Orkustofnun

The National Energy Authority

EQM The Nordic and the Global Perspective

Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management Reykjavik – Harpa 27-28 August 2014

Prof. dr. Gudni A JóhannessonDirector General

Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management

Reykjavik – Harpa 28-29 August 2014

The conference is held by Orkustofnun, The National Energy Authority in Iceland,

with support from The Nordic Council of

Ministers

A body directly under the Ministry of Industries and Innovation

Advising the government and the public on energy issues

Public administration of energy and mineral resources utilisation

Licencing research, exploration and operation of hydro-, and geothermal power

Regulator for the electrical grid

Licencing exploration and extraction of oil and gas

Licencing exploration and mining of mineral resources

Host organisation for the UNU geothermal training program in Iceland

Orkustofnun - The Icelandic National Energy Authority

1

Originally by Cullen & Allwood 2010

Global Primary Energy Use 2006

Global EQM Potential

Total Primary energy use

475 TWhHeating 233 TWH

Saving potential by Energy Quality Management

150 TWh?

Total coal burning127 TWh

2006 values

Use

Quality of energy• Quality of energy is the proportion of the

stored energy that can be used to generate work.

T0

Tr Qr

Work

Definition of Exergy and Energy Quality

Heat reservoir

Mechanical work - ExergyHeat flow

Anergy

Environment

Quality of energy at T1

(Max exergy output)/energy

Exergy destroying processes

Electricity or fuels converted directly to heat

Mixing of water at different temperatures

Friction losses in fluid flow

Energy consists of

• Exergy kWh• The part of the

available energy that can theoretically be converted to mechanical energy

• Anergy kWh• The difference

between the energy and the exergy

Thermodynamical laws• 1. law• Energy can be

converted from one form to another but energy can neither be produced nor consumed

• Energy can not be consumed

• 2. law• For all energy

conversion processes in a closed system the Exergy of the new state will always be lower than in the beginning state.

• Exergy is consumed

Reference temperature T0

• We define T0 as a representative temperature of the lowest heat source for the system e.g. 273.15 K (degrees Kelvin) or -0 oC

T0

Tr QrHeat reservoir

Reference temperature

Exergy X for a heat source depending on temperature

T0

Tr Qr m cHitastig varmageymis HlutfalloC K hágildisorku

500 773,15 0,43400 673,15 0,38300 573,15 0,33250 523,15 0,29200 473,15 0,25150 423,15 0,20100 373,15 0,15

80 353,15 0,1260 333,15 0,1040 313,15 0,0720 293,15 0,03

0 273,15

Viðmiðunarhitastig 273,15

W

Temperature Proportion exergy

Ref temperature

400kW Geothermal Power Plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska

A fluid, R-134a, with lower boiling point than water passes through a heat exchanger with 165°F/74oC water from our geothermal wells.  Heat from the geothermal water causes the R-134a to flash to vapor which then drives the turbine. 

Chena Ice Hotel

The Deep Drilling Project

>500 OC250 OC

Exergy in >> mgDh

Must be a solution

Friction Mechanical work

transformed into heatExergy is destroyed

Exergy in reduced by 80 %

The pyramid will be finished in 86

years

Rolling sticksLess friction

Less mechanical work transformed into heat

Exergy is saved

Elecricity

Non visible radiation and

heatLight exergy

14 lumen/W 75 lumen/W

Light exergy

Indoor climate criteria

Shukuyas Exergy Minimum

Predicted mean vote by Fanger

Heat pump – highest theoretical COP

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

Nothitastig 35 CNothitastig 55 C

0TT

T

r

r

Source temperature OC

Heat pumps – measured COP

Fig. 1: Values of COP for brine/water heat pumps (as used typically in geothermal heat pump systems), measured in the Heat Pump Test Centre

Toess (extract from http://www.wpz.ch/)

Energy Quality ManagementCommunity Level

Nordic EQM Related DevelopmentCo - generation

District heating

District cooling

Heat pumps

Geo exchange

Waste heat management

Low temperature heating – floor heating

Low temperature cooling – cooling beams

Energy market

Investment cost for solar 95000MUSD/28 Gigawatts ca 3,4 MUSD/MW Utilisation time < 2000 h Variable productionInvestment cost for Icelandic geothermal ca 3 MUSD/MW – Utilisation time > 8000 h - base load production

The price for Exergy• Reykjavik Energy – marginal cost

– Electricity • Energy price 8,81 kr/kWh• Exergy prioce 8,81 kr/kWh

– Hot water• Energy price 65,23 kr/m3 DT=(80-40) K 46,4

kWst

1,41 kr/kWh• Exergy price (353,15/273,15) = 11,4 KWh

5,72 kr/kWh

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Geothermal heat

Electricity

GDP

Oil and coal

ICELAND 1945 - 2010

http://www2.stjr.is/frr/thst/rit/sogulegt/english.htm

http:

//w

ww

.os.

is/ Per capita

Normalized to 100 in 2005

Year

Thank you