orthographic drawings lecture
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Introduction lecture note to orthographic drawingTRANSCRIPT
Design Communication Lecture:Design Communication, Lecture:
Orthographic projections
Plans Sections and ElevationsPlans, Sections and Elevations
Introduction to Architectural Drawings
S l• Scale• Line weights & types• Lettering• Title blockTitle block• Architectural symbols
O th hi P j tiOrthographic Projections• Plans
A
• Sections & Elevations• Perspectives• Perspectives
Line weights & typesLine weights & types
Letteringg
Title blockTitle block
Architectural SymbolsArchitectural Symbols
Architectural ScaleArchitectural Scale
1 : 11 201 : 201 : 501 : 751 : 1001 : 1001 : 2001 : 500
•Determine the scale of the drawing; this will usually be located near the title of the drawing 1 : 500•Find the corresponding scale on your architect scale. If the scale factor on the drawing indicates " 1/8" = 1'-0" " you will locate the 1/8 on the 1/8 1 0 , you will locate the 1/8 on the scale.
Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections
Orthographic
• Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional object i t di iin two dimensions.
• The observer’s line of sight is perpendicular to both the picture planeperpendicular to both the picture plane and the principal surfaces of the building viewed.
• Conversely, the drawing surface is parallel to the major surfaces of the buildingbuilding.
• Abstract method to represent reality.
(Ching 1996, p. 58)
Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections
Orthographicg p
• The relationship between plan, section and elevation is criticalsection and elevation is critical for the comprehension of what we are drawing.we are drawing.
Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections
Plan
H i t l t t b t 4 f t b th fl• Horizontal cut at about 4 feet above the floor
Show what is enclosed and what is not• Show what is enclosed and what is not
• Show spatial relationships• Show spatial relationships
(Ching 1996, p. 19)
Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections
D i lDrawing a plan
• Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of j g pstructural elements and walls.
• Give these elements proper thickness• Give these elements proper thickness.
• Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.
• Draw details such as fixtures, doors and door swings, and stair threadsand stair threads.
(Ching 1996, p. 20)
(Ching 1996, p. 21)
(Chi 1996 22)(Ching 1996, p. 22)
Line weight: Things that are cut are outlined in heavy weight lines. Things that can be seen below the place are indicated in lighter lineThings that can be seen below the place are indicated in lighter line weight. Things that are above the level of the cut can be shown with a heavy dashed line if desired.
Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections
Elevation• The exterior of buildings from a horizontal point of view.
• Orthographic projections of a building interior vertical surfaces asOrthographic projections of a building interior vertical surfaces, as seen in building sections, are interior elevations
• Elevations convey a structure’s form and massing, door andElevations convey a structure s form and massing, door and window openings, material, texture and context.
• In pure line drawing without shades/shadows, discernable p g ,difference in line weight suggests depths of planes. The heavier the line-weight, the nearer it is; the lighter the line-weight, the further it is
• Indicate ground plane where the building sits, and floor levels.
Th l b l d di t th i t ( th l ti• They are labeled according to the compass point (north elevation, south elevation, etc)
Picture plane
Ground plane
(Ching 1996, p. 40)
Orthographic Projections: SectionsWhat is a section? Orthographic Projections: Sections
• Vertical cut through the building• Vertical cut through the building
• Section expresses the vertical relationship of spaces [interior + exterior]relationship of spaces [interior + exterior], volumes, heights and structure
• Usually needs more than one section toUsually needs more than one section to illustrate the relationships between spaces.
• Can be used in conjunction with paraline drawing (for example axonometric) and sectional perspective to provide a 3-dimentional view of space
(Ching 1996, p. 34)
Orthographic Projections: SectionsTypes of section drawings Orthographic Projections: Sectionsyp g
• Design drawing
• Construction drawing
Orthographic Projections: SectionsPoints to consider when drawing a section for design drawing Orthographic Projections: Sectionsg g
Line ThicknessLine Thickness
St t lStructural elements
Sectional elevation
Human: Scale
Ground line
(Ching 1996, p. 35)
Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections
1. Identify section cut on plan
g
2. Construct from elevations and plans
a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that fregulate the position of structural elements and walls.
b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings g p getc.
3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows doorways stairwayselements such as windows, doorways, stairways.
4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.
5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.
6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.
7. Draw setting (exterior)
2a. Structural elements
1 Identify section cut1. Identify section cut.2b. Vertical
heights3. Sectional elevation
2b Ground lineYou need to cross reference the section cut to the plan by
using tabs/markers to both sides of the section line on
your plan drawing
2b. Ground line and floor levels
*Indicating section cut on plan:•Consider where the section cut is located on plan
Consider the position where the viewer is standing
your plan drawing.
•Consider the position where the viewer is standing
Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections
1. Construct from elevations and plans
g
a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of structural elements and walls.
b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings etc.
3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.
4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.
5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.
6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.
7. Draw setting (exterior)
Structural elements: Think lines
Sectional elevation
Window/opening: Thinner lines
Furniture/fixture
(Ching 1996, p. 36)
Furniture/fixture
Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections
1. Construct from elevations and plans
g
a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of structural elements and walls.
b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings etc.
3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.
4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.
5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.
6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.
7. Draw setting (exterior)
Human to provide scale and habitation
Give context: Exterior setting
Orthographic Projections: SectionsCheck-list Orthographic Projections: Sections
Indicate section on pland cate sect o o p a
Title section and label spaces
Indicate scale
Show ground line and floor levels
I t l d t ilInternal room details
Background and foreground detail considered GivingBackground and foreground detail considered. Giving context