osha 29 cfr part 1926 cranes and derricks in construction

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Monday,

August 9, 2010

Part II

Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health

Administration

29 CFR Part 1926

Cranes and Derricks in Construction;Final Rule

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DOE/RL-92-36, Hanford Site Hoisting and Rigging Manual

Chapter 19.0, OSHA 10 CFR 1926, Subpart CC

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Subpart SUndergroundConstruction, Caissons, Cofferdams,and Compressed Air

19. The authority citation for subpartS of 29 CFR part 1926 is revised to readas follows:

Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hoursand Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333);secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safetyand Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655,657); Secretary of Labors Orders 1271 (36FR 8754), 876 (41 FR 25059), 983 (48 FR35736), 190 (55 FR 9033), 696 (62 FR 111),or 52007 (72 FR 31159) as applicable.

20. Section 1926.800 is amended byrevising paragraph (t) to read as follows:

1926.800 Underground construction.

* * * * *(t) Hoisting unique to underground

construction. Employers must complywith 1926.1501(g) of 1926 subpartDD. Except as modified by thisparagraph (t), the following provisionsof subpart N of this part apply:Requirements for material hoists arefound in 1926.552(a) and (b) of thispart. Requirements for personnel hoistsare found in the personnel hoistsrequirements of 1926.552(a) and (c)of this part and in the elevatorrequirement of 1926.552(a) and (d) ofthis part.

* * * * *

Subpart TDemolition

21. The authority citation for subpartS of 29 CFR part 1926 is revised to read

as follows:Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours

and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333);secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupational Safetyand Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655,657); Secretary of Labors Orders 1271 (36FR 8754), 876 (41 FR 25059), 983 (48 FR35736), 190 (55 FR 9033), 696 (62 FR 111),or 52007 (72 FR 31159) as applicable.

22. Section 1926.856 is amended byrevising paragraph (c) to read as follows:

1926.856 Removal of walls, floors, andmaterial with equipment.

* * * * *(c) Mechanical equipment used shall

meet the requirements specified insubparts N and O and 1926.1501 of 1926 subpart DD.

23. Section 1926.858 is amended byrevising paragraph (b) to read as follows:

1926.858 Removal of walls, floors, andmaterial with equipment.

* * * * *(b) Cranes, derricks, and other

hoisting equipment used shall meet therequirements specified in 1926.1501 of 1926 subpart DD.

Subpart VPower Transmission andDistribution

24. The authority citation for subpartV of part 1926 is revised to read asfollows:

Authority: Section 3704 of the Contract

Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40U.S.C. 3701); Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of theOccupational Safety and Health Act of 1970(29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of LaborsOrder Nos. 1271 (36 FR 8754); 876 (41 FR25059); 983 (48 FR 35736, 190 (55 FR9033), and 52007 (72 FR 31159). Section1926.951 also issued under 29 CFR part 1911.

25. Section 1926.952 is amended byrevising paragraph (c) to read as follows:

1926.952 Mechanical equipment.

* * * * *(c) Cranes and other lifting

equipment.(1) All equipment shall comply with

subparts CC and O of this part, as

applicable.(2) Digger derricks used for augering

holes for poles carrying electric lines,placing and removing poles, or forhandling associated materials to beinstalled or removed from the polesmust comply with 29 CFR 1910.269.

(3) With the exception of equipmentcertified for work on the proper voltage,mechanical equipment shall not beoperated closer to any energized line orequipment than the clearances set forthin 1926.950(c) unless, in addition tothe requirements in 1926.1410:

(i) The mechanical equipment isinsulated, or

(ii) The mechanical equipment isconsidered as energized.Note to paragraph (c)(3): In accordance

with 29 CFR 1926.1400(g), compliance with29 CFR 1910.269(p) will be deemedcompliance with 1926.1407 through1926.1411, including 1926.1410.

Subpart XStairways and Ladders

26. The authority citation for subpartX of 29 CFR part 1926 is amended byrevising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

Authority: Section 107, Contract WorkHours and Safety Standards Act(Construction Safety Act](40 U.S.C. 333);Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and HealthAct of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657);Secretary of Labors Order Nos. 190 (55 FR9033), 52007 (72 FR 31159); and 29 CFRpart 1911.

27. Section 1926.1050 is amended byrevising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

1926.1050 Scope, application, anddefinitions applicable to this subpart.

(a) Scope and application. Thissubpart applies to all stairways andladders used in construction, alteration,repair (including painting and

decorating), and demolition workplacescovered under 29 CFR part 1926, andalso sets forth, in specifiedcircumstances, when ladders andstairways are required to be provided.Additional requirements for laddersused on or with scaffolds are contained

in subpart LScaffolds. This subpartdoes not apply to integral componentsof equipment covered by subpart CC.Subpart CC exclusively sets forth thecircumstances when ladders andstairways must be provided onequipment covered by subpart CC.

* * * * *

Appendix A to Part 1926Designationsfor General Industry StandardsIncorporated into Body of ConstructionStandards

28. Appendix A to part 1926 isamended by removing the rowcontaining 1926.550(a)(19) and1910.184(c)(9) from the table 1926DESIGNATIONS FOR APPLICABLE1910 STANDARDS.

Subparts AA and BB[Reserved]

29. Subparts AA and BB are reservedand subpart CC is added to read asfollows:

Subpart CCCranes and Derricks inConstruction

Sec.1926.1400 Scope.1926.1401 Definitions.1926.1402 Ground conditions.1926.1403 Assembly/Disassembly

selection of manufacturer or employerprocedures.1926.1404 Assembly/Disassemblygeneral

requirements (applies to all assemblyand disassembly operations).

1926.1405 Disassemblyadditionalrequirements for dismantling of boomsand jibs (applies to both the use ofmanufacturer procedures and employerprocedures).

1926.1406 Assembly/Disassemblyemployer proceduresgeneralrequirements.

1926.1407 Power line safety (up to 350kV)assembly and disassembly.

1926.1408 Power line safety (up to 350kV)equipment operations.

1926.1409 Power line safety (over 350 kV).

1926.1410 Power line safety (all voltages)equipment operations closer than theTable A zone.

1926.1411 Power line safetywhiletraveling.

1926.1412 Inspections.1926.1413 Wire ropeinspection.1926.1414 Wire ropeselection and

installation criteria.1926.1415 Safety devices.1926.1416 Operational aids.1926.1417 Operation.1926.1418 Authority to stop operation.1926.1419 Signalsgeneral requirements.


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1926.1420 Signalsradio, telephone orother electronic transmission of signals.

1926.1421 Signalsvoice signalsadditional requirements.

1926.1422 Signalshand signal chart.1926.1423 Fall protection.1926.1424 Work area control.1926.1425 Keeping clear of the load.

1926.1426 Free fall and controlled loadlowering.1926.1427 Operator qualification and

certification.1926.1428 Signal person qualifications.1926.1429 Qualifications of maintenance &

repair employees.1926.1430 Training.1926.1431 Hoisting personnel.1926.1432 Multiple-crane/derrick lifts

supplemental requirements.1926.1433 Design, construction and testing.1926.1434 Equipment modifications.1926.1435 Tower cranes.1926.1436 Derricks.1926.1437 Floating cranes/derricks and

land cranes/derricks on barges.1926.1438 Overhead & gantry cranes.1926.1439 Dedicated pile drivers.

1926.1440 Sideboom cranes.1926.1441 Equipment with a rated hoisting/

lifting capacity of 2,000 pounds or less.1926.1442 Severability.

Appendix A to Subpart CC of part 1926Standard Hand Signals

Appendix B to Subpart CC of part 1926Assembly/DisassemblySampleProcedures for Minimizing the Risk ofUnintended Dangerous Boom Movement

Appendix C to Subpart CC of part 1926Operator CertificationWrittenExaminationTechnical KnowledgeCriteria

Subpart CCCranes and Derricks inConstruction

Authority: Section 3704 of the ContractWork Hours and Safety Standards Act (40U.S.C. 3701); sections 4, 6, and 8 of theOccupational Safety and Health Act of 1970(29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of LaborsOrder No. 52007 (72 FR 31159); and 29 CFRpart 1911.

1926.1400 Scope.

(a) This standard applies to power-operated equipment, when used inconstruction, that can hoist, lower andhorizontally move a suspended load.Such equipment includes, but is notlimited to: Articulating cranes (such asknuckle-boom cranes); crawler cranes;floating cranes; cranes on barges;locomotive cranes; mobile cranes (suchas wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, andboom truck cranes); multi-purposemachines when configured to hoist andlower (by means of a winch or hook)and horizontally move a suspendedload; industrial cranes (such as carry-deck cranes); dedicated pile drivers;service/mechanic trucks with a hoistingdevice; a crane on a monorail; towercranes (such as a fixed jib, i.e.,

hammerhead boom), luffing boom andself-erecting); pedestal cranes; portalcranes; overhead and gantry cranes;straddle cranes; sideboom cranes;derricks; and variations of suchequipment. However, items listed inparagraph (c) of this section are

excluded from the scope of thisstandard.(b) Attachments. This standard

applies to equipment included inparagraph (a) of this section when usedwith attachments. Such attachments,whether crane-attached or suspendedinclude, but are not limited to: Hooks,magnets, grapples, clamshell buckets,orange peel buckets, concrete buckets,drag lines, personnel platforms, augersor drills and pile driving equipment.

(c) Exclusions. This subpart does notcover:

(1) Machinery included in paragraph(a) of this section while it has beenconverted or adapted for a non-hoisting/lifting use. Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limitedto, power shovels, excavators andconcrete pumps.

(2) Power shovels, excavators, wheelloaders, backhoes, loader backhoes,track loaders. This machinery is alsoexcluded when used with chains, slingsor other rigging to lift suspended loads.

(3) Automotive wreckers and towtrucks when used to clear wrecks andhaul vehicles.

(4) Digger derricks when used foraugering holes for poles carrying electricand telecommunication lines, placingand removing the poles, and for

handling associated materials to beinstalled on or removed from the poles.Digger derricks used in work subject to29 CFR part 1926, subpart V, mustcomply with 29 CFR 1910.269. Diggerderricks used in construction work fortelecommunication service (as definedat 29 CFR 1910.268(s)(40)) must complywith 29 CFR 1910.268.

(5) Machinery originally designed asvehicle-mounted aerial devices (forlifting personnel) and self-propelledelevating work platforms.

(6) Telescopic/hydraulic gantrysystems.

(7) Stacker cranes.

(8) Powered industrial trucks(forklifts), except when configured tohoist and lower (by means of a winchor hook) and horizontally move asuspended load.

(9) Mechanics truck with a hoistingdevice when used in activities related toequipment maintenance and repair.

(10) Machinery that hoists by using acome-a-long or chainfall.

(11) Dedicated drilling rigs.(12) Gin poles when used for the

erection of communication towers.

(13) Tree trimming and tree removalwork.

(14) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with a vessel or bargeusing an affixed A-frame.

(15) Roustabouts.(16) Helicopter cranes.(17) Material Delivery(i) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck

cranes that deliver material to aconstruction site when used to transfermaterials from the truck crane to theground, without arranging the materialsin a particular sequence for hoisting.

(ii) Articulating/knuckle-boom truckcranes that deliver material to aconstruction site when the crane is usedto transfer building supply sheet goodsor building supply packaged materialsfrom the truck crane onto a structure,using a fork/cradle at the end of theboom, but only when the truck crane isequipped with a properly functioningautomatic overload prevention device.

Such sheet goods or packaged materialsinclude, but are not limited to: Sheets ofsheet rock, sheets of plywood, bags ofcement, sheets or packages of roofingshingles, and rolls of roofing felt.

(iii) This exclusion does not applywhen:

(A) The articulating/knuckle-boomcrane is used to hold, support orstabilize the material to facilitate aconstruction activity, such as holdingmaterial in place while it is attached tothe structure;

(B) The material being handled by thearticulating/knuckle-boom crane is aprefabricated component. Such

prefabricated components include, butare not limited to: Precast concretemembers or panels, roof trusses(wooden, cold-formed metal, steel, orother material), prefabricated buildingsections such as, but not limited to:Floor panels, wall panels, roof panels,roof structures, or similar items;

(C) The material being handled by thecrane is a structural steel member (forexample, steel joists, beams, columns,steel decking (bundled or unbundled) ora component of a systems-engineeredmetal building (as defined in 29 CFR1926 subpart R).

(D) The activity is not specifically

excluded under 1400(c)(17)(i) and (ii).(d) All sections of this subpart CCapply to the equipment covered by thisstandard unless specified otherwise.

(e) The duties of controlling entitiesunder this subpart include, but are notlimited to, the duties specified in 1926.1402(c), 1926.1402(e) and 1926.1424(b).

(f) Where provisions of this standarddirect an operator, crewmember, orother employee to take certain actions,the employer must establish, effectively


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communicate to the relevant persons,and enforce, work rules to ensurecompliance with such provisions.

(g) For work covered by subpart V ofthis part, compliance with 29 CFR 1910.269(p) is deemed compliancewith 1926.1407 through 1926.1411.

(h) Section 1926.1402 does not applyto cranes designed for use on railroadtracks, when used on railroad tracks thatare part of the general railroad system oftransportation that is regulated pursuantto the Federal Railroad Administrationunder 49 CFR part 213, and that complywith applicable Federal RailroadAdministration requirements. See 1926.1402(f).

1926.1401 Definitions.

A/D director (Assembly/Disassemblydirector) means an individual whomeets this subparts requirements for anA/D director, irrespective of thepersons formal job title or whether the

person is non-management ormanagement personnel.

Articulating crane means a cranewhose boom consists of a series offolding, pin connected structuralmembers, typically manipulated toextend or retract by power fromhydraulic cylinders.

Assembly/Disassemblymeans theassembly and/or disassembly ofequipment covered under this standard.With regard to tower cranes, erectingand climbing replaces the termassembly, and dismantling replacesthe term disassembly. Regardless ofwhether the crane is initially erected to

its full height or is climbed in stages, theprocess of increasing the height of thecrane is an erection process.

Assist crane means a crane used toassist in assembling or disassembling acrane.

Attachments means any device thatexpands the range of tasks that can bedone by the equipment. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to: Anauger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, andboom-attached personnel platform.

Audible signalmeans a signal madeby a distinct sound or series of sounds.Examples include, but are not limitedto, sounds made by a bell, horn, orwhistle.

Blocking(also referred to ascribbing) is wood or other materialused to support equipment or acomponent and distribute loads to theground. It is typically used to supportlattice boom sections during assembly/disassembly and under outrigger andstabilizer floats.

Boatswains chairmeans a single-point adjustable suspension scaffoldconsisting of a seat or sling (which maybe incorporated into a full body harness)

designed to support one employee in asitting position.

Bogie means travel bogie, which isdefined below.

Boom (equipment other than towercrane) means an inclined spar, strut, orother long structural member which

supports the upper hoisting tackle on acrane or derrick. Typically, the lengthand vertical angle of the boom can bevaried to achieve increased height orheight and reach when lifting loads.Booms can usually be grouped intogeneral categories of hydraulicallyextendible, cantilevered type, latticedsection, cable supported type orarticulating type.

Boom (tower cranes):On towercranes, if the boom (i.e., principalhorizontal structure) is fixed, it isreferred to as a jib; if it is moveable upand down, it is referred to as a boom.

Boom angle indicatormeans a devicewhich measures the angle of the boom

relative to horizontal.Boom hoist limiting device includes

boom hoist disengaging device, boomhoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect,boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoistkick-outs, automatic boom stop device,or derricking limiter. This type of devicedisengages boom hoist power when theboom reaches a predeterminedoperating angle. It also sets brakes orcloses valves to prevent the boom fromlowering after power is disengaged.

Boom length indicatorindicates thelength of the permanent part of theboom (such as ruled markings on theboom) or, as in some computerized

systems, the length of the boom withextensions/attachments.

Boom stop includes boom stops,(belly straps with struts/standoff),telescoping boom stops, attachmentboom stops, and backstops. Thesedevices restrict the boom from movingabove a certain maximum angle andtoppling over backward.

Boom suspension system means asystem of pendants, running ropes,sheaves, and other hardware whichsupports the boom tip and controls theboom angle.

Buildermeans the builder/constructorof equipment.

Center of gravity:The center of gravityof any object is the point in the objectaround which its weight is evenlydistributed. If you could put a supportunder that point, you could balance theobject on the support.

Certified weldermeans a welder whomeets nationally recognizedcertification requirements applicable tothe task being performed.

Climbingmeans the process in whicha tower crane is raised to a new workingheight, either by adding additional

tower sections to the top of the crane(top climbing), or by a system in whichthe entire crane is raised inside thestructure (inside climbing).

Come-a-longmeans a mechanicaldevice typically consisting of a chain orcable attached at each end that is used

to facilitate movement of materialsthrough leverage.Competent person means one who is

capable of identifying existing andpredictable hazards in the surroundingsor working conditions which areunsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous toemployees, and who has authorizationto take prompt corrective measures toeliminate them.

Controlled load loweringmeanslowering a load by means of amechanical hoist drum device thatallows a hoisted load to be lowered withmaximum control using the gear train orhydraulic components of the hoistmechanism. Controlled load lowering

requires the use of the hoist drive motor,rather than the load hoist brake, tolower the load.

Controlling entitymeans an employerthat is a prime contractor, generalcontractor, construction manager or anyother legal entity which has the overallresponsibility for the construction of theprojectits planning, quality andcompletion.

Counterweightmeans a weight used tosupplement the weight of equipment inproviding stability for lifting loads bycounterbalancing those loads.

Crane/derrickincludes all equipmentcovered by this subpart.

Crawler crane means equipment thathas a type of base mounting whichincorporates a continuous belt ofsprocket driven track.

Crossover points means locations on awire rope which is spooled on a drumwhere one layer of rope climbs up onand crosses over the previous layer.This takes place at each flange of thedrum as the rope is spooled onto thedrum, reaches the flange, and begins towrap back in the opposite direction.

Dedicated channelmeans a line ofcommunication assigned by theemployer who controls thecommunication system to only onesignal person and crane/derrick or to acoordinated group of cranes/derricks/signal person(s).

Dedicated pile-driveris a machinethat is designed to function exclusivelyas a pile-driver. These machinestypically have the ability to both hoistthe material that will be pile-driven andto pile-drive that material.

Dedicated spotter (power lines):To beconsidered a dedicated spotter, therequirements of 1926.1428 (Signalperson qualifications) must be met and


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his/her sole responsibility is to watchthe separation between the power lineand the equipment, load line and load(including rigging and liftingaccessories), and ensure throughcommunication with the operator thatthe applicable minimum approach

distance is not breached.Directly under the loadmeans a partor all of an employee is directly beneaththe load.

Dismantlingincludes partialdismantling (such as dismantling toshorten a boom or substitute a differentcomponent).

Drum rotation indicatormeans adevice on a crane or hoist whichindicates in which direction and at whatrelative speed a particular hoist drum isturning.

Electrical contactoccurs when aperson, object, or equipment makescontact or comes in close proximitywith an energized conductor or

equipment that allows the passage ofcurrent.

Employer-made equipmentmeansfloating cranes/derricks designed andbuilt by an employer for the employersown use.

Encroachmentis where any part ofthe crane, load line or load (includingrigging and lifting accessories) breachesa minimum clearance distance that thissubpart requires to be maintained froma power line.

Equipmentmeans equipment coveredby this subpart.

Equipment criteria meansinstructions, recommendations,

limitations and specifications.Fall protection equipmentmeansguardrail systems, safety net systems,personal fall arrest systems, positioningdevice systems or fall restraint systems.

Fall restraint system means a fallprotection system that prevents the userfrom falling any distance. The system iscomprised of either a body belt or bodyharness, along with an anchorage,connectors and other necessaryequipment. The other componentstypically include a lanyard, and mayalso include a lifeline and other devices.

Fall zone means the area (includingbut not limited to the area directlybeneath the load) in which it isreasonably foreseeable that partially orcompletely suspended materials couldfall in the event of an accident.

Flange points are points of contactbetween rope and drum flange wherethe rope changes layers.

Floating cranes/derricks meansequipment designed by themanufacturer (or employer) for marineuse by permanent attachment to a barge,pontoons, vessel or other means offlotation.

For example means one example,although there are others.

Free fall (of the load line) means thatonly the brake is used to regulate thedescent of the load line (the drivemechanism is not used to drive the loaddown faster or retard its lowering).

Free surface effectis the uncontrolledtransverse movement of liquids incompartments which reduce a vesselstransverse stability.

Hoistmeans a mechanical device forlifting and lowering loads by winding aline onto or off a drum.

Hoistingis the act of raising, loweringor otherwise moving a load in the airwith equipment covered by thisstandard. As used in this standard,hoisting can be done by means otherthan wire rope/hoist drum equipment.

Include/includingmeans including,but not limited to.

Insulating link/device means aninsulating device listed, labeled, or

accepted by a Nationally RecognizedTesting Laboratory in accordance with29 CFR 1910.7.

Jib stop (also referred to as a jibbackstop), is the same type of device asa boom stop but is for a fixed or luffingjib.

Land crane/derrickis equipment notoriginally designed by the manufacturerfor marine use by permanent attachmentto barges, pontoons, vessels, or othermeans of floatation.

Listmeans the angle of inclinationabout the longitudinal axis of a barge,pontoons, vessel or other means offloatation.

Loadrefers to the object(s) beinghoisted and/or the weight of theobject(s); both uses refer to the object(s)and the load-attaching equipment, suchas, the load block, ropes, slings,shackles, and any other ancillaryattachment.

Load moment (or rated capacity)indicatormeans a system which aids theequipment operator by sensing (directlyor indirectly) the overturning momenton the equipment, i.e., load multipliedby radius. It compares this liftingcondition to the equipments ratedcapacity, and indicates to the operatorthe percentage of capacity at which theequipment is working. Lights, bells, orbuzzers may be incorporated as awarning of an approaching overloadcondition.

Load moment (or rated capacity)limitermeans a system which aids theequipment operator by sensing (directlyor indirectly) the overturning momenton the equipment, i.e., load multipliedby radius. It compares this liftingcondition to the equipments ratedcapacity, and when the rated capacity isreached, it shuts off power to those

equipment functions which can increasethe severity of loading on theequipment, e.g., hoisting, telescopingout, or luffing out. Typically, thosefunctions which decrease the severity ofloading on the equipment remainoperational, e.g., lowering, telescoping

in, or luffing in.Locomotive crane means a cranemounted on a base or car equipped fortravel on a railroad track.

Luffing jib limiting device is similar toa boom hoist limiting device, exceptthat it limits the movement of theluffing jib.

Marine hoisted personnel transferdevice means a device, such as atransfer net, that is designed to protectthe employees being hoisted during amarine transfer and to facilitate rapidentry into and exit from the device.Such devices do not includeboatswains chairs when hoisted byequipment covered by this standard.

Marine worksite means a constructionworksite located in, on or above thewater.

Mobile crane means a lifting deviceincorporating a cable suspended latticedboom or hydraulic telescopic boomdesigned to be moved betweenoperating locations by transport over theroad.

Moving point-to-pointmeans thetimes during which an employee is inthe process of going to or from a workstation.

Multi-purpose machine means amachine that is designed to beconfigured in various ways, at least one

of which allows it to hoist (by means ofa winch or hook) and horizontally movea suspended load. For example, amachine that can rotate and can beconfigured with removable forks/tongs(for use as a forklift) or with a winchpack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jibused in conjunction with a winch.When configured with the forks/tongs, itis not covered by this subpart. Whenconfigured with a winch pack, jib (witha hook at the end) or jib used inconjunction with a winch, it is coveredby this subpart.

Nationally recognized accreditingagencyis an organization that, due to itsindependence and expertise, is widelyrecognized as competent to accredittesting organizations. Examples of suchaccrediting agencies include, but are notlimited to, the National Commission forCertifying Agencies and the AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Nonconductive means that, because ofthe nature and condition of thematerials used, and the conditions ofuse (including environmentalconditions and condition of thematerial), the object in question has the


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property of not becoming energized(that is, it has high dielectric propertiesoffering a high resistance to the passageof current under the conditions of use).

Operational aids are devices thatassist the operator in the safe operationof the crane by providing information or

automatically taking control of a cranefunction. These include, but are notlimited to, the devices listed in 1926.1416 (listed operational aids).

Operational controls means levers,switches, pedals and other devices forcontrolling equipment operation.

Operatormeans a person who isoperating the equipment.

Overhead and gantry cranes includesoverhead/bridge cranes, semigantry,cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storagebridge cranes, launching gantry cranes,and similar equipment, irrespective ofwhether it travels on tracks, wheels, orother means.

Paragraph refers to a paragraph in thesame section of this subpart that theword paragraph is used, unlessotherwise specified.

Pendants includes both wire and bartypes. Wire type: A fixed length of wirerope with mechanical fittings at bothends for pinning segments of wire ropetogether. Bar type: Instead of wire rope,a bar is used. Pendants are typicallyused in a latticed boom crane system toeasily change the length of the boomsuspension system without completelychanging the rope on the drum whenthe boom length is increased ordecreased.

Personal fall arrest system means asystem used to arrest an employee in afall from a working level. It consists ofan anchorage, connectors, a bodyharness and may include a lanyard,deceleration device, lifeline, or suitablecombination of these.

Portal crane is a type of craneconsisting of a rotating upperstructure,hoist machinery, and boom mounted ontop of a structural gantry which may befixed in one location or have travelcapability. The gantry legs or columnsusually have portal openings in betweento allow passage of traffic beneath thegantry.

Power lines means electrictransmission and distribution lines.

Procedures include, but are notlimited to: Instructions, diagrams,recommendations, warnings,specifications, protocols andlimitations.

Proximity alarm is a device thatprovides a warning of proximity to apower line and that has been listed,labeled, or accepted by a NationallyRecognized Testing Laboratory inaccordance with 29 CFR 1910.7.

Qualified evaluator (not a third party)means a person employed by the signalpersons employer who hasdemonstrated that he/she is competentin accurately assessing whetherindividuals meet the QualificationRequirements in this subpart for a signal

person.Qualified evaluator (third party)means an entity that, due to itsindependence and expertise, hasdemonstrated that it is competent inaccurately assessing whetherindividuals meet the QualificationRequirements in this subpart for a signalperson.

Qualified person means a person who,by possession of a recognized degree,certificate, or professional standing, orwho by extensive knowledge, trainingand experience, successfullydemonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject

matter, the work, or the project.Qualified riggeris a rigger who meetsthe criteria for a qualified person.

Range control limit device is a devicethat can be set by an equipment operatorto limit movement of the boom or jib tipto a plane or multiple planes.

Range control warning device is adevice that can be set by an equipmentoperator to warn that the boom or jib tipis at a plane or multiple planes.

Rated capacitymeans the maximumworking load permitted by themanufacturer under specified workingconditions. Such working conditionstypically include a specific combinationof factors such as equipmentconfiguration, radii, boom length, andother parameters of use.

Rated capacity indicator: See loadmoment indicator.

Rated capacity limiter: See loadmoment limiter.

Repetitive pickup points refer to,when operating on a short cycleoperation, the rope being used on asingle layer and being spooledrepetitively over a short portion of thedrum.

Running wire rope means a wire ropethat moves over sheaves or drums.

Runwaymeans a firm, level surfacedesigned, prepared and designated as apath of travel for the weight andconfiguration of the crane being used tolift and travel with the crane suspendedplatform. An existing surface may beused as long as it meets these criteria.

Section means a section of thissubpart, unless otherwise specified.

Sideboom crane means a track-type orwheel-type tractor having a boommounted on the side of the tractor, usedfor lifting, lowering or transporting aload suspended on the load hook. The

boom or hook can be lifted or loweredin a vertical direction only.

Special hazard warnings meanswarnings of site-specific hazards (forexample, proximity of power lines).

Stability (flotation device) means thetendency of a barge, pontoons, vessel or

other means of flotation to return to anupright position after having beeninclined by an external force.

Standard Methodmeans the protocolin Appendix A of this subpart for handsignals.

Such as means such as, but notlimited to.

Superstructure: See Upperworks.Tagline means a rope (usually fiber)

attached to a lifted load for purposes ofcontrolling load spinning and pendularmotions or used to stabilize a bucket ormagnet during material handlingoperations.

Tendermeans an individual

responsible for monitoring andcommunicating with a diver.Tilt up or tilt down operation means

raising/lowering a load from thehorizontal to vertical or vertical tohorizontal.

Tower crane is a type of liftingstructure which utilizes a vertical mastor tower to support a working boom (jib)in an elevated position. Loads aresuspended from the working boom.While the working boom may be of thefixed type (horizontal or angled) or haveluffing capability, it can always rotate toswing loads, either by rotating on thetop of the tower (top slewing) or by therotation of the tower (bottom slewing).The tower base may be fixed in onelocation or ballasted and moveablebetween locations. Mobile cranes thatare configured with luffing jib and/ortower attachments are not consideredtower cranes under this section.

Travel bogie (tower cranes) is anassembly of two or more axles arrangedto permit vertical wheel displacementand equalize the loading on the wheels.

Trim means angle of inclination aboutthe transverse axis of a barge, pontoons,vessel or other means of floatation.

Two blockingmeans a condition inwhich a component that is uppermoston the hoist line such as the load block,hook block, overhaul ball, or similarcomponent, comes in contact with theboom tip, fixed upper block or similarcomponent. This binds the system andcontinued application of power cancause failure of the hoist rope or othercomponent.

Unavailable procedures meansprocedures that are no longer availablefrom the manufacturer, or have neverbeen available, from the manufacturer.

Upperstructure: See Upperworks.


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Upperworks means the revolvingframe of equipment on which theoperating machinery (and many casesthe engine) are mounted along with theoperators cab. The counterweight istypically supported on the rear of theupperstructure and the boom or other

front end attachment is mounted on thefront.Up to means up to and including.Wire rope means a flexible rope

constructed by laying steel wires intovarious patterns of multi-wired strandsaround a core system to produce ahelically wound rope.

1926.1402 Ground conditions.

(a) Definitions.(1) Ground conditions means the

ability of the ground to support theequipment (including slope,compaction, and firmness).

(2) Supporting materials meansblocking, mats, cribbing, marsh buggies

(in marshes/wetlands), or similarsupporting materials or devices.

(b) The equipment must not beassembled or used unless groundconditions are firm, drained, and gradedto a sufficient extent so that, inconjunction (if necessary) with the useof supporting materials, the equipmentmanufacturers specifications foradequate support and degree of level ofthe equipment are met. The requirementfor the ground to be drained does notapply to marshes/wetlands.

(c) The controlling entity must:(1) Ensure that ground preparations

necessary to meet the requirements in

paragraph (b) of this section areprovided.(2) Inform the user of the equipment

and the operator of the location ofhazards beneath the equipment set-uparea (such as voids, tanks, utilities) ifthose hazards are identified indocuments (such as site drawings, as-built drawings, and soil analyses) thatare in the possession of the controllingentity (whether at the site or off-site) orthe hazards are otherwise known to thatcontrolling entity.

(d) If there is no controlling entity forthe project, the requirement inparagraph (c)(1) of this section must bemet by the employer that has authorityat the site to make or arrange for groundpreparations needed to meet paragraph(b) of this section.

(e) If the A/D director or the operatordetermines that ground conditions donot meet the requirements in paragraph(b) of this section, that personsemployer must have a discussion withthe controlling entity regarding theground preparations that are needed sothat, with the use of suitable supportingmaterials/devices (if necessary), the

requirements in paragraph (b) of thissection can be met.

(f) This section does not apply tocranes designed for use on railroadtracks when used on railroad tracks thatare part of the general railroad system oftransportation that is regulated pursuant

to the Federal Railroad Administrationunder 49 CFR part 213 and that complywith applicable Federal RailroadAdministration requirements.

1926.1403 Assembly/Disassemblyselection of manufacturer or employerprocedures.

When assembling or disassemblingequipment (or attachments), theemployer must comply with allapplicable manufacturer prohibitionsand must comply with either:

(a) Manufacturer proceduresapplicable to assembly and disassembly,or

(b) Employer procedures for assembly

and disassembly. Employer proceduresmay be used only where the employercan demonstrate that the proceduresused meet the requirements in 1926.1406. Note: The employer mustfollow manufacturer procedures whenan employer uses synthetic slingsduring assembly or disassembly rigging.(See 1926.1404(r).)

1926.1404 Assembly/Disassemblygeneral requirements (applies to allassembly and disassembly operations).

(a) Supervisioncompetent-qualifiedperson.

(1) Assembly/disassembly must be

directed by a person who meets thecriteria for both a competent person anda qualified person, or by a competentperson who is assisted by one or morequalified persons (A/D director).

(2) Where the assembly/disassemblyis being performed by only one person,that person must meet the criteria forboth a competent person and a qualifiedperson. For purposes of this standard,that person is considered the A/Ddirector.

(b) Knowledge of procedures. TheA/D director must understand theapplicable assembly/disassemblyprocedures.

(c) Review of procedures. The A/Ddirector must review the applicableassembly/disassembly proceduresimmediately prior to thecommencement of assembly/disassembly unless the A/D directorunderstands the procedures and hasapplied them to the same type andconfiguration of equipment (includingaccessories, if any).

(d) Crew instructions.(1) Before commencing assembly/

disassembly operations, the A/D

director must ensure that the crewmembers understand all of thefollowing:

(i) Their tasks.(ii) The hazards associated with their

tasks.(iii) The hazardous positions/

locations that they need to avoid.(2) During assembly/disassemblyoperations, before a crew member takeson a different task, or when adding newpersonnel during the operations, therequirements in paragraphs (d)(1)(i)through (d)(1)(iii) of this section must bemet.

(e) Protecting assembly/disassemblycrew members out of operator view.

(1) Before a crew member goes to alocation that is out of view of theoperator and is either in, on, or underthe equipment, or near the equipment(or load) where the crew member couldbe injured by movement of the

equipment (or load), the crew membermust inform the operator that he/she isgoing to that location.

(2) Where the operator knows that acrew member went to a location coveredby paragraph (e)(1) of this section, theoperator must not move any part of theequipment (or load) until the operator isinformed in accordance with a pre-arranged system of communication thatthe crew member is in a safe position.

(f) Working under the boom, jib orother components.

(1) When pins (or similar devices) arebeing removed, employees must not beunder the boom, jib, or other

components, except where therequirements of paragraph (f)(2) of thissection are met.

(2) Exception. Where the employerdemonstrates that site constraintsrequire one or more employees to beunder the boom, jib, or othercomponents when pins (or similardevices) are being removed, the A/Ddirector must implement proceduresthat minimize the risk of unintendeddangerous movement and minimize theduration and extent of exposure underthe boom. (See Non-mandatoryAppendix B of this subpart for anexample.)

(g) Capacity limits. During all phasesof assembly/disassembly, rated capacitylimits for loads imposed on theequipment, equipment components(including rigging), lifting lugs andequipment accessories, must not beexceeded for the equipment beingassembled/disassembled.

(h) Addressing specific hazards. TheA/D director supervising the assembly/disassembly operation must address thehazards associated with the operation,which include:


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(1) Site and ground bearingconditions. Site and ground conditionsmust be adequate for safe assembly/disassembly operations and to supportthe equipment during assembly/disassembly (see 1926.1402 for groundcondition requirements).

(2) Blocking material. The size,amount, condition and method ofstacking the blocking must be sufficientto sustain the loads and maintainstability.

(3) Proper location of blocking. Whenused to support lattice booms orcomponents, blocking must beappropriately placed to:

(i) Protect the structural integrity ofthe equipment, and

(ii) Prevent dangerous movement andcollapse.

(4) Verifying assist crane loads. Whenusing an assist crane, the loads that willbe imposed on the assist crane at eachphase of assembly/disassembly must be

verified in accordance with 1926.1417(o)(3) before assembly/disassembly begins.

(5) Boom and jib pick points. Thepoint(s) of attachment of rigging to aboom (or boom sections or jib or jibsections) must be suitable for preventingstructural damage and facilitating safehandling of these components.

(6) Center of gravity.(i) The center of gravity of the load

must be identified if that is necessaryfor the method used for maintainingstability.

(ii) Where there is insufficientinformation to accurately identify the

center of gravity, measures designed toprevent unintended dangerousmovement resulting from an inaccurateidentification of the center of gravitymust be used. (See Non-mandatoryAppendix B of this subpart for anexample.)

(7) Stability upon pin removal. Theboom sections, boom suspensionsystems (such as gantry A-frames and jibstruts), and components must be riggedor supported to maintain stability uponthe removal of the pins.

(8) Snagging. Suspension ropes andpendants must not be allowed to catchon the boom or jib connection pins orcotter pins (including keepers andlocking pins).

(9) Struck by counterweights. Thepotential for unintended movementfrom inadequately supportedcounterweights and from hoistingcounterweights.

(10) Boom hoist brake failure. Eachtime reliance is to be placed on theboom hoist brake to prevent boommovement during assembly/disassembly, the brake must be testedprior to such reliance to determine if it

is sufficient to prevent boom movement.If it is not sufficient, a boom hoist pawl,other locking device/back-up brakingdevice, or another method of preventingdangerous movement of the boom (suchas blocking or using an assist crane)from a boom hoist brake failure must be

used.(11) Loss of backward stability.Backward stability before swinging theupperworks, travel, and when attachingor removing equipment components.

(12) Wind speed and weather. Theeffect of wind speed and weather on theequipment.

(i) [Reserved.](j) Cantilevered boom sections.

Manufacturer limitations on themaximum amount of boom supportedonly by cantilevering must not beexceeded. Where these are unavailable,a registered professional engineerfamiliar with the type of equipmentinvolved must determine in writing this

limitation, which must not be exceeded.(k) Weight of components. The weight

of each of the components must bereadily available.

(l) [Reserved.](m) Components and configuration.(1) The selection of components, and

configuration of the equipment, thataffect the capacity or safe operation ofthe equipment must be in accordancewith:

(i) Manufacturer instructions,prohibitions, limitations, andspecifications. Where these areunavailable, a registered professionalengineer familiar with the type of

equipment involved must approve, inwriting, the selection and configurationof components; or

(ii) Approved modifications that meetthe requirements of 1926.1434(Equipment modifications).

(2) Post-assembly inspection. Uponcompletion of assembly, the equipmentmust be inspected to ensure compliancewith paragraph (m)(1) of this section(see 1926.1412(c) for post-assemblyinspection requirements).

(n) [Reserved.](o) Shipping pins. Reusable shipping

pins, straps, links, and similarequipment must be removed. Once theyare removed they must either be stowedor otherwise stored so that they do notpresent a falling object hazard.

(p) Pile driving. Equipment used forpile driving must not have a jib attachedduring pile driving operations.

(q) Outriggers and Stabilizers. Whenthe load to be handled and the operatingradius require the use of outriggers orstabilizers, or at any time whenoutriggers or stabilizers are used, all ofthe following requirements must be met(except as otherwise indicated):

(1) The outriggers or stabilizers mustbe either fully extended or, ifmanufacturer procedures permit,deployed as specified in the load chart.

(2) The outriggers must be set toremove the equipment weight from thewheels, except for locomotive cranes

(see paragraph (q)(6) of this section foruse of outriggers on locomotive cranes).This provision does not apply tostabilizers.

(3) When outrigger floats are used,they must be attached to the outriggers.When stabilizer floats are used, theymust be attached to the stabilizers.

(4) Each outrigger or stabilizer mustbe visible to the operator or to a signalperson during extension and setting.

(5) Outrigger and stabilizer blockingmust:

(i) Meet the requirements inparagraphs (h)(2) and (h)(3) of thissection.

(ii) Be placed only under the outrigger

or stabilizer float/pad of the jack or,where the outrigger or stabilizer isdesigned without a jack, under the outerbearing surface of the extendedoutrigger or stabilizer beam.

(6) For locomotive cranes, when usingoutriggers or stabilizers to handle loads,the manufacturers procedures must befollowed. When lifting loads withoutusing outriggers or stabilizers, themanufacturers procedures must be metregarding truck wedges or screws.

(r) Rigging. In addition to followingthe requirements in 29 CFR 1926.251and other requirements in this and otherstandards applicable to rigging, when

rigging is used for assembly/disassembly, the employer must ensurethat:

(1) The rigging work is done by aqualified rigger.

(2) Synthetic slings are protectedfrom: Abrasive, sharp or acute edges,and configurations that could cause areduction of the slings rated capacity,such as distortion or localizedcompression. Note: Requirements forthe protection of wire rope slings arecontained in 29 CFR 1926.251(c)(9).

(3) When synthetic slings are used,the synthetic sling manufacturersinstructions, limitations, specificationsand recommendations must be

followed.

1926.1405 Disassemblyadditionalrequirements for dismantling of booms andjibs (applies to both the use ofmanufacturer procedures and employerprocedures).

Dismantling (including dismantlingfor changing the length of) booms andjibs.

(a) None of the pins in the pendantsare to be removed (partly or completely)when the pendants are in tension.


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(b) None of the pins (top or bottom)on boom sections located between thependant attachment points and thecrane/derrick body are to be removed(partly or completely) when thependants are in tension.

(c) None of the pins (top or bottom)

on boom sections located between theuppermost boom section and the crane/derrick body are to be removed (partlyor completely) when the boom is beingsupported by the uppermost boomsection resting on the ground (or othersupport).

(d) None of the top pins on boomsections located on the cantileveredportion of the boom being removed (theportion being removed ahead of thependant attachment points) are to beremoved (partly or completely) until thecantilevered section to be removed isfully supported.

1926.1406 Assembly/Disassembly

employer proceduresgeneralrequirements.

(a) When using employer proceduresinstead of manufacturer procedures forassembly/disassembly, the employermust ensure that the procedures:

(1) Prevent unintended dangerousmovement, and prevent collapse, of anypart of the equipment.

(2) Provide adequate support andstability of all parts of the equipment.

(3) Position employees involved inthe assembly/disassembly operation sothat their exposure to unintendedmovement or collapse of part or all ofthe equipment is minimized.

(b) Qualified person. Employer

procedures must be developed by aqualified person.

1926.1407 Power line safety (up to 350kV)assembly and disassembly.

(a) Before assembling ordisassembling equipment, the employermust determine if any part of theequipment, load line, or load (includingrigging and lifting accessories) couldget, in the direction or area of assembly/disassembly, closer than 20 feet to apower line during the assembly/disassembly process. If so, the employermust meet the requirements in Option(1), Option (2), or Option (3) of this

section, as follows:(1) Option (1)Deenergize andground. Confirm from the utility owner/operator that the power line has beendeenergized and visibly grounded at theworksite.

(2) Option (2)20 foot clearance.Ensure that no part of the equipment,load line or load (including rigging andlifting accessories), gets closer than 20feet to the power line by implementingthe measures specified in paragraph (b)of this section.

(3) Option (3)Table A clearance.(i) Determine the lines voltage and

the minimum clearance distancepermitted under Table A (see 1926.1408).

(ii) Determine if any part of theequipment, load line, or load (including

rigging and lifting accessories), couldget closer than the minimum clearancedistance to the power line permittedunder Table A (see 1926.1408). If so,then the employer must follow therequirements in paragraph (b) of thissection to ensure that no part of theequipment, load line, or load (includingrigging and lifting accessories), getscloser to the line than the minimumclearance distance.

(b) Preventing encroachment/electrocution. Where encroachmentprecautions are required under Option(2), or Option (3) of this section, all ofthe following requirements must be met:

(1) Conduct a planning meeting withthe Assembly/Disassembly director(A/D director), operator, assembly/disassembly crew and the other workerswho will be in the assembly/disassembly area to review the locationof the power line(s) and the steps thatwill be implemented to preventencroachment/electrocution.

(2) If tag lines are used, they must benonconductive.

(3) At least one of the followingadditional measures must be in place.The measure selected from this list mustbe effective in preventingencroachment.

The additional measures are:

(i) Use a dedicated spotter who is incontinuous contact with the equipmentoperator. The dedicated spotter must:

(A) Be equipped with a visual aid toassist in identifying the minimumclearance distance. Examples of a visualaid include, but are not limited to: Aclearly visible line painted on theground; a clearly visible line ofstanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight landmarks (such as a fence postbehind the dedicated spotter and abuilding corner ahead of the dedicatedspotter).

(B) Be positioned to effectively gaugethe clearance distance.

(C) Where necessary, use equipmentthat enables the dedicated spotter tocommunicate directly with the operator.

(D) Give timely information to theoperator so that the required clearancedistance can be maintained.

(ii) A proximity alarm set to give theoperator sufficient warning to preventencroachment.

(iii) A device that automatically warnsthe operator when to stop movement,such as a range control warning device.Such a device must be set to give the

operator sufficient warning to preventencroachment.

(iv) A device that automatically limitsrange of movement, set to preventencroachment.

(v) An elevated warning line,barricade, or line of signs, in view of the

operator, equipped with flags or similarhigh-visibility markings.(c) Assembly/disassembly below

power lines prohibited. No part of acrane/derrick, load line, or load(including rigging and liftingaccessories), whether partially or fullyassembled, is allowed below a powerline unless the employer has confirmedthat the utility owner/operator hasdeenergized and (at the worksite) visiblygrounded the power line.

(d) Assembly/disassembly insideTable A clearance prohibited. No part ofa crane/derrick, load line, or load(including rigging and liftingaccessories), whether partially or fullyassembled, is allowed closer than theminimum approach distance underTable A (see 1926.1408) to a powerline unless the employer has confirmedthat the utility owner/operator hasdeenergized and (at the worksite) visiblygrounded the power line.

(e) Voltage information. WhereOption (3) of this section is used, theutility owner/operator of the powerlines must provide the requested voltageinformation within two working days ofthe employers request.

(f) Power lines presumed energized.The employer must assume that allpower lines are energized unless the

utility owner/operator confirms that thepower line has been and continues to bedeenergized and visibly grounded at theworksite.

(g) Posting of electrocution warnings.There must be at least one electrocutionhazard warning conspicuously posted inthe cab so that it is in view of theoperator and (except for overhead gantryand tower cranes) at least two on theoutside of the equipment.

1926.1408 Power line safety (up to 350kV)equipment operations.

(a) Hazard assessments andprecautions inside the work zone.Before beginning equipment operations,the employer must:

(1) Identify the work zone by either:(i) Demarcating boundaries (such as

with flags, or a device such as a rangelimit device or range control warningdevice) and prohibiting the operatorfrom operating the equipment past thoseboundaries, or

(ii) Defining the work zone as the area360 degrees around the equipment, upto the equipments maximum workingradius.


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(2) Determine if any part of theequipment, load line or load (includingrigging and lifting accessories), ifoperated up to the equipmentsmaximum working radius in the workzone, could get closer than 20 feet to apower line. If so, the employer must

meet the requirements in Option (1),Option (2), or Option (3) of this section,as follows:

(i) Option (1)Deenergize andground. Confirm from the utility owner/operator that the power line has beendeenergized and visibly grounded at theworksite.

(ii) Option (2)20 foot clearance.Ensure that no part of the equipment,load line, or load (including rigging andlifting accessories), gets closer than 20feet to the power line by implementingthe measures specified in paragraph (b)of this section.

(iii) Option (3)Table A clearance.(A) Determine the lines voltage and

the minimum approach distancepermitted under Table A (see 1926.1408).

(B) Determine if any part of theequipment, load line or load (includingrigging and lifting accessories), whileoperating up to the equipmentsmaximum working radius in the workzone, could get closer than theminimum approach distance of thepower line permitted under Table A (see 1926.1408). If so, then the employermust follow the requirements inparagraph (b) of this section to ensurethat no part of the equipment, load line,or load (including rigging and lifting

accessories), gets closer to the line thanthe minimum approach distance.

(b) Preventing encroachment/electrocution. Where encroachmentprecautions are required under Option(2) or Option (3) of this section, all ofthe following requirements must be met:

(1) Conduct a planning meeting withthe operator and the other workers whowill be in the area of the equipment orload to review the location of the powerline(s), and the steps that will beimplemented to prevent encroachment/electrocution.

(2) If tag lines are used, they must benon-conductive.

(3) Erect and maintain an elevatedwarning line, barricade, or line of signs,in view of the operator, equipped withflags or similar high-visibility markings,at 20 feet from the power line (if usingOption (2) of this section) or at theminimum approach distance underTable A (see 1926.1408) (if usingOption (3) of this section). If theoperator is unable to see the elevatedwarning line, a dedicated spotter mustbe used as described in 1926.1408(b)(4)(ii) in addition to

implementing one of the measuresdescribed in 1926.1408(b)(4)(i), (iii),(iv) and (v).

(4) Implement at least one of thefollowing measures:

(i) A proximity alarm set to give theoperator sufficient warning to preventencroachment.

(ii) A dedicated spotter who is incontinuous contact with the operator.Where this measure is selected, thededicated spotter must:

(A) Be equipped with a visual aid toassist in identifying the minimumclearance distance. Examples of a visualaid include, but are not limited to: Aclearly visible line painted on theground; a clearly visible line ofstanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight landmarks (such as a fence postbehind the dedicated spotter and abuilding corner ahead of the dedicatedspotter).

(B) Be positioned to effectively gauge

the clearance distance.(C) Where necessary, use equipmentthat enables the dedicated spotter tocommunicate directly with the operator.

(D) Give timely information to theoperator so that the required clearancedistance can be maintained.

(iii) A device that automatically warnsthe operator when to stop movement,such as a range control warning device.Such a device must be set to give theoperator sufficient warning to preventencroachment.

(iv) A device that automatically limitsrange of movement, set to preventencroachment.

(v) An insulating link/device, as

defined in 1926.1401, installed at apoint between the end of the load line(or below) and the load.

(5) The requirements of paragraph(b)(4) of this section do not apply towork covered by subpart V of this part.

(c) Voltage information. WhereOption (3) of this section is used, theutility owner/operator of the powerlines must provide the requested voltageinformation within two working days ofthe employers request.

(d) Operations below power lines.(1) No part of the equipment, load

line, or load (including rigging andlifting accessories) is allowed below a

power line unless the employer hasconfirmed that the utility owner/operator has deenergized and (at theworksite) visibly grounded the powerline, except where one of the exceptionsin paragraph (d)(2) of this sectionapplies.

(2) Exceptions. Paragraph (d)(1) of thissection is inapplicable where theemployer demonstrates that one of thefollowing applies:

(i) The work is covered by subpart Vof this part.

(ii) For equipment with non-extensible booms: The uppermost partof the equipment, with the boom at truevertical, would be more than 20 feetbelow the plane of the power line ormore than the Table A of this sectionminimum clearance distance below the

plane of the power line.(iii) For equipment with articulatingor extensible booms: The uppermostpart of the equipment, with the boom inthe fully extended position, at truevertical, would be more than 20 feetbelow the plane of the power line ormore than the Table A of this sectionminimum clearance distance below theplane of the power line.

(iv) The employer demonstrates thatcompliance with paragraph (d)(1) of thissection is infeasible and meets therequirements of 1926.1410.

(e) Power lines presumed energized.The employer must assume that allpower lines are energized unless the

utility owner/operator confirms that thepower line has been and continues to bedeenergized and visibly grounded at theworksite.

(f) When working near transmitter/communication towers where theequipment is close enough for anelectrical charge to be induced in theequipment or materials being handled,the transmitter must be deenergized orthe following precautions must betaken:

(1) The equipment must be providedwith an electrical ground.

(2) If tag lines are used, they must benon-conductive.

(g) Training.(1) The employer must train each

operator and crew member assigned towork with the equipment on all of thefollowing:

(i) The procedures to be followed inthe event of electrical contact with apower line. Such training must include:

(A) Information regarding the dangerof electrocution from the operatorsimultaneously touching the equipmentand the ground.

(B) The importance to the operatorssafety of remaining inside the cabexcept where there is an imminentdanger of fire, explosion, or otheremergency that necessitates leaving the

cab.(C) The safest means of evacuatingfrom equipment that may be energized.

(D) The danger of the potentiallyenergized zone around the equipment(step potential).

(E) The need for crew in the area toavoid approaching or touching theequipment and the load.

(F) Safe clearance distance frompower lines.

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operator confirms that the power linehas been and continues to bedeenergized and visibly grounded at theworksite.

(iii) Power lines are presumed to beuninsulated unless the utility owner/operator or a registered engineer who is

a qualified person with respect toelectrical power transmission anddistribution confirms that a line isinsulated.

(iv) The limitations of an insulatinglink/device, proximity alarm, and rangecontrol (and similar) device, if used.

(v) The procedures to be followed toproperly ground equipment and thelimitations of grounding.

(2) Employees working as dedicated

spotters must be trained to enable themto effectively perform their task,including training on the applicablerequirements of this section.

(3) Training under this section mustbe administered in accordance with 1926.1430(g).

(h) Devices originally designed by themanufacturer for use as: A safety device(see 1926.1415), operational aid, or ameans to prevent power line contact or

electrocution, when used to complywith this section, must meet themanufacturers procedures for use andconditions of use.

TABLE AMINIMUM CLEARANCE DISTANCES

Voltage(nominal, kV, alternating current)

Minimum clearance distance(feet)

up to 50 .................................................................................................... 10over 50 to 200 .......................................................................................... 15over 200 to 350 ........................................................................................ 20over 350 to 500 ........................................................................................ 25over 500 to 750 ........................................................................................ 35over 750 to 1,000 ..................................................................................... 45over 1,000 ................................................................................................. (as established by the utility owner/operator or registered professional

engineer who is a qualified person with respect to electrical power

transmission and distribution).

Note: The value that follows to is up to and includes that value. For example, over 50 to 200 means up to and including 200kV.

1926.1409 Power line safety (over 350kV).

The requirements of 1926.1407 and 1926.1408 apply to power lines over350 kV except:

(a) For power lines at or below 1000kV, wherever the distance 20 feet isspecified, the distance 50 feet must besubstituted; and

(b) For power lines over 1000 kV, theminimum clearance distance must beestablished by the utility owner/

operator or registered professionalengineer who is a qualified person withrespect to electrical power transmissionand distribution.

1926.1410 Power line safety (allvoltages)equipment operations closerthan the Table A zone.

Equipment operations in which anypart of the equipment, load line, or load(including rigging and liftingaccessories) is closer than the minimumapproach distance under Table A of 1926.1408 to an energized power lineis prohibited, except where theemployer demonstrates that all of thefollowing requirements are met:

(a) The employer determines that it isinfeasible to do the work withoutbreaching the minimum approachdistance under Table A of 1926.1408.

(b) The employer determines that,after consultation with the utilityowner/operator, it is infeasible todeenergize and ground the power line orrelocate the power line.

(c) Minimum clearance distance.(1) The power line owner/operator or

registered professional engineer who is

a qualified person with respect toelectrical power transmission anddistribution determines the minimumclearance distance that must bemaintained to prevent electrical contactin light of the on-site conditions. Thefactors that must be considered inmaking this determination include, butare not limited to: Conditions affectingatmospheric conductivity; timenecessary to bring the equipment, loadline, and load (including rigging and

lifting accessories) to a complete stop;wind conditions; degree of sway in thepower line; lighting conditions, andother conditions affecting the ability toprevent electrical contact.

(2) Paragraph (c)(1) of this sectiondoes not apply to work covered bysubpart V of this part; instead, for suchwork, the minimum clearance distancesspecified in 1926.950 Table V1 apply.Employers engaged in subpart V workare permitted to work closer than thedistances in 1926.950 Table V1where both the requirements of thissection and 1926.952(c)(3)(i) or (ii) aremet.

(d) A planning meeting with theemployer and utility owner/operator (orregistered professional engineer who isa qualified person with respect toelectrical power transmission anddistribution) is held to determine theprocedures that will be followed toprevent electrical contact andelectrocution. At a minimum theseprocedures must include:

(1) If the power line is equipped witha device that automatically reenergizesthe circuit in the event of a power line

contact, before the work begins, theautomatic reclosing feature of the circuitinterrupting device must be madeinoperative if the design of the devicepermits.

(2) A dedicated spotter who is incontinuous contact with the operator.The dedicated spotter must:

(i) Be equipped with a visual aid toassist in identifying the minimumclearance distance. Examples of a visualaid include, but are not limited to: A

line painted on the ground; a clearlyvisible line of stanchions; a set of clearlyvisible line-of-sight landmarks (such asa fence post behind the dedicatedspotter and a building corner ahead ofthe dedicated spotter).

(ii) Be positioned to effectively gaugethe clearance distance.

(iii) Where necessary, use equipmentthat enables the dedicated spotter tocommunicate directly with the operator.

(iv) Give timely information to theoperator so that the required clearancedistance can be maintained.

(3) An elevated warning line, orbarricade (not attached to the crane), in

view of the operator (either directly orthrough video equipment), equippedwith flags or similar high-visibilitymarkings, to prevent electrical contact.However, this provision does not applyto work covered by subpart V of thispart.

(4) Insulating link/device.(i) An insulating link/device installed

at a point between the end of the loadline (or below) and the load.

(ii) For work covered by subpart V ofthis part, the requirement in paragraph


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(d)(4)(i) of this section applies onlywhen working inside the 1926.950Table V1 clearance distances.

(iii) For work covered by subpart V ofthis part involving operations where useof an insulating link/device isinfeasible, the requirements of

1910.269(p)(4)(iii)(B) or (C) may besubstituted for the requirement in(d)(4)(i) of this section.

(iv) Until November 8, 2011, thefollowing procedure may be substitutedfor the requirement in paragraph(d)(4)(i) of this section: All employees,excluding equipment operators locatedon the equipment, who may come incontact with the equipment, the loadline, or the load must be insulated orguarded from the equipment, the loadline, and the load. Insulating glovesrated for the voltage involved areadequate insulation for the purposes ofthis paragraph.

(v) Until November 8, 2013, thefollowing procedure may be substitutedfor the requirement in (d)(4)(i) of thissection:

(A) The employer must use a link/device manufactured on or beforeNovember 8, 2011, that meets thedefinition of an insulating link/device,except that it has not been approved bya Nationally Recognized TestingLaboratory, and that is maintained andused in accordance with manufacturerrequirements and recommendations,and is installed at a point between theend of the load line (or below) and theload; and

(B) All employees, excluding

equipment operators located on theequipment, who may come in contactwith the equipment, the load line, or theload must be insulated or guarded fromthe equipment, the load line, and theload through an additional means otherthan the device described in paragraph(d)(4)(v)(A) of this section. Insulatinggloves rated for the voltage involved areadequate additional means of protectionfor the purposes of this paragraph.

(5) Nonconductive rigging if therigging may be within the Table A of 1926.1408 distance during theoperation.

(6) If the equipment is equipped with

a device that automatically limits rangeof movement, it must be used and set toprevent any part of the equipment, loadline, or load (including rigging andlifting accessories) from breaching theminimum approach distance establishedunder paragraph (c) of this section.

(7) If a tag line is used, it must be ofthe nonconductive type.

(8) Barricades forming a perimeter atleast 10 feet away from the equipment

to prevent unauthorized personnel fromentering the work area. In areas whereobstacles prevent the barricade frombeing at least 10 feet away, the barricademust be as far from the equipment asfeasible.

(9) Workers other than the operator

must be prohibited from touching theload line above the insulating link/device and crane. Operators remotelyoperating the equipment from theground must use either wireless controlsthat isolate the operator from theequipment or insulating mats thatinsulate the operator from the ground.

(10) Only personnel essential to theoperation are permitted to be in the areaof the crane and load.

(11) The equipment must be properlygrounded.

(12) Insulating line hose or cover-upmust be installed by the utility owner/operator except where such devices areunavailable for the line voltagesinvolved.

(e) The procedures developed tocomply with paragraph (d) of thissection are documented andimmediately available on-site.

(f) The equipment user and utilityowner/operator (or registeredprofessional engineer) meet with theequipment operator and the otherworkers who will be in the area of theequipment or load to review theprocedures that will be implemented toprevent breaching the minimumapproach distance established inparagraph (c) of this section and preventelectrocution.

(g) The procedures developed tocomply with paragraph (d) of thissection are implemented.

(h) The utility owner/operator (orregistered professional engineer) and allemployers of employees involved in thework must identify one person who willdirect the implementation of theprocedures. The person identified inaccordance with this paragraph mustdirect the implementation of theprocedures and must have the authorityto stop work at any time to ensuresafety.

(i) [Reserved.](j) If a problem occurs implementing

the procedures being used to complywith paragraph (d) of this section, orindicating that those procedures areinadequate to prevent electrocution, theemployer must safely stop operationsand either develop new procedures tocomply with paragraph (d) of thissection or have the utility owner/operator deenergize and visibly groundor relocate the power line beforeresuming work.

(k) Devices originally designed by themanufacturer for use as a safety device(see 1926.1415), operational aid, or ameans to prevent power line contact orelectrocution, when used to complywith this section, must comply with themanufacturers procedures for use and

conditions of use.(l) [Reserved.](m) The employer must train each

operator and crew member assigned towork with the equipment in accordancewith 1926.1408(g).

1926.1411 Power line safetywhiletraveling under or near power lines with noload.

(a) This section establishesprocedures and criteria that must be metfor equipment traveling under or near apower line on a construction site withno load. Equipment traveling on aconstruction site with a load is governedby 1926.1408, 1926.1409 or

1926.1410, whichever is appropriate,and 1926.1417(u).

(b) The employer must ensure that:(1) The boom/mast and boom/mast

support system are lowered sufficientlyto meet the requirements of thisparagraph.

(2) The clearances specified in TableT of this section are maintained.

(3) The effects of speed and terrain onequipment movement (includingmovement of the boom/mast) areconsidered so that those effects do notcause the minimum clearance distancesspecified in Table T of this section to bebreached.

(4) Dedicated spotter. If any part ofthe equipment while traveling will getcloser than 20 feet to the power line, theemployer must ensure that a dedicatedspotter who is in continuous contactwith the driver/operator is used. Thededicated spotter must:

(i) Be positioned to effectively gaugethe clearance distance.

(ii) Where necessary, use equipmentthat enables the dedicated spotter tocommunicate directly with the operator.

(iii) Give timely information to theoperator so that the required clearancedistance can be maintained.

(5) Additional precautions for

traveling in poor visibility. Whentraveling at night, or in conditions ofpoor visibility, in addition to themeasures specified in paragraphs (b)(1)through (4) of this section, the employermust ensure that:

(i) The power lines are illuminated oranother means of identifying thelocation of the lines is used.

(ii) A safe path of travel is identifiedand used.


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TABLE TMINIMUM CLEARANCE DISTANCES WHILE TRAVELING WITH NO LOAD

Voltage(nominal, kV, alternating current)

While travelingminimum clearance distance(feet)

up to 0.75 ................................................................................................. 4over .75 to 50 ........................................................................................... 6over 50 to 345 .......................................................................................... 10

over 345 to 750 ........................................................................................ 16Over 750 to 1,000 .................................................................................... 20Over 1,000 ................................................................................................ (as established by the utility owner/operator or registered professional

engineer who is a qualified person with respect to electrical powertransmission and distribution).

1926.1412 Inspections.

(a) Modified equipment.(1) Equipment that has had

modifications or additions which affectthe safe operation of the equipment(such as modifications or additionsinvolving a safety device or operationalaid, critical part of a control system,power plant, braking system, load-

sustaining structural components, loadhook, or in-use operating mechanism) orcapacity must be inspected by aqualified person after suchmodifications/additions have beencompleted, prior to initial use. Theinspection must meet all of thefollowing requirements:

(i) The inspection must assure that themodifications or additions have beendone in accordance with the approvalobtained pursuant to 1926.1434(Equipment modifications).

(ii) The inspection must includefunctional testing of the equipment.

(2) Equipment must not be used until

an inspection under this paragraphdemonstrates that the requirements ofparagraph (a)(1)(i) of this section havebeen met.

(b) Repaired/adjusted equipment.(1) Equipment that has had a repair or

adjustment that relates to safe operation(such as: A repair or adjustment to asafety device or operator aid, or to acritical part of a control system, powerplant, braking system, load-sustainingstructural components, load hook, or in-use operating mechanism), must beinspected by a qualified person aftersuch a repair or adjustment has beencompleted, prior to initial use. Theinspection must meet all of thefollowing requirements:

(i) The qualified person mustdetermine if the repair/adjustmentmeets manufacturer equipment criteria(where applicable and available).

(ii) Where manufacturer equipmentcriteria are unavailable or inapplicable,the qualified person must:

(A) Determine if a registeredprofessional engineer (RPE) is needed todevelop criteria for the repair/adjustment. If an RPE is not needed, the

employer must ensure that the criteriaare developed by the qualified person.If an RPE is needed, the employer mustensure that they are developed by anRPE.

(B) Determine if the repair/adjustmentmeets the criteria developed inaccordance with paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A)of this section.

(iii) The inspection must includefunctional testing of the repaired/adjusted parts and other componentsthat may be affected by the repair/adjustment.

(4) Equipment must not be used untilan inspection under this paragraphdemonstrates that the repair/adjustmentmeets the requirements of paragraph(b)(1)(i) of this section (or, whereapplicable, paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of thissection).

(c) Post-assembly.(1) Upon completion of assembly, the

equipment must be inspected by aqualified person to assure that it isconfigured in accordance with

manufacturer equipment criteria.(2) Where manufacturer equipment

criteria are unavailable, a qualifiedperson must:

(i) Determine if a registeredprofessional engineer (RPE) familiarwith the type of equipment involved isneeded to develop criteria for theequipment configuration. If an RPE isnot needed, the employer must ensurethat the criteria are developed by thequalified person. If an RPE is needed,the employer must ensure that they aredeveloped by an RPE.

(ii) Determine if the equipment meetsthe criteria developed in accordance

with paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.(3) Equipment must not be used untilan inspection under this paragraphdemonstrates that the equipment isconfigured in accordance with theapplicable criteria.

(d) Each shift.(1) A competent person must begin a

visual inspection prior to each shift theequipment will be used, which must becompleted before or during that shift.The inspection must consist ofobservation for apparent deficiencies.

Taking apart equipment componentsand booming down is not required aspart of this inspection unless the resultsof the visual inspection or trialoperation indicate that furtherinvestigation necessitating taking apartequipment components or boomingdown is needed. Determinations madein conducting the inspection must be

reassessed in light of observations madeduring operation. At a minimum theinspection must include all of thefollowing:

(i) Control mechanisms formaladjustments interfering with properoperation.

(ii) Control and drive mechanisms forapparent excessive wear of componentsand contamination by lubricants, wateror other foreign matter.

(iii) Air, hydraulic, and otherpressurized lines for deterioration orleakage, particularly those which flex innormal operation.

(iv) Hydraulic system for proper fluidlevel.

(v) Hooks and latches for deformation,cracks, excessive wear, or damage suchas from chemicals or heat.

(vi) Wire rope reeving for compliancewith the manufacturers specifications.

(vii) Wire rope, in accordance with 1926.1413(a).

(viii) Electrical apparatus formalfunctioning, signs of apparentexcessive deterioration, dirt or moistureaccumulation.

(ix) Tires (when in use) for properinflation and condition.

(x) Ground conditions around theequipment for proper support, includingground settling under and aroundoutriggers/stabilizers and supportingfoundations, ground wateraccumulation, or similar conditions.This paragraph does not apply to theinspection of ground conditions forrailroad tracks and their underlyingsupport when the railroad tracks arepart of the general railroad system oftransportation that is regulated pursuantto the Federal Railroad Administrationunder 49 CFR part 213.

(xi

osha 29 cfr part 1926 cranes and derricks in construction

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