ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ortholattices and their automorphisms:towards a simple description
of the Hilbert space
Thomas Vetterlein
Department of Knowledge-Based Mathematical Systems,Johannes Kepler University (Linz, Austria)
Workshop onCombining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory
Edinburgh, 19 March 2018
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Once upon a time ...
The Birkhoff - von Neumann legacy
Can we derive the basic model of quantum theorythe complex Hilbert space,
from some underlying logico-algebraic structure?
Testable properties of a physical system correspondto closed subspaces of a Hilbert space.
Properties can be compared; properties can be negated.
Accordingly, the closed subspaces of a Hilbert spaceform an orthoposet – in fact an orthomodular lattice.
An outdated, irrelevant approach,or still a useful viewpoint on quantum theory??
![Page 3: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Once upon a time ...
The Birkhoff - von Neumann legacy
Can we derive the basic model of quantum theorythe complex Hilbert space,
from some underlying logico-algebraic structure?
Testable properties of a physical system correspondto closed subspaces of a Hilbert space.
Properties can be compared; properties can be negated.
Accordingly, the closed subspaces of a Hilbert spaceform an orthoposet – in fact an orthomodular lattice.
An outdated, irrelevant approach,or still a useful viewpoint on quantum theory??
![Page 4: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Once upon a time ...
The Birkhoff - von Neumann legacy
Can we derive the basic model of quantum theorythe complex Hilbert space,
from some underlying logico-algebraic structure?
Testable properties of a physical system correspondto closed subspaces of a Hilbert space.
Properties can be compared; properties can be negated.
Accordingly, the closed subspaces of a Hilbert spaceform an orthoposet – in fact an orthomodular lattice.
An outdated, irrelevant approach,or still a useful viewpoint on quantum theory??
![Page 5: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Once upon a time ...
The Birkhoff - von Neumann legacy
Can we derive the basic model of quantum theorythe complex Hilbert space,
from some underlying logico-algebraic structure?
Testable properties of a physical system correspondto closed subspaces of a Hilbert space.
Properties can be compared; properties can be negated.
Accordingly, the closed subspaces of a Hilbert spaceform an orthoposet – in fact an orthomodular lattice.
An outdated, irrelevant approach,or still a useful viewpoint on quantum theory??
![Page 6: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
In the meantime ...
... numerous further (more sophisticated?) approaches wereproposed.
G. Niestegg, Composite systems and the role of complexnumbers in quantum mechanics.
F. M. Lev, Why is quantum physics based on complexnumbers?
S. Davis, Quantum theory and the category of complexnumbers.
A. Ivanov, D. Caragheorgheopol, Spectral automorphismsin quantum logics.
J. Vicary, Completeness of †-categories and the complexnumbers.
V. Moretti, M. Oppio, Quantum theory in real Hilbertspace: how the complex Hilbert space structure emergesfrom Poincare symmetry.
![Page 7: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
An old approach with a still unexhausted potential
Our relaxation of the issue
Does the complex Hilbert space arise fromany simpler, easier comprehensible structure?
Peculiarities of the logico-algebraic approach:
It deals with “propositions” but notwith actual physical contents.
It deals with the model of a single system,not caring about interrelations.
Charmingness of the approach:
With some effort, we may reconstruct preciselythe model in question.
![Page 8: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
An old approach with a still unexhausted potential
Our relaxation of the issue
Does the complex Hilbert space arise fromany simpler, easier comprehensible structure?
Peculiarities of the logico-algebraic approach:
It deals with “propositions” but notwith actual physical contents.
It deals with the model of a single system,not caring about interrelations.
Charmingness of the approach:
With some effort, we may reconstruct preciselythe model in question.
![Page 9: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
An old approach with a still unexhausted potential
Our relaxation of the issue
Does the complex Hilbert space arise fromany simpler, easier comprehensible structure?
Peculiarities of the logico-algebraic approach:
It deals with “propositions” but notwith actual physical contents.
It deals with the model of a single system,not caring about interrelations.
Charmingness of the approach:
With some effort, we may reconstruct preciselythe model in question.
![Page 10: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Linear spaces
Definition
Let E be an abelian group, let K be a division ring, andassume that an action of K on E makes E into a left K-module.
Then E is called a linear space.
Related issue
Why is this notion so fundamental?Can we reduce this structure to something more tangible?
We can identify linear spaces with certain lattices.
![Page 11: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Linear spaces
Definition
Let E be an abelian group, let K be a division ring, andassume that an action of K on E makes E into a left K-module.Then E is called a linear space.
Related issue
Why is this notion so fundamental?Can we reduce this structure to something more tangible?
We can identify linear spaces with certain lattices.
![Page 12: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Linear spaces
Definition
Let E be an abelian group, let K be a division ring, andassume that an action of K on E makes E into a left K-module.Then E is called a linear space.
Related issue
Why is this notion so fundamental?Can we reduce this structure to something more tangible?
We can identify linear spaces with certain lattices.
![Page 13: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Linear spaces
Definition
Let E be an abelian group, let K be a division ring, andassume that an action of K on E makes E into a left K-module.Then E is called a linear space.
Related issue
Why is this notion so fundamental?Can we reduce this structure to something more tangible?
We can identify linear spaces with certain lattices.
![Page 14: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lattices
Definition
A lattice is a partially ordered set such that the greatest lowerbound and least upper bound of any pair of elements exist.
Example
The set Π(X) of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion, is a lattice.
For R,S ∈ Π(X), we have
R ∧ S = R ∩ S,R ∨ S = R;S ∪ R;S;R ∪ R;S;R;S ∪ . . . (?).
Theorem
Every lattice L is a lattice of equivalence relations.L is linear iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S”.L is modular iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S;R”.
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Lattices
Definition
A lattice is a partially ordered set such that the greatest lowerbound and least upper bound of any pair of elements exist.
Example
The set Π(X) of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion, is a lattice.
For R,S ∈ Π(X), we have
R ∧ S = R ∩ S,R ∨ S = R;S ∪ R;S;R ∪ R;S;R;S ∪ . . . (?).
Theorem
Every lattice L is a lattice of equivalence relations.L is linear iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S”.L is modular iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S;R”.
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Lattices
Definition
A lattice is a partially ordered set such that the greatest lowerbound and least upper bound of any pair of elements exist.
Example
The set Π(X) of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion, is a lattice.
For R,S ∈ Π(X), we have
R ∧ S = R ∩ S,R ∨ S = R;S ∪ R;S;R ∪ R;S;R;S ∪ . . . (?).
Theorem
Every lattice L is a lattice of equivalence relations.
L is linear iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S”.L is modular iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S;R”.
![Page 17: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Lattices
Definition
A lattice is a partially ordered set such that the greatest lowerbound and least upper bound of any pair of elements exist.
Example
The set Π(X) of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion, is a lattice.
For R,S ∈ Π(X), we have
R ∧ S = R ∩ S,R ∨ S = R;S ∪ R;S;R ∪ R;S;R;S ∪ . . . (?).
Theorem
Every lattice L is a lattice of equivalence relations.L is linear iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S”.L is modular iff (?) is “R ∨ S = R;S;R”.
![Page 18: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Linear spaces and lattices
Theorem
Let E be a linear space over a division ring K.Then, under inclusion, the set L(E) of subspaces of Eis a geomodular lattice:a complemented modular lattice which is moreovercompactly atomistic and irreducible.
Theorem (Birkhoff, Frink, Jonsson)
Let L be a geomodular lattice of dimension > 4.Then there is a linear space E over a division ring Ksuch that L is isomorphic to L(E).K is (up to isomorphism) uniquely determined.
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Linear spaces and lattices
Theorem
Let E be a linear space over a division ring K.Then, under inclusion, the set L(E) of subspaces of Eis a geomodular lattice:a complemented modular lattice which is moreovercompactly atomistic and irreducible.
Theorem (Birkhoff, Frink, Jonsson)
Let L be a geomodular lattice of dimension > 4.Then there is a linear space E over a division ring Ksuch that L is isomorphic to L(E).K is (up to isomorphism) uniquely determined.
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Coordinatising geomodular lattices
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Pairing a linear space with its dual
Definition
Let E be a linear space over a division ring K.Assume that K possesses an antiautomorphism ?.Then a mapping (−,−) : E × E → K is calledan anisotropic quadratic form if:
x 7→ (−, x) is an antilinear mapping from E to its dual E?;
(x, x) 6= 0 if x 6= 0;
(y, x) = 0 iff (x, y) = 0.
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Pairing a linear space with its dual
Definition
Let E be a linear space over a division ring K.Assume that K possesses an antiautomorphism ?.Then a mapping (−,−) : E × E → K is calledan anisotropic quadratic form if:
x 7→ (−, x) is an antilinear mapping from E to its dual E?;
(x, x) 6= 0 if x 6= 0;
(y, x) = 0 iff (x, y) = 0.
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Hermitean spaces
Theorem
By “rescaling”, an anisotropic quadratic form becomeshermitean:
? is involutorial;
(x, y) = (y, x)?,
A hermitean space is a linear spacewith an anisotropic hermitean form.
For a subspace A, we put
A⊥ = {x ∈ E : (x, a) = 0 for all a ∈ A}.
The set of closed subspaces of E is
C(E) = {A ∈ L(E) : A⊥⊥ = A}.
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Hermitean spaces
Theorem
By “rescaling”, an anisotropic quadratic form becomeshermitean:
? is involutorial;
(x, y) = (y, x)?,
A hermitean space is a linear spacewith an anisotropic hermitean form.
For a subspace A, we put
A⊥ = {x ∈ E : (x, a) = 0 for all a ∈ A}.
The set of closed subspaces of E is
C(E) = {A ∈ L(E) : A⊥⊥ = A}.
![Page 25: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ortholattices
Definition
An ortholattice is a lattice with 0 and 1, additionallyendowed with an orthocomplementation ⊥.
A lattice L is called AC if L is atomistic andfulfils the covering property.
Theorem
Let E be a hermitean space.Then C(E) is an irreducible, complete, AC ortholattice.
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Ortholattices
Definition
An ortholattice is a lattice with 0 and 1, additionallyendowed with an orthocomplementation ⊥.
A lattice L is called AC if L is atomistic andfulfils the covering property.
Theorem
Let E be a hermitean space.Then C(E) is an irreducible, complete, AC ortholattice.
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Hermitean spaces and ortholattices
Theorem (Birkhoff - von Neumann)
Let E be a linear space of dimension 4 6 n < ω overa division ring K. Assume that ⊥ : L(E)→ L(E) is anorthocomplementation.Then there exists an involutorial antiautomorphism ? of Kand a hermitean form on E inducing ⊥.
Theorem (cf. Maeda-Maeda)
An irreducible, complete, AC ortholattice of dimension > 4is isomorphic to C(E) for some hermitean space E.
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Hermitean spaces and ortholattices
Theorem (Birkhoff - von Neumann)
Let E be a linear space of dimension 4 6 n < ω overa division ring K. Assume that ⊥ : L(E)→ L(E) is anorthocomplementation.Then there exists an involutorial antiautomorphism ? of Kand a hermitean form on E inducing ⊥.
Theorem (cf. Maeda-Maeda)
An irreducible, complete, AC ortholattice of dimension > 4is isomorphic to C(E) for some hermitean space E.
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Orthomodular spaces
Definition
An orthomodular space is a hermitean spacesuch that all closed subspaces are splitting:
E = A+A⊥
for any A ∈ C(E).
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Orthomodular lattices
Definition
An ortholattice is an orthomodular lattice (OML) if
a 6 b ⇒ b = a ∨ (b ∧ a⊥).
Theorem
Let E be an orthomodular space.The set C(E) of closed subspaces isan irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.
Theorem (cf. Maeda-Maeda)
An irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular latticeof dimension > 4 is isomorphic to C(E)for some orthomodular space E.
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Orthomodular lattices
Definition
An ortholattice is an orthomodular lattice (OML) if
a 6 b ⇒ b = a ∨ (b ∧ a⊥).
Theorem
Let E be an orthomodular space.The set C(E) of closed subspaces isan irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.
Theorem (cf. Maeda-Maeda)
An irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular latticeof dimension > 4 is isomorphic to C(E)for some orthomodular space E.
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Orthomodular lattices
Definition
An ortholattice is an orthomodular lattice (OML) if
a 6 b ⇒ b = a ∨ (b ∧ a⊥).
Theorem
Let E be an orthomodular space.The set C(E) of closed subspaces isan irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.
Theorem (cf. Maeda-Maeda)
An irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular latticeof dimension > 4 is isomorphic to C(E)for some orthomodular space E.
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The classical Hilbert spaces
Theorem (Soler)
Let E be an orthomodular space over the division ring K.Assume that E contains an infinite orthonormal sequence.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
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The complex Hilbert spaces and lattices
We say that a lattice fulfils Pappus’s Theorem if:
for any atoms a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2 belonging to a plane,
(a1∨ b0)∧ (a0∨ b1) 6 ((a2∨ b0)∧ (b2∨a0))∨ ((a2∨ b1)∧ (a1∨ b2)).
We say that a lattice fulfils the Square Root Axiom if:
for any four distinct atoms a, b, c, d such that a∨ b = c∨ d, thereare atoms y and z such thaty � b ∨ z, y � c ∨ d, z � c ∨ d, z � a ∨ y,a, b, c, d, y, z belong to a plane, and
(a ∨ y) ∧ (z ∨ d) 6 ((b ∨ z) ∧ (c ∨ y)) ∨ ((a ∨ b) ∧ (z ∨ y)).
Theorem (Wilbur)
An irreducible, complete AC orthomodular lattice of infinitedimension and fulfilling Pappus’s Theorem and the Square RootAxiom is isomorphic to C(E) for a complex Hilbert space E.
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The complex Hilbert spaces and lattices
We say that a lattice fulfils Pappus’s Theorem if:
for any atoms a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2 belonging to a plane,
(a1∨ b0)∧ (a0∨ b1) 6 ((a2∨ b0)∧ (b2∨a0))∨ ((a2∨ b1)∧ (a1∨ b2)).
We say that a lattice fulfils the Square Root Axiom if:
for any four distinct atoms a, b, c, d such that a∨ b = c∨ d, thereare atoms y and z such thaty � b ∨ z, y � c ∨ d, z � c ∨ d, z � a ∨ y,a, b, c, d, y, z belong to a plane, and
(a ∨ y) ∧ (z ∨ d) 6 ((b ∨ z) ∧ (c ∨ y)) ∨ ((a ∨ b) ∧ (z ∨ y)).
Theorem (Wilbur)
An irreducible, complete AC orthomodular lattice of infinitedimension and fulfilling Pappus’s Theorem and the Square RootAxiom is isomorphic to C(E) for a complex Hilbert space E.
![Page 36: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Review of the lattice-theoretic conditions
For an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space,(C(E);∩,∨,⊥ , {0}, E) is an irreducible, complete AC OMLfulfilling Pappus’s Theorem and the Square Root Axiom.
C(E) physical interpretability?
lattice operations for compatible propositions onlyorthomodularity yesatomisticity for finite-state systemscovering property not obviouscompleteness not obviousirreducibility reasonablePappus’s Theorem not obviousSquare Root Axiom not obvious
![Page 37: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Review of the lattice-theoretic conditions
For an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space,(C(E);∩,∨,⊥ , {0}, E) is an irreducible, complete AC OMLfulfilling Pappus’s Theorem and the Square Root Axiom.
C(E) physical interpretability?
lattice operations for compatible propositions onlyorthomodularity yesatomisticity for finite-state systemscovering property not obviouscompleteness not obviousirreducibility reasonablePappus’s Theorem not obviousSquare Root Axiom not obvious
![Page 38: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Correspondence with the algebraic environment
The lattice-theoretic reconstruction is struggling with the mostcommon notions/constructions regarding Hilbert spaces:
→: (general) linear maps;
⊕: direct sums;
⊗: tensor products.
But – we have a correspondence for
�: automorphisms.
![Page 39: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Correspondence with the algebraic environment
The lattice-theoretic reconstruction is struggling with the mostcommon notions/constructions regarding Hilbert spaces:
→: (general) linear maps;
⊕: direct sums;
⊗: tensor products.
But – we have a correspondence for
�: automorphisms.
![Page 40: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Correspondence with the algebraic environment
The lattice-theoretic reconstruction is struggling with the mostcommon notions/constructions regarding Hilbert spaces:
→: (general) linear maps;
⊕: direct sums;
⊗: tensor products.
But – we have a correspondence for
�: automorphisms.
![Page 41: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Correspondence with the algebraic environment
The lattice-theoretic reconstruction is struggling with the mostcommon notions/constructions regarding Hilbert spaces:
→: (general) linear maps;
⊕: direct sums;
⊗: tensor products.
But – we have a correspondence for
�: automorphisms.
![Page 42: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Correspondence with the algebraic environment
The lattice-theoretic reconstruction is struggling with the mostcommon notions/constructions regarding Hilbert spaces:
→: (general) linear maps;
⊕: direct sums;
⊗: tensor products.
But – we have a correspondence for
�: automorphisms.
![Page 43: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Modifications and extensions
Can we do better?
Conditions/operations that are physically hard to interpretand/or technically horribly involved, should be discarded.
We should overcome the restriction to theinfinite-dimensional case.
Strategy:
We no longer insist on “purely algebraic” conditions; weallow statements concerning automorphisms instead.
We replace ortholattices with orthogonality spaces.
![Page 44: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Modifications and extensions
Can we do better?
Conditions/operations that are physically hard to interpretand/or technically horribly involved, should be discarded.
We should overcome the restriction to theinfinite-dimensional case.
Strategy:
We no longer insist on “purely algebraic” conditions; weallow statements concerning automorphisms instead.
We replace ortholattices with orthogonality spaces.
![Page 45: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Modifications and extensions
Can we do better?
Conditions/operations that are physically hard to interpretand/or technically horribly involved, should be discarded.
We should overcome the restriction to theinfinite-dimensional case.
Strategy:
We no longer insist on “purely algebraic” conditions; weallow statements concerning automorphisms instead.
We replace ortholattices with orthogonality spaces.
![Page 46: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Modifications and extensions
Can we do better?
Conditions/operations that are physically hard to interpretand/or technically horribly involved, should be discarded.
We should overcome the restriction to theinfinite-dimensional case.
Strategy:
We no longer insist on “purely algebraic” conditions; weallow statements concerning automorphisms instead.
We replace ortholattices with orthogonality spaces.
![Page 47: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Modifications and extensions
Can we do better?
Conditions/operations that are physically hard to interpretand/or technically horribly involved, should be discarded.
We should overcome the restriction to theinfinite-dimensional case.
Strategy:
We no longer insist on “purely algebraic” conditions; weallow statements concerning automorphisms instead.
We replace ortholattices with orthogonality spaces.
![Page 48: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The power of postulates regarding automorphisms
Let E be an orthogonality space over the division ring K.
Let C1(K) = {r ∈ K : r r? = 1 and r is in the centre of K}.If A,A⊥ ∈ C(E) have dimension > 2, the group ofautomorphisms fixing A and A⊥ is C1(K).
K R C HC1(K) O(1) SO(2) O(1)
Theorem (Mayet)
Let L be an irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.Let a, b, c ∈ L be pairwise orthogonal and of height > 3,and assume that there is an automorphism ϕ of L such that
ϕ(c) < c,
ϕ(x) = x if x 6 a or x 6 b,
ϕ restricted to [0, a ∨ b] is not involutive.
Then L is isomorphic to C(H) for a complex Hilbert space H.
![Page 49: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The power of postulates regarding automorphisms
Let E be an orthogonality space over the division ring K.
Let C1(K) = {r ∈ K : r r? = 1 and r is in the centre of K}.If A,A⊥ ∈ C(E) have dimension > 2, the group ofautomorphisms fixing A and A⊥ is C1(K).
K R C HC1(K) O(1) SO(2) O(1)
Theorem (Mayet)
Let L be an irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.Let a, b, c ∈ L be pairwise orthogonal and of height > 3,and assume that there is an automorphism ϕ of L such that
ϕ(c) < c,
ϕ(x) = x if x 6 a or x 6 b,
ϕ restricted to [0, a ∨ b] is not involutive.
Then L is isomorphic to C(H) for a complex Hilbert space H.
![Page 50: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The power of postulates regarding automorphisms
Let E be an orthogonality space over the division ring K.
Let C1(K) = {r ∈ K : r r? = 1 and r is in the centre of K}.If A,A⊥ ∈ C(E) have dimension > 2, the group ofautomorphisms fixing A and A⊥ is C1(K).
K R C HC1(K) O(1) SO(2) O(1)
Theorem (Mayet)
Let L be an irreducible, complete, AC orthomodular lattice.Let a, b, c ∈ L be pairwise orthogonal and of height > 3,and assume that there is an automorphism ϕ of L such that
ϕ(c) < c,
ϕ(x) = x if x 6 a or x 6 b,
ϕ restricted to [0, a ∨ b] is not involutive.
Then L is isomorphic to C(H) for a complex Hilbert space H.
![Page 51: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Orthogonality spaces
Definition (Foulis)
An orthogonality space is a set X endowed witha symmetric, irreflexive binary relation ⊥.
Standard example
Let X be the set of unit vectors of a Hilbert space.Put x⊥ y if (x, y) = 0. Then X is an orthogonality space.
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Orthogonality spaces
Definition (Foulis)
An orthogonality space is a set X endowed witha symmetric, irreflexive binary relation ⊥.
Standard example
Let X be the set of unit vectors of a Hilbert space.Put x⊥ y if (x, y) = 0. Then X is an orthogonality space.
![Page 53: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Associated ortholattice
Let X be an orthogonality space.
For A ⊆ X, we put again
A⊥ = {x ∈ X : x⊥ a for all a ∈ A}.
The set of all orthoclosed subsets is
C(X,⊥) = {A ⊆ X : A⊥⊥ = A}.
Theorem
C(X,⊥) is a complete, atomistic ortholattice.
![Page 54: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Associated ortholattice
Let X be an orthogonality space.
For A ⊆ X, we put again
A⊥ = {x ∈ X : x⊥ a for all a ∈ A}.
The set of all orthoclosed subsets is
C(X,⊥) = {A ⊆ X : A⊥⊥ = A}.
Theorem
C(X,⊥) is a complete, atomistic ortholattice.
![Page 55: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Automorphisms of orthogonality spaces
An automorphism of an orthogonality space (X,⊥) is abijection ϕ : X → X such that x⊥ y iff ϕ(x)⊥ ϕ(y).
Observation
Each automorphism of (X,⊥) induces an ortholatticeautomorphisms of C(X,⊥).
![Page 56: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Automorphisms of orthogonality spaces
An automorphism of an orthogonality space (X,⊥) is abijection ϕ : X → X such that x⊥ y iff ϕ(x)⊥ ϕ(y).
Observation
Each automorphism of (X,⊥) induces an ortholatticeautomorphisms of C(X,⊥).
![Page 57: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Postulates regarding automorphisms
For an orthogonality space, (X,⊥) we consider the properties:
(F1) For any A ⊆ X and e ∈ X be such that e /∈ A⊥⊥,there is an automorphism ϕ : X → X such that
ϕ(e)⊥A,ϕ(x) = x for any x ∈ X such that x⊥A, e or x⊥A,ϕ(e).
(F2) Let A ⊆ X contain more than one element. For anyautomorphism ϕ fixing A⊥⊥, and for any n > 2, there is anautomorphism ψ such that
ψn = ϕ,ψ fixes A as well.
![Page 58: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Postulates regarding automorphisms
For an orthogonality space, (X,⊥) we consider the properties:
(F1) For any A ⊆ X and e ∈ X be such that e /∈ A⊥⊥,there is an automorphism ϕ : X → X such that
ϕ(e)⊥A,ϕ(x) = x for any x ∈ X such that x⊥A, e or x⊥A,ϕ(e).
(F2) Let A ⊆ X contain more than one element. For anyautomorphism ϕ fixing A⊥⊥, and for any n > 2, there is anautomorphism ψ such that
ψn = ϕ,ψ fixes A as well.
![Page 59: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Consequences of (F1)
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is atomistic and fulfils the covering property,that is, is AC.
Theorem (Dacey)
C(X,⊥) is orthomodular if and only if:
For a maximal orthogonal subset D of A ∈ C(X,⊥),we have D⊥⊥ = A.
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is an orthomodular lattice.
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Consequences of (F1)
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is atomistic and fulfils the covering property,that is, is AC.
Theorem (Dacey)
C(X,⊥) is orthomodular if and only if:
For a maximal orthogonal subset D of A ∈ C(X,⊥),we have D⊥⊥ = A.
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is an orthomodular lattice.
![Page 61: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Consequences of (F1)
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is atomistic and fulfils the covering property,that is, is AC.
Theorem (Dacey)
C(X,⊥) is orthomodular if and only if:
For a maximal orthogonal subset D of A ∈ C(X,⊥),we have D⊥⊥ = A.
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality space fulfilling (F1).Then C(X,⊥) is an orthomodular lattice.
![Page 62: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Rank of an orthogonality space
Definition
An orthogonality space (X,⊥) is of rank λ if λ is the maximalcardinality of a set of pairwise orthogonal elements.
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) fulfil (F1).The rank of (X,⊥) is the height of C(X,⊥).
![Page 63: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Rank of an orthogonality space
Definition
An orthogonality space (X,⊥) is of rank λ if λ is the maximalcardinality of a set of pairwise orthogonal elements.
Lemma
Let (X,⊥) fulfil (F1).The rank of (X,⊥) is the height of C(X,⊥).
![Page 64: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Irreducibility of an orthogonality space
Definition
(X,⊥) is reducible if there is an A ⊆ X such thatA⊥ and A⊥⊥ are both non-empty andeach x ∈ X is contained in exactly one of A⊥ or A⊥⊥.
Otherwise, we will call (X,⊥) irreducible.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) is irreducible, C(X,⊥) is directly irreducible.
![Page 65: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Irreducibility of an orthogonality space
Definition
(X,⊥) is reducible if there is an A ⊆ X such thatA⊥ and A⊥⊥ are both non-empty andeach x ∈ X is contained in exactly one of A⊥ or A⊥⊥.
Otherwise, we will call (X,⊥) irreducible.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) is irreducible, C(X,⊥) is directly irreducible.
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Description of the ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank > 4 and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1).
Then there is an orthogonality space E such that C(X,⊥) isisomorphic to C(E).
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank ℵ0 and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
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Description of the ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank > 4 and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1).
Then there is an orthogonality space E such that C(X,⊥) isisomorphic to C(E).
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank ℵ0 and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
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The finite-dimensional case
A modified automorphism axiom
For an orthogonality space, (X,⊥) we consider the property:
(F1’) Let e, f ∈ X be distinct. Then there is an automorphismϕ : X → X such that
ϕ(e)⊥ f ,for any x⊥ f , we have x⊥ e iff x⊥ ϕ(e),in which case ϕ(x) = x.
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank 4 6 n < ω and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1’).
Then there is an n-dimensional orthogonality space Esuch that C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(E).
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The finite-dimensional case
A modified automorphism axiom
For an orthogonality space, (X,⊥) we consider the property:
(F1’) Let e, f ∈ X be distinct. Then there is an automorphismϕ : X → X such that
ϕ(e)⊥ f ,for any x⊥ f , we have x⊥ e iff x⊥ ϕ(e),in which case ϕ(x) = x.
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) beof rank 4 6 n < ω and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1’).
Then there is an n-dimensional orthogonality space Esuch that C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(E).
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Conclusion so far
The infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space can bedescribed as an orthogonality space – essentially by meansof postulates concerning automorphisms.
The finite-dimensional orthogonal spaces can be describedsimilarly.
The remaining challenge
In the finite-dimensional case,how can we characterise the complex numbers??
Let us compile some facts and ideas ...
![Page 71: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Conclusion so far
The infinite-dimensional complex Hilbert space can bedescribed as an orthogonality space – essentially by meansof postulates concerning automorphisms.
The finite-dimensional orthogonal spaces can be describedsimilarly.
The remaining challenge
In the finite-dimensional case,how can we characterise the complex numbers??
Let us compile some facts and ideas ...
![Page 72: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Review of the crucial part
Let us recall:
Theorem (Soler)
Let E be an orthomodular space over the division ring K.Assume that E contains an infinite orthonormal sequence.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Main proof steps:
(1) The fixed field F = {α ∈ K : α? = α} is totally ordered, thepositive cone being {(x, x) : x ∈ E}.
(2) (F ;6) is an archimedean totally ordered group.
(3) The order of F is complete.
Arguments of (2) and (3) rely essentially on the infinitedimensionality. No hope.
![Page 73: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Review of the crucial part
Let us recall:
Theorem (Soler)
Let E be an orthomodular space over the division ring K.Assume that E contains an infinite orthonormal sequence.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Main proof steps:
(1) The fixed field F = {α ∈ K : α? = α} is totally ordered, thepositive cone being {(x, x) : x ∈ E}.
(2) (F ;6) is an archimedean totally ordered group.
(3) The order of F is complete.
Arguments of (2) and (3) rely essentially on the infinitedimensionality. No hope.
![Page 74: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Review of the crucial part
Let us recall:
Theorem (Soler)
Let E be an orthomodular space over the division ring K.Assume that E contains an infinite orthonormal sequence.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Main proof steps:
(1) The fixed field F = {α ∈ K : α? = α} is totally ordered, thepositive cone being {(x, x) : x ∈ E}.
(2) (F ;6) is an archimedean totally ordered group.
(3) The order of F is complete.
Arguments of (2) and (3) rely essentially on the infinitedimensionality. No hope.
![Page 75: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Topology
Interestingly, however, topology has an effect similar toinfinite-dimensionality:
Theorem (Pontrjagin)
Let K be a topological division ring.Assume that K is locally compact, connected, and Hausdorff.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Theorem (Salzmann, Lowen)
A compact, connected topological projective plane whoseautomorphism group is transitive is classical.
Question
How can we use these facts to characterise the right“topological orthogonality spaces”?
![Page 76: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Topology
Interestingly, however, topology has an effect similar toinfinite-dimensionality:
Theorem (Pontrjagin)
Let K be a topological division ring.Assume that K is locally compact, connected, and Hausdorff.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Theorem (Salzmann, Lowen)
A compact, connected topological projective plane whoseautomorphism group is transitive is classical.
Question
How can we use these facts to characterise the right“topological orthogonality spaces”?
![Page 77: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Topology
Interestingly, however, topology has an effect similar toinfinite-dimensionality:
Theorem (Pontrjagin)
Let K be a topological division ring.Assume that K is locally compact, connected, and Hausdorff.Then K is one of R, C, or H.
Theorem (Salzmann, Lowen)
A compact, connected topological projective plane whoseautomorphism group is transitive is classical.
Question
How can we use these facts to characterise the right“topological orthogonality spaces”?
![Page 78: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Delimiting the division ring by other means
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality spacethat is irreducible, of finite rank > 4, and fulfils (F1’).Let E be the representing orthogonal space over K.
Theorem (Eckmann, Zabey)
Let V be a linear space over GF(pd) of finite dimension > 3.Then L(V ) does not possess an orthocomplementation.
Corollary
The division ring K is infinite.
![Page 79: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Delimiting the division ring by other means
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality spacethat is irreducible, of finite rank > 4, and fulfils (F1’).Let E be the representing orthogonal space over K.
Theorem (Eckmann, Zabey)
Let V be a linear space over GF(pd) of finite dimension > 3.Then L(V ) does not possess an orthocomplementation.
Corollary
The division ring K is infinite.
![Page 80: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Delimiting the division ring by other means
Let (X,⊥) be an orthogonality spacethat is irreducible, of finite rank > 4, and fulfils (F1’).Let E be the representing orthogonal space over K.
Theorem (Eckmann, Zabey)
Let V be a linear space over GF(pd) of finite dimension > 3.Then L(V ) does not possess an orthocomplementation.
Corollary
The division ring K is infinite.
![Page 81: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Characteristic 0
Theorem (Jones)
Let V be an orthogonal space of dimension > 4 such that:
For any e, f ∈ V there is an automorphism ϕ such thatϕ(e) = f and ϕ(x) = x whenever x⊥ e, f .
Then the division ring has characteristic 0.
Lemma
For any u, v ∈ X, there is an automorphism ϕsuch that ϕ(u) = v.
Corollary
K has characteristic 0.
![Page 82: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Characteristic 0
Theorem (Jones)
Let V be an orthogonal space of dimension > 4 such that:
For any e, f ∈ V there is an automorphism ϕ such thatϕ(e) = f and ϕ(x) = x whenever x⊥ e, f .
Then the division ring has characteristic 0.
Lemma
For any u, v ∈ X, there is an automorphism ϕsuch that ϕ(u) = v.
Corollary
K has characteristic 0.
![Page 83: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Characteristic 0
Theorem (Jones)
Let V be an orthogonal space of dimension > 4 such that:
For any e, f ∈ V there is an automorphism ϕ such thatϕ(e) = f and ϕ(x) = x whenever x⊥ e, f .
Then the division ring has characteristic 0.
Lemma
For any u, v ∈ X, there is an automorphism ϕsuch that ϕ(u) = v.
Corollary
K has characteristic 0.
![Page 84: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Commutativity
Consider the property:
(F3) Let u, v ∈ X such that u⊥ v and let w ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥ bedistinct from u, v. Let ϕ be an automorphism fixing u, v,w, and any x⊥ u, v. Then ϕ fixes also any x ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) fulfils (F3), K is commutative.
![Page 85: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Commutativity
Consider the property:
(F3) Let u, v ∈ X such that u⊥ v and let w ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥ bedistinct from u, v. Let ϕ be an automorphism fixing u, v,w, and any x⊥ u, v. Then ϕ fixes also any x ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) fulfils (F3), K is commutative.
![Page 86: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
K = F (i)
Recall:
(F2) For any automorphism ϕ fixing some at least 2-dimensionalA ∈ C(X,⊥), and for any n > 2, there is an automorphismψ such that ψn = ϕ and ψ fixes A as well.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) fulfils (F1’), (F2), and (F3), then K = F (i) for somei ∈ K such that i2 = 1.
![Page 87: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
K = F (i)
Recall:
(F2) For any automorphism ϕ fixing some at least 2-dimensionalA ∈ C(X,⊥), and for any n > 2, there is an automorphismψ such that ψn = ϕ and ψ fixes A as well.
Lemma
If (X,⊥) fulfils (F1’), (F2), and (F3), then K = F (i) for somei ∈ K such that i2 = 1.
![Page 88: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Automorphism circles
Definition
Let T be the group of unit complex numbers.An automorphism circle is a homomorphism κ from T to thegroup of automorphisms of (X,⊥) such that κ(α) = id iffα = ±1.
Axioms for automorphism circles
(A1) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v and let ϕ be anautomorphism of (X,⊥) such that ϕ(u) = v and ϕ(x) = xif x⊥ u, v. Then there is an automorphism circle κ fixingthe same elements as ϕ and such that κ(i) = ϕ.
(A2) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v. Let κ be anautomorphism circle such that κ(i)(u) = v and κ(i)(x) = xfor x⊥ u, v. Then any other automorphism circle withthese properties is of the form ϕ−1 ◦ κ ◦ ϕ, where ϕ is anautomorphism fixing u, v, and any x⊥ u, v.
![Page 89: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Automorphism circles
Definition
Let T be the group of unit complex numbers.An automorphism circle is a homomorphism κ from T to thegroup of automorphisms of (X,⊥) such that κ(α) = id iffα = ±1.
Axioms for automorphism circles
(A1) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v and let ϕ be anautomorphism of (X,⊥) such that ϕ(u) = v and ϕ(x) = xif x⊥ u, v. Then there is an automorphism circle κ fixingthe same elements as ϕ and such that κ(i) = ϕ.
(A2) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v. Let κ be anautomorphism circle such that κ(i)(u) = v and κ(i)(x) = xfor x⊥ u, v. Then any other automorphism circle withthese properties is of the form ϕ−1 ◦ κ ◦ ϕ, where ϕ is anautomorphism fixing u, v, and any x⊥ u, v.
![Page 90: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Automorphism circles
Definition
Let T be the group of unit complex numbers.An automorphism circle is a homomorphism κ from T to thegroup of automorphisms of (X,⊥) such that κ(α) = id iffα = ±1.
Axioms for automorphism circles
(A1) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v and let ϕ be anautomorphism of (X,⊥) such that ϕ(u) = v and ϕ(x) = xif x⊥ u, v. Then there is an automorphism circle κ fixingthe same elements as ϕ and such that κ(i) = ϕ.
(A2) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v. Let κ be anautomorphism circle such that κ(i)(u) = v and κ(i)(x) = xfor x⊥ u, v. Then any other automorphism circle withthese properties is of the form ϕ−1 ◦ κ ◦ ϕ, where ϕ is anautomorphism fixing u, v, and any x⊥ u, v.
![Page 91: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Automorphism circles
Axioms for automorphism circles, ctd.
(A3) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v, and let w ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥.Then there is an automorphism circle κ such thatκ(i)(u) = v and κ(t) = w for some t ∈ T.
Theorem
Let (X,⊥) fulfil (F1’)–(F3) and (A1)–(A3). Then K isgenerated by {α ∈ K : αα? = 1}, and this multiplicativesubgroup is isomorphic to T.
![Page 92: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Automorphism circles
Axioms for automorphism circles, ctd.
(A3) Let u, v ∈ X be such that u⊥ v, and let w ∈ {u, v}⊥⊥.Then there is an automorphism circle κ such thatκ(i)(u) = v and κ(t) = w for some t ∈ T.
Theorem
Let (X,⊥) fulfil (F1’)–(F3) and (A1)–(A3). Then K isgenerated by {α ∈ K : αα? = 1}, and this multiplicativesubgroup is isomorphic to T.
![Page 93: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Conclusion
We have attempted to describe the complex Hilbert spacein an as simple fashion as possible.
Orthogonality spaces together with postulates regardingautomorphisms have proved to be a not too bad possibility.
Easy axiomatics does not mean easy structure – whatabout concrete representations?
![Page 94: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Conclusion
We have attempted to describe the complex Hilbert spacein an as simple fashion as possible.
Orthogonality spaces together with postulates regardingautomorphisms have proved to be a not too bad possibility.
Easy axiomatics does not mean easy structure – whatabout concrete representations?
![Page 95: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Conclusion
We have attempted to describe the complex Hilbert spacein an as simple fashion as possible.
Orthogonality spaces together with postulates regardingautomorphisms have proved to be a not too bad possibility.
Easy axiomatics does not mean easy structure – whatabout concrete representations?
![Page 96: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Lattices and equivalence relations
Lattices are representable by collections of equivalence relations.
The OMLs of interest arise in a similar fashion.
Theorem (Harding)
Let Π(X) be the lattice of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion.Then 0 = {{x} : x ∈ X} and 1 = {X}. Let
Fact(X) =
{(R,S) ∈ Π(X)2 : R and S commute, R ∩ S = 0, R ∨ S = 1},
and define
(R1, S1) 6 (R2, S2) if R1 ⊆ R2, S2 ⊆ S1, R1 and S2 commute.
Then Fact(X) is an orthomodular poset.
![Page 97: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Lattices and equivalence relations
Lattices are representable by collections of equivalence relations.
The OMLs of interest arise in a similar fashion.
Theorem (Harding)
Let Π(X) be the lattice of equivalence relations on a set X,partially ordered by inclusion.Then 0 = {{x} : x ∈ X} and 1 = {X}. Let
Fact(X) =
{(R,S) ∈ Π(X)2 : R and S commute, R ∩ S = 0, R ∨ S = 1},
and define
(R1, S1) 6 (R2, S2) if R1 ⊆ R2, S2 ⊆ S1, R1 and S2 commute.
Then Fact(X) is an orthomodular poset.
![Page 98: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Vision
Observation (Harding)
Let E be an orthogonal space.The ortholattice C(E) is embeddable into Fact(E):Each A ∈ C(E) gives rise to a product decomposition of E.
Question
How do the results presented here relate torepresentations by means of set decompositions?
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Vision
Observation (Harding)
Let E be an orthogonal space.The ortholattice C(E) is embeddable into Fact(E):Each A ∈ C(E) gives rise to a product decomposition of E.
Question
How do the results presented here relate torepresentations by means of set decompositions?
![Page 100: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Further issues
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) be of rank ℵ0and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
Is there a proof of the coordinatisation of (eligible)ortholattices that takes into account the orthostructure?
What about orthogonality spaces and commonconstructions?
Do the postulates on automorphisms have a “good”interpretation?
Proceed analogously for other structures thanorthogonality spaces: e.g., test spaces, orthoalgebras,partial Boolean algebras.
![Page 101: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Further issues
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) be of rank ℵ0and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
Is there a proof of the coordinatisation of (eligible)ortholattices that takes into account the orthostructure?
What about orthogonality spaces and commonconstructions?
Do the postulates on automorphisms have a “good”interpretation?
Proceed analogously for other structures thanorthogonality spaces: e.g., test spaces, orthoalgebras,partial Boolean algebras.
![Page 102: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Further issues
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) be of rank ℵ0and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
Is there a proof of the coordinatisation of (eligible)ortholattices that takes into account the orthostructure?
What about orthogonality spaces and commonconstructions?
Do the postulates on automorphisms have a “good”interpretation?
Proceed analogously for other structures thanorthogonality spaces: e.g., test spaces, orthoalgebras,partial Boolean algebras.
![Page 103: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Further issues
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) be of rank ℵ0and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
Is there a proof of the coordinatisation of (eligible)ortholattices that takes into account the orthostructure?
What about orthogonality spaces and commonconstructions?
Do the postulates on automorphisms have a “good”interpretation?
Proceed analogously for other structures thanorthogonality spaces: e.g., test spaces, orthoalgebras,partial Boolean algebras.
![Page 104: Ortholattices and their automorphisms: towards a simple ...conferences.inf.ed.ac.uk/clapscotland/cvqt/Vetterlein.pdf · Combining Viewpoints in Quantum Theory Edinburgh, 19 March](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022022520/5b1a99bd7f8b9a3c258dd8ca/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Further issues
Theorem
Let the orthogonality space (X,⊥) be of rank ℵ0and irreducible, and let X fulfil (F1) and (F2).
Then C(X,⊥) is isomorphic to C(H)for an ℵ0-dimensional complex Hilbert space H.
Is there a proof of the coordinatisation of (eligible)ortholattices that takes into account the orthostructure?
What about orthogonality spaces and commonconstructions?
Do the postulates on automorphisms have a “good”interpretation?
Proceed analogously for other structures thanorthogonality spaces: e.g., test spaces, orthoalgebras,partial Boolean algebras.