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Ionic and Osmotic Balance
Excretory Systems
Animal Physiology
April, 2008
HomeostasisMaintaining relative stable environment for animal cells
The problem!!!
How do animals maintain an ionic and osmotic balance in a wide variety of environments?
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Functions of Excretory systems:
1. To adjust the quantity of water and i l tit t t b various plasma constituents to be
conserved by the body or eliminated in the urine
2. Responsible for eliminating potentially toxic metabolic waste and foreign toxic metabolic waste and foreign compounds from an animal's body.
Definitions
Osmoregulators:Osmoregulators:Animals that maintain an internal osmolarity different from the medium surrounding them.
Osmoconformers:Animals that maintain an internal osmolarity similar to the osmolarity of the surrounding medium.
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The rate of transfer for water and salts from an environment depends on:
S f f i lSurface area of animal
Size of gradient
Permeability of the surface
Every animal has its own unique water problem!!
• Frog skin is very permeable to waterFrog skin is very permeable to water
• Reptiles, birds and many mammals have impermeable skin
• Other mammals perspire and lose water throughOther mammals perspire and lose water through their skin
• Insects have a waxy cuticle that is impermeable to water.
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Every animal has its own unique feeding problem!!
• Most terrestrial vertebrates (especially birds and mammals) produce hyperosmotic urine to eliminated ) p ypunwanted solutes
• Reptiles and amphibians have kidneys but can’t produce hyperosmotic urine.
• Fish contain kidneys but also control osmoregulation at gills.
• Insects and spiders have a “kidney-like” system that produces concentrated urine
Fish problems!Freshwater fish are hyperosmotic to their environment
Subject to swelling as water moves into their bodySubject to swelling as water moves into their body
Subject to continual loss of body salts to the surrounding water
Saltwater fish are hypo-osmotic to their environment
Subject to tissue shrinking as water moves out of their bodySubject to tissue shrinking as water moves out of their body
Migratory fish are hyperosmotic to their environment during some periods and hypoosmotic at other times.
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Osmoregulation problems for marine reptiles!
Marine reptiles needMarine reptiles need to drink salt water to get their water requirements.
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Osmoregulation problems for marine mammals!
Whales, dolphinsWhales, dolphins and seals don’t drink salt water.
Osmoregulation problems for desert mammals!
Desert rats don’t drink water.
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Urine Formation
Gl l filt tiGlomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretionTubular secretion
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Hydrogen ion secretion
Important in the regulation of acid-base balance in the body
Hydrogen ions can be added to the filtered fluid in the proximal, distal and collecting tubulesand collecting tubules
The extent of hydrogen secretion depends on the acidity of the body fluids
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Potassium secretion
P t i i ti l b b d i thPotassium is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
Potassium is actively secreted in the distal and collecting tubules
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Renin-angiotension-aldosterone system
Acts to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) opposes the renin-angiotension-aldosterone
system
Inhibits sodium reabsorption
Inhibits renin secretion by the kidneyskidneys
Increases GFR through dilation of the afferent arterioles
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Two factors are responsible for being able to excrete urine at
varying concentrations:
The medullary countercurrent system
Vasopressin (ADH; anti-diuretic hormone)
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Function of vertical osmotic gradient in loop of Henle
Enables the kidneys to produce urine of various concentrations from 100 to 1200 mosm/liter
Medullary countercurrent system
Loops of Henle
Vasa recta
Collecting tubules
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Descending limb features:
Is highly permeable to water
Does not actively extrude sodium
Ascending limb features:
Actively transport sodium out of the tubular lumen
Is impermeable to water
What’s the purpose of creating a vertical osmotic gradient?????
The vertical osmotic gradient is used by the collecting ducts to concentrate tubular fluid so that concentrated urine can be excreted.
Because the fluid is hypotonic as it enters the distal tubule, it enables the kidneys to excrete urine more dilute than normal blood fluids.
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Vasopressin
Acts to increase tubules permeability to water
Produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus controls the release of i f th t i it it i tvasopressin from the posterior pituitary into
the blood
Vasopressin is released in a negative-feedback fashion
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How does vasopressin increase tubule permeability to water????
Binding of vasopressin activates the cAMP second messenger system and increases the number of water channel in the membrane
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