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Origins,Prok,Prot,Fungi Practice Test

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of a. amino acids. b. complex organic polymers. c. DNA. d. liposomes. e. genetic systems.

____ 2. Which of the factors below weaken the hypothesis of abiotic synthesis of organic monomers in early

Earth's atmosphere?

1. the relatively short time between intense meteor bombardment and appearance of the first life

forms

2. the lack of experimental evidence that organic monomers can form by abiotic synthesis

3. uncertainty about which gases comprised early Earth's atmosphere a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 1 and 3 e. 2 and 3

____ 3. Which of the following has not yet been synthesized in laboratory experiments studying the origin of

life? a. liposomes b. liposomes with selectively permeable membranes c. oligopeptides and other oligomers d. protobionts that use DNA to program protein synthesis e. amino acids

____ 4. In what way were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those

on today's Earth? a. Only early Earth had water vapor in its atmosphere. b. Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris. c. Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere. d. Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated Earth's early atmosphere. e. Earth's early atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone.

____ 5. What is true of the amino acids that might have been delivered to Earth within carbonaceous

chondrites? a. They had the same proportion of L and D isomers as Earth does today. b. The proportion of the amino acids was similar to those produced in the Miller-

Urey experiment. c. There were fewer kinds of amino acids on the chondrites than are found in living

organisms today.

d. They were delivered in the form of polypeptides.

____ 6. Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events in the origin of life?

I. formation of protobionts

II. synthesis of organic monomers

III. synthesis of organic polymers

IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems

a. I, II, III, IV b. I, III, II, IV c. II, III, I, IV d. IV, III, I, II e. III, II, I, IV

____ 7. Which is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common? a. the ability to synthesize enzymes b. a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure c. RNA genes d. a nucleus e. the ability to replicate RNA

____ 8. Although absolute distinctions between the "most evolved" protobiont and the first living cell are

unclear, biologists generally agree that one major difference is that the typical protobiont could not a. possess a selectively permeable membrane boundary. b. perform osmosis. c. grow in size. d. perform controlled, precise reproduction. e. absorb compounds from the external environment.

____ 9. The first genes on Earth were probably a. DNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA. b. DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in

polypeptides. c. auto-catalytic RNA molecules. d. RNA produced by autocatalytic, proteinaceous enzymes. e. oligopeptides located within protobionts.

____ 10. RNA molecules can both carry genetic information and be catalytic. This supports the proposal that a. RNA was the first hereditary information. b. protobionts had an RNA membrane. c. RNA could make energy. d. free nucleotides would not have been necessary ingredients in the synthesis of new

RNA molecules. e. RNA is a polymer of amino acids.

____ 11. What probably accounts for the switch to DNA-based genetic systems during the evolution of life on

Earth?

a. DNA is chemically more stable and replicates with fewer errors (mutations) than

RNA. b. Only DNA can replicate during cell division. c. RNA is too involved with translation of proteins and cannot provide multiple

functions. d. DNA forms the rod-shaped chromosomes necessary for cell division. e. Replication of RNA occurs too slowly.

____ 12. The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior existence of oligonucleotides to serve as primers. On

Earth, these primers are small RNA molecules. This latter observation is evidence in support of the

hypothesized existence of a. a snowball Earth. b. earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA. c. the abiotic synthesis of organic monomers. d. the delivery of organic matter to Earth by meteors and comets. e. the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

____ 13. Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life

on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest

impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it? a. How can amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleotides be synthesized abiotically? b. How can RNA molecules catalyze reactions? c. How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences? d. How could polymers involving lipids and/or proteins form membranes in aqueous

environments? e. How can RNA molecules act as templates for the synthesis of complementary

RNA molecules?

____ 14. If relatively small carbonaceous chondrites from space were a significant source of Earth's original

amino acids, then which two of these would have been most important in permitting their organic

materials to survive impact with Earth?

I. Carbonaceous chondrites must contain no D-amino acids.

II. Earth's early atmosphere must have had little free oxygen.

III. The chondrites must have arrived on Earth before 4.2 billion years

ago.

IV. Earth's early atmosphere must have been dense enough to dramatically

slow the chondrites before they impacted.

V. The chondrites must have impacted land, rather than a large body of

water.

a. I & II b. II & III c. II & IV d. II & V e. III & IV

The following questions refer to the description and figure below.

The figure represents a cross section of the sea floor through a mid-ocean rift valley, with alternating

patches of black and white indicating sea floor with reversed magnetic polarities. At the arrow

labeled "I" (the rift valley), the igneous rock of the sea floor is so young that it can be accurately

dated using carbon-14 dating. At the arrow labeled "III," however, the igneous rock is about 1

million years old, and potassium-40 dating is typically used to date such rocks. NOTE: the

horizontal arrows indicate the direction of sea-floor spreading, away from the rift valley.

Figure 25.1

____ 15. Assuming that the rate of sea-floor spreading was constant during the 1-million-year period depicted

above, Earth's magnetic field has undergone reversal at an average rate of once every a. 10,000 years. b. 25,000 years. c. 100,000 years. d. 250,000 years. e. 1,000,000 years.

____ 16. If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock

at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A—E, would a search be most likely to

find more fossils of this organism? a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

____ 17. Earth's current magnetic field is the same as it had been when which sea-floor areas solidified?

I. area B

II. area C

III. area D

IV. area E

a. I only b. II only c. I and II d. I and III e. II and IV

____ 18. Assuming that the rate of sea-floor spreading was constant during the 1-million-year period depicted

above, what should be the approximate age of marine fossils found in undisturbed sedimentary rock

immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II"? a. 10,000 years b. 250,000 years c. 500,000 years d. 1,000,000 years

____ 19. Argon-40, the daughter isotope of potassium-40, is a gas. Elemental potassium has an atomic mass

of about 39. If the submersible robot (which is equipped with a drill that is long enough to get to the

igneous rock) ascends from depth too quickly, gases trapped within igneous rock may rapidly

expand, fracture the rock, and escape from the sample before it can be dated aboard the floating

research vessel. Rock samples can also absorb argon gas. Which of these techniques has the highest

chance of providing inaccurate dates of igneous rocks distant from the rift valley, and what type of

inaccuracy would it cause? a. if the date of the rock is determined by comparing the ratio of potassium-40 to

potassium-39, underestimation of age b. if the submersible robot is retrieved from the sea floor at a very slow speed,

overestimation of age c. if the submersible robot is equipped with a decompression chamber for the

samples, underestimation of age d. if the submersible robot keeps the sample in a chamber of pure argon at high

pressure, overestimation of age

____ 20. An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to a. make life on land difficult for aerobic organisms. b. change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing. c. make it easier to maintain reduced molecules. d. cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize). e. prevent the formation of an ozone layer.

____ 21. Arrange these events from earliest to most recent.

1. emission of lava in what is now Siberia at time of Permian extinctions

2. emission of lava that solidified at the same time as iron-bearing terrestrial rocks began to rust

3. emission of lava that solidified at the same time as rusted iron precipitated from seawater

4. emission of lava in what is now India at time of Cretaceous extinctions a. 3, 1, 2, 4 b. 3, 2, 1, 4 c. 3, 1, 4, 2 d. 1, 3, 2, 4 e. 1, 2, 3, 4

____ 22. Which free-living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Earth's oxidizing

atmosphere? a. cyanobacteria b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. seaweeds

e. endosymbionts

____ 23. Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before

eukaryotes? a. the primitive structure of plants b. meteorites that have struck Earth c. abiotic laboratory experiments that produced liposomes d. Liposomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells. e. The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

____ 24. What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the

evolution of life on Earth?

1. origin of mitochondria

2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes

3. origin of chloroplasts

4. origin of cyanobacteria

5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses a. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 b. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 c. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 d. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 e. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

____ 25. If it were possible to conduct sophisticated microscopic and chemical analyses of microfossils found

in 3.2-billion-year-old stromatolites, then within such microfossils, one should be surprised to

observe evidence of:

I. double-stranded DNA

II. a nuclear envelope

III. a nucleoid

IV. a nucleolus

V. nucleic acids

a. II only b. III only c. II and IV d. II, III, and IV e. all five of these

____ 26. Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes may have

coincided in time with the a. origin of prokaryotes. b. switch to an oxidizing atmosphere. c. melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period. d. origin of multicellular organisms. e. massive eruptions of deep-sea vents.

____ 27. Which of these observations fails to support the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic

cells?

a. the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma

membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and

chloroplasts b. the existence of size differences between the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes

and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts c. the existence of size differences between some prokaryotic cells and mitochondria d. the existence of rRNA sequence differences between the cytosolic ribosomes of

eukaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

The following questions are based on the observation that several dozen different proteins comprise

the prokaryotic flagellum and its attachment to the prokaryotic cell, producing a highly complex

structure.

____ 28. If the complex protein assemblage of the prokaryotic flagellum arose by the same general processes

as those of the complex eyes of mollusks (such as squids and octopi), then a. natural selection cannot account for the rise of the prokaryotic flagellum. b. ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were either less functional, or had

different functions, than modern prokaryotic flagella. c. scientists should accept the conclusion that neither eyes nor flagella could have

arisen by evolution. d. we can conclude that both of these structures must have arisen through the direct

action of an "intelligent designer." e. Both A and C are true.

____ 29. If the prokaryotic flagellum developed from assemblages of proteins that originally were not

involved with cell motility but with some other function instead, then the modern prokaryotic

flagellum is a(n) a. vestigial organ. b. adoption. c. exaptation. d. homogeneous organ. e. allometric organ.

____ 30. In certain motile prokaryotes, dozens of different proteins comprise the motor that powers the

prokaryotic flagellum. The motor has a complicated structure, and its various proteins interact to

carry out its function. Based on Darwin's explanation for the existence of human eyes, how would he

probably have explained the existence of such motors? a. Because he could not have explained their existence, he would have used

supernatural agents as a temporary explanation until the gap in scientific

knowledge had been filled. b. Because he could not have explained their existence, he would have concluded that

the human brain has not (and probably cannot) evolve the capability to solve such

complex problems. c. He would have proposed that these motors were the products of aliens, and had

been delivered to Earth by extraterrestrial visitors. d. He would have proposed that less complicated, but still functional, versions

(maybe even with a different function) had existed in ancestral prokaryotes.

____ 31. It has been found that certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are

modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This is

evidence in support of the claim that a. some structures are so complex that natural selection cannot, and will not, explain

their origins. b. the power of natural selection allows it to act in an almost predictive fashion,

producing organs that will be needed in future environments. c. the motors of bacterial flagella were originally synthesized abiotically. d. natural selection can produce new structures by cobbling together parts of other

structures. e. bacteria that possess flagella must have lost the ability to pump certain chemicals

across their plasma membranes.

____ 32. Fossilized stromatolites a. all date from 2.7 billion years ago. b. formed around deep-sea vents. c. resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some

warm, shallow, salty bays. d. provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500

million years ago. e. contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 2.1 billion years

ago.

____ 33. The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following

adaptations took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? a. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy

from organic molecules b. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats c. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the

corrosive effects of oxygen d. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic

cyanobacteria e. the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of

prokaryotes

____ 34. Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls. On the basis of this structural feature, which of the statements

below is true about mycoplasmas?

a. They are gram-negative.

b. They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions.

c. They lack a cell membrane as well.

d. They undergo ready fossilization in sedimentary rock.

e. They possess typical prokaryotic flagella.

____ 35. Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we classify them under different taxonomic units.

Which of the observations below comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in

different taxa?

a. Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls.

b. Their cell walls are constructed from very different biochemicals.

c. Some have cell walls only for support.

d. Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores.

e. Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

____ 36. Which of the following have been present in Earth's living organisms for the least amount of evolutionary

time?

a. enzymes that catalyze glycolysis

b. photosystems I and II

c. cell walls

d. nuclei

e. genes composed of DNA

____ 37. Which of the following is the correct order, from most external to most internal?

1. cell wall

2. plasma membrane

3. capsule

a. 1, 2, 3

b. 1, 3, 2

c. 2, 1, 3

d. 3, 2, 1

e. 3, 1, 2

____ 38. Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever become

contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because

bacteria that encounter such an environment

a. undergo death by plasmolysis.

b. are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death.

c. undergo death by lysis.

d. are obligate anaerobes.

e. are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

____ 39. In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located

together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium performs conjugation involving

a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be

a. a transformed bacterium.

b. the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat.

c. the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance in this bacterium.

d. the production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny.

e. the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome.

____ 40. About half of all prokaryotes are capable of directional movement. The following statements are all true of

such directional movement except that

a. it may occur via flagellar action.

b. it should not occur among the archaea.

c. internal helical filaments with basal motors can drive this movement.

d. it should occur in response to negative phototaxis in photosynthetic prokaryotes.

e. it may occur via gliding along a thread of "slime" secreted by filamentous forms.

The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. Answers (A-E) may be

used once, more than once or not at all.

A. endospore

B. sex pilus

C. flagellum

D. cell wall

E. capsule

____ 41. composed almost entirely of peptidoglycan

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 42. requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to taxes.

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 43. Not present in all bacteria, this slimy material enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host

organisms.

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 44. Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh

conditions, such as boiling.

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 45. an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 46. If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material.

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 47. This structure contains a copy of the chromosome, along with a small amount of dehydrated cytoplasm,

within a tough wall.

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

Match the numbered terms below to the following descriptions. Choose all appropriate terms, but only

appropriate terms.

1. autotroph

2. heterotroph

3. phototroph

4. chemotroph

____ 48. an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 3 only

d. 4 only

e. 1 and 4

____ 49. a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms

a. 1 only

b. 4 only

c. 1 and 3

d. 2 and 4

e. 1, 3, and 4

____ 50. an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey

a. 1 only

b. 4 only

c. 1 and 3

d. 2 and 4

e. 1, 3, and 4

Use the list below of types of bacterial metabolism to answer the following questions. Pick the term that best

matches the statement. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. photoautotrophs

B. photoheterotrophs

C. chemoautotrophs

D. chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

E. parasitic chemoheterotrophs

____ 51. responsible for many human diseases

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 52. cyanobacteria

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 53. use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 54. use light energy to generate ATP but do not release oxygen

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 55. responsible for high levels of O2 in Earth's atmosphere

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

____ 56. Modes of obtaining nutrition, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following except

a. chemoautotrophy.

b. photoautotrophy.

c. heteroautotrophy.

d. chemoheterotrophy.

e. photoheterotrophy.

____ 57. Modern mitochondria are the descendants of what were once free-living alpha proteobacteria. Insofar as

mitochondria become inactive during periods of oxygen debt, what is probably true of their alpha

proteobacterial ancestors?

a. They were obligate aerobes and heterotrophs.

b. They were obligate aerobes and autotrophs.

c. They were obligate anaerobes and heterotrophs.

d. They were obligate anaerobes and autotrophs.

e. They were facultative anaerobes and autotrophs.

____ 58. Given that the enzymes that catalyze nitrogen fixation are poisoned by oxygen, what are two "strategies" that

nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes might use to protect these enzymes from oxygen?

1. couple them with photosystem II

2. sequester them in gas-impermeable membranes

3. be obligate anaerobes

4. be strict aerobes

5. sequester these enzymes in specialized cells or compartments that inhibit oxygen entry

a. 1 and 4

b. 2 and 4

c. 2 and 5

d. 3 and 4

e. 3 and 5

____ 59. Mitochondria are descendants of alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent

lives because most genes originally present on their chromosome are now located in the nuclear genome.

What phenomenon most directly accounts for the movement of these genes?

a. horizontal gene transfer

b. binary fission

c. conjugation

d. meiosis

e. plasmolysis

____ 60. Carl Woese of the University of Illinois and his collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic

evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

a. microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall

b. metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas

c. metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis

d. molecular characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

e. ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

____ 61. Which of the following traits do archaea and bacteria share?

1. composition of the cell wall

2. presence of plasma membrane

3. lack of a nuclear envelope

4. identical rRNA sequences

a. 1 only

b. 3 only

c. 1 and 3

d. 2 and 3

e. 2 and 4

____ 62. Which two groups of archaea should have SSU-rRNA sequences that are most similar to each other?

1. extreme halophiles

2. cyanobacteria

3. methanogens

4. alpha proteobacteria

5. Korarchaeota

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 2 and 5

e. 3 and 5

____ 63. What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

a. parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases

b. breaking down organic matter

c. metabolizing materials in extreme environments

d. adding methane to the atmosphere

e. serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

____ 64. Which of the following would most likely occur if all prokaryotes were suddenly to perish?

a. All life would eventually perish due to disease.

b. Many organisms would perish as nutrient recycling underwent dramatic reduction.

c. All life would eventually perish because of increased global warming due to the

greenhouse effect.

d. Only the organisms that feed directly on prokaryotes would perish.

e. Very little change would occur because prokaryotes are not of significant ecological

importance.

____ 65. In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf's

nonliving, waxy covering, and where it inhibits the growth of other microbes that damage the plant. If this

bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the

bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by

the bacterium in that situation? Use only those that apply.

1. nutrient recycler

2. mutualist

3. commensal

4. parasite

5. primary producer

a. 1, 3, 4

b. 2, 3, 4

c. 2, 4, 1

d. 1, 2, 5

e. 1, 2, 3

____ 66. Symbiosis is common among prokaryotes, and probably has been for billions of years. Which of the

following does not represent a known prokaryotic symbiosis?

a. Some prokaryotes are pathogenic.

b. Bacteria on skin and mucous membranes can control the abundance of pathogenic

microbes by outcompeting these microbes.

c. Bacteria are directly required for the pollination of some plants.

d. Bacteria in the human intestine produce essential vitamins.

e. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria inhabit root nodules of leguminous plants.

____ 67. In a practice known as crop rotation, farmers alternate a crop of legumes (plants whose roots bear nodules

containing Rhizobium) with a crop of nonlegumes. What is the benefit of this practice?

a. Rhizobium fixes nitrogen, and the fixed nitrogen will fertilize the soil.

b. It prevents the farmer from being exposed to the same crop pathogens year after year.

c. It keeps the plants from becoming tolerant of the bacteria in a particular variety of soil.

d. It keeps the plants from becoming pesticide resistant.

e. It keeps those bacteria that are plant pathogens from becoming pesticide resistant.

____ 68. In which of the following ways can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans?

a. Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass.

b. Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats.

c. Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism.

d. Only B and C are correct.

e. A, B, and C are correct.

____ 69. Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this

practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not yet infected?

a. The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in check.

b. Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients.

c. Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

d. Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic.

e. Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present.

____ 70. Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient

who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ____, assuming that nothing is done to

counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.

a. unable to fix carbon dioxide

b. antibiotic resistant

c. unable to fix nitrogen

d. unable to synthesize peptidoglycan

e. deficient in certain vitamins

____ 71. Protists are alike in that all are

a. multicellular.

b. photosynthetic.

c. marine.

d. nonparasitic.

e. eukaryotic.

____ 72. Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true?

1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs.

3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earth's seas and atmosphere.

4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans.

5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater.

a. 1 and 4

b. 1, 2, and 4

c. 2, 3, and 4

d. 2, 3, and 5

e. 3, 4, and 5

____ 73. The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant

prokaryotes and which of the following?

a. nuclei and chloroplasts

b. mitochondria and chloroplasts

c. cilia and mitochondria

d. mitochondria and nuclei

e. mitochondria and cilia

____ 74. According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

a. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for oxygen-

using metabolism

b. from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes

c. by tertiary endosymbiosis

d. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes

e. when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

____ 75. The chloroplasts of modern plants are thought to have been derived according to which sequence?

a. cyanobacteria green algae green plants

b. cyanobacteria green algae fungi green plants

c. red algae brown algae green algae green plants

d. red algae cyanobacteria green plants

e. cyanobacteria red algae green algae green plants

____ 76. The evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes probably

a. occurred many times.

b. involved endosymbiosis on multiple occasions.

c. allowed for the formation of both complexity and multicellularity.

d. B and C only

e. A, B, and C

____ 77. Members of the green algae often differ from members of the plant kingdom in that some green algae

a. are heterotrophs.

b. are unicellular.

c. have chlorophyll a.

d. store carbohydrates as starch.

e. have cell walls containing cellulose.

____ 78. Which of the following do all fungi have in common?

a. meiosis in basidia

b. coenocytic hyphae

c. sexual life cycle

d. absorption of nutrients

e. symbioses with algae

____ 79. The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce the monomer, an aminated molecule of -

glucose?

a. insect exoskeleton

b. plant cell walls

c. fungal cell walls

d. A and C only

e. A, B and C

____ 80. If all saprobic fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, which group of organisms should benefit as a

whole?

a. plants

b. protists

c. prokaryotes

d. animals

e. mutualistic fungi

____ 81. The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by the

____ of certain animal cells, and by the ____ of certain plant cells.

a. desmosomes; tonoplasts

b. gap junctions; plasmodesmata

c. tight junctions; plastids

d. centrioles; plastids

e. flagella; central vacuoles

____ 82. What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

a. Both groups are commonly coenocytic.

b. The haploid state is dominant in both groups.

c. Both groups are predominantly saprobic in nutrition.

d. The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.

e. Both groups have cell walls.

____ 83. Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as

a. antibodies.

b. aflatoxins.

c. hallucinogens.

d. antigens.

e. antibiotics.

____ 84. Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and

a. mosses.

b. cyanobacteria.

c. green algae.

d. either A or B

e. either B or C

____ 85. The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered

a. parasitic.

b. mutualistic.

c. commensal.

d. harmful to the plant partner.

e. the beginning stages of the formation of lichens.

____ 86. If there were no mycorrhizae, then which of the following would be true?

a. There would be fewer infectious diseases.

b. We wouldn't have any antibiotics.

c. There would be no mushrooms for pizza.

d. Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth.

e. Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.

____ 87. Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?

a. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells.

b. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells.

c. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

d. The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.

e. Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.

____ 88. How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in

lichens alike?

a. They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.

b. They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly.

c. They are in intimate associations with chytrids.

d. They are digested by fungal exoenzymes while still alive.

e. They contain endosymbiotic fungi.

____ 89. If Penicillium secreted penicillin while involved in a lichen relationship, what must have been true about its

partner?

a. It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall.

b. It was probably a green alga.

c. It was probably not a member of the domain Bacteria.

d. It was probably not a heterotrophic prokaryote.

e. All of these are true.

____ 90. Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to

a. reduce competition for nutrients.

b. help humanity survive.

c. promote their ingestion of foodstuffs.

d. eliminate other fungi.

e. discourage animal predators.

____ 91. The following conditions are all caused by a fungus except

a. AIDS.

b. athlete's foot.

c. ringworm.

d. candidiasis (Candida yeast infection).

e. coccidioidomycosis.

Origins,Prok,Prot,Fungi Practice Test

Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Concept 25.1

SKL: Knowledge/Comprehension

2. ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Concept 25.1




4. ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Concept 25.1




6. ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Concept 25.1















SKL: Synthesis/Evaluation




SKL: Application/Analysis



17. ANS: E PTS: 1 TOP: Concept 25.2
















25. ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Concepts 6.2, 25.3














32. ANS: C PTS: 1

33. ANS: A PTS: 1



























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