign policy?

June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany

In response, Allied nations began to fly thousands of tons of food and supplies to West Berlin• Planes landed every 3 minutes, 24 hours a

day, for over a year

North: Communist South: Capitalist/Democratic

•First “Hot” War (1950-1953)•United Nations “Police Action”

Ends in a Stalemate •(no winner declared)•Divided on the 38th Parallel•Technically still at war

What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel?(A) It formed Korea’s border with China.(B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled.(C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South.(D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks.

Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea?(A) To support South Korea and restore peace(B) To install a Communist government in South Korea (C) To help China defend its border(D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea

What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel?(A) It formed Korea’s border with China.(B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled.(C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South.(D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks.

Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea?(A) To support South Korea and restore peace(B) To install a Communist government in South Korea (C) To help China defend its border(D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea

North: Communist Dictatorship• Supported by: U.S.S.R., China, North Korea, and

Cuba South: Capitalist/Democratic

• Supported by U.S. and U.N

Fighting for U.S. lasts from 1963-1975• 1,800,000 allied troops vs. 460,000 in the North• 58,000 U.S. casualties

South Surrenders to the Communist North in 1975 (Communism spreads)

How did the Cold War and Red Scare impact the lives of Americans?

Late1940’s, early 1950’s:• Fear of Communism encroaching on the United States.

(HUAC): House Un-American Activities Committee investigated Hollywood personalities

Compiled a blacklist• a list naming persons who should not be hired because

they were communists

This begins the SECOND RED SCARE !!!

Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin) feared Communist supporters lived within the U.S.•His ideas and theories became known as McCarthyism

This begins the SECOND RED SCARE !!!

Created a list of 250 Communist-supporting government employees•Later reduced to 57

Accusations were usually baseless and improvable – Lack of Evidence

McCarthy’s Fall

1954, McCarthy criticized the Army of supporting communism

President Eisenhower, a former Army General, criticizes his accusations

By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his strongest supporters

How did the emerging Cold War cause a shift from domestic to foreign policy?

Throughout the 1950s, the USA and USSR compete in an arms race•Struggle to gain weapons superiority (who

can build the most weapons the fastest?)

Deterrence•Military arsenal so strong that no enemy will

attack for fear of retaliation

Results in increasing amounts of nuclear weapons

What was NATO? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

was formed in April 1949. Collective Security Group that will support one

another against attack• “An attack against one, is an attack against them all”

In response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.• Soviet version of NATO

•October 14–28, 1962

•U.S. attempts and fails to overthrow the communist Cuban government at the Bay of Pigs

•Soviets and Cubans built bases to launch nuclear weapons at the U.S.

•13 days of tense debate whether to attack•Video

• USSR agrees to remove missiles from Cuba if we agree to never invade Cuba again

• Closest moment to turning to nuclear conflict

• Moscow–Washington Hotline: it is clear a direct line of communication is needed (RED PHONES)

Anxiety and Fear•Sense of doom•Atomic sales soar

•“Lone Ranger Atomic Bomb Ring”

New Hopes for a Positive Benefit of the Atom•Allowed Americans to

avoid dealing with the realities of atomic warfare

•Cars which run on atomic power

US Gov’t and Positive Image of the Atom•Needed because of reality of Cold War•Wanted to show people the

“Sunny Side of the Atom”

Russians detonate their first atomic bomb in 1949

Civil Defense Program: Greenbrier Bunker

• “How to Survive an Atomic Bomb”• Bomb shelters• “Duck and Cover”

Cold War Science Fiction FilmAmbivalence and Anxiety over

the Bomb

1950s Invasion Films

Politics, Cold War, and Science Fiction Space Exploration

Competition•Explore outer space with satellites

•Send humans to space•Land humans on the Moon

To carry bombs to their targets, the USSR developed long-range rockets known as ICBMs • Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles.

In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite Sputnik•1st artificial satellite to orbit Earth.

Prompted a desire to match, and surpass, Soviet technology.•NASA - Created in 1958•National Aeronautics and Space Administration

First artificial satellite to orbit the Earth

Caused fear and stirred political debate in the US

Launched February 1, 1958.

First USA Earth satellite

Effort to regain technological supremacy

Revamp school curriculum

New school construction

Loans and fellowships for promising students

Vocational training

A era of: 1. Competition: Power Influence (Communism/Dictatorship or

Capitalism/Dem.)

2. Fear/Paranoia: Arms/Space Race Nuclear War Communism

Pretty Much the Cold War