osprey, men-at-arms #165 armies in lebanon 1982-84 (1985) ocr 8.12
TRANSCRIPT
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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6
OSPREY· MEN T RMS SERIES
rmies
ebanon
8
ext
S MUEL
M
K TZ
and
LEE RUSSELL
olour plates
R VOLST D
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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I)uhlish«l in 1985
O'pr( \ P l l h l i ~ h i n ~ Lui
:\ktnlwr
( 0111pal1\ 01
th,.. (; Ufl.-:, Philip
Crul l ,
12
II
l. llt.: ,\en',
1.\1I1d n
(:21-: 1)1.1'
t
C o p ~ r i g h l 1985
Q prey
PlIhli,hill.l;- Lid
This hook is c o p y r i ~ h t e d under the Berne Com ,·l1lioll.
.\11
r i ~ h t i
r( '('n'('d \p.tr1 from a l l ~ fair d e a J i n ~ for the
purpose
ofpri\ atc q u d ~ .
r ~ a r c h . c r i l i c i ~ m or rC\·ie\\.
as
pemlilloo under Iht Copyrie:ht .\C1. 195ti. no pan
of
Ihi. puhlicalioll 1) reprOOuccd. slOrro in a
rctril \'al
sy lcm.
Clr
tr.IINnittOO in
a l l ~
fonn
or
a l l ~
Illt an . dOClfonic. d<'Ctrical. chemical. I1lIXhanica1.
optiral. p h O l o c o p ~ i n : rl Cording or othcn\i'i(·.
\\ithout
tb prior pcrmi ioll of the c o p y r i ~ h t U\\Iwr, EnquiriC '
~ o u l he
addreSMXI
to the I'uhli:.hcr',
Hli/il/l l . i h / ~ I ·
.{/fo og/i/1/,1 III
Pllblim//QII / 11/ 1
Kat..:. S:lIl1ud :\1. :lI1d RllSsdl. Lee E.
.\rm;{ <;n Lebanon.
1 jl 2-B...
:\Il u·at·arm,
~ r i C > :
16,j
I . l..c-h. lIlon
,\rmed Forces ·Iiston
I..('hanon Hi,to 1. : \ I i l i l a ~
I. Title II. Seri<'\
3 . . i , o o q , j 6 q ~ l .
\ R 5 : ~ .
L
Fihm.'l in
Greal
Britaill
PriUlt-d
in IlonK KOIlt.:
Acknowledgements
Samuel :\1.
Ka z
\\i,lws
t ;>.,,,rt >; ;
hi,
t.: ra,illldt· to ,he
follu\\ iug people for their
help
in till' pH·par.ltion of
this book: his fdlo\\
IDF \'C'l\T;1l1
:\11 Dall Rosenlx'I'g::
:- Is Fa,ina
Husscil1i, for
her
I r a n ~ b t i O l l . > ; lIld nOI1
p:lrlisan a ~ i S I : I I l C C :
;\11 ,\III..1r( as
C:onslantinoll, lor
tcchllifal help: _ \ I ; ~ . D\ora ' clson of lIlt'
I
Dr
SpokC man unit:
and
Kari E. Hannibal of Ill('
Lch:lllC >( Informalion alld Rr«eareh
vnter ,
for Ill'r
in\ aluahk :lS. 'istanec, He \\ould also likl'
10
oni r
hi ,
',>ecial
and
100 jng thanks to : \ I ~ Sie:alil Ehakim.
wilhout \\ hose
hard
\\ork.
10\( .
de\'otioll
and
dedication, this
boo
\\tluld
nOI
ha\'C
1)( ( 1\ possible,
1.. E. Ru ,c1J also \\ishl S 10 Ihank
:\11
Ril hard
Si.k and
:- 11
Peler Ahbotl fill' thcir
hdp
ill Ihe
prl'par;ltioll (If this book,
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Armies ill
Leballoll /982-84
I3fldgrollllf to
OlflOS
'/ tltt /H lt. •
lJhmll Jf tholl. ,ht our Jf,mgth t Ol ollr
h 'ft,k nf. II , /alllird /0 hI tnt mrrC IIII/I. IIII bUllk,rJ. and
JII, (Oll -;J/
gllidrJ oj ,1/,
.\1
idd/I
/:alf. It lwilll th,Ji.s:hrillg
0
olluH. JI ,
thol/gll
till/I
bU(//lsr
It had mili/(If) /JOu ,
lIobOl 1 It ould
allarA
I IJ. lIo/)()(b
u ould1m
I t l
r 1I0U t:1t
to
/t m/lto fight I l l . Till f,.wllu w ,hal (odt/) oll{ ·thi,d r fOllr
{ o l l l I ~ l lUll hl ( 11
t/fJ/ro..J / (
mul
ftl Q-/hil d
J
of i l o((upi,d kJ'
jrm ign
arm; J: I.Cb'lIlCM' President-Ekct Bashir
(;emayd.
in
Jast
inlcrvj('\\
hdorc aSSas. I
nation.
1
I St:plcmbcr 1 ~ } 8 2 .
On thl 1.'\ c l l i l l ~
of
Thursda} 3
JUll l
1gS L four
Pall >lillian
gunmell
c r i l i c a l l ~
\\ouuc ed :\11' Shlomo
Argm. J.;:rad's ambassador in London. as he lert a
diplomatic re( (,plion al thc Dorclw'Ill'r
HOiCI.
,\hhOlu;h Ihi') incid(,1lI 10 Ix- Ilw immedi'lle
Gilhe of I,rae 's
ar
in Lebanon, til
rOOls
of thc
connici ( 'I ll back man) )t ars,
I..t°banon achit'\ed il:. indept'ndt'nce in '9-1-3.
. I n n )
1'01 1 1
ofFrench rule under a Leal:;lIl' of:'\'alions
~ I ; l n d a t ( Ihal dalt'(l back 101h('
Fir 'l
'orld
·ar.
TIl(.' CUUIIO').
IOfllwrly
pan of S) ria.
('mbral,.·l,.'(1
a
wide \'ariel)
of
rdigiolls
'Inc clhnk
~ T o u p i l 1 ~ s . all
ll11llually anta. {onbtic. Tbt:
1Il0 1
important
\\cn'
~ 1 ; l r ) t I i t e and Greek
Onhodox
Christi:ll\). alld
Sunlli al1d Shia I l l ~ [ i illS, IfIK<,thcr wi Ib IIH:111
bel'S
of
the '('cr('li\ e Drul.l' SI'CI. Th(' ~ o \ C 1 n m e l l t was
siructul (:d b) all a ~ n t l l l ( 1 H kllO\\'n a:. Iht' alional
( .o\CI1;IIII.
\\hieh \ \ a ~ supp0'll'd to di\'idc 1>0\\(' 1'
prol>Ortiollall) m o n ~ Ilw \ariOll'i f a c l i o l l ~ . 1'hi
r('sult<'C ill
a
eak
ccntral gon'rnml'nl ill-equipped
10
m c r , ~ e Ihe ri\'al
~ o u p s
illlo a
11'(11)
nalional
laiC,
Ho\\e\cr. Ihl' :'\'ational
Con'llalll
,-,ned th<,
coulllr) fairl) \\clI
for
nearl) 30 \ ('ars, d ~ p i l e thl
problems of urbanisation and ri,inl.( ~ l u ~ l i m
demands for
{{Teater
r e p r ~ n t a l i o n In the end. il
as
nOI a LehaneM' iSiuc lhal d l S l r o ~ ('(I it. bUI Ihe
problrm
of
the
P a l e - l i n i a n ~ ,
,
-
Sou •.h Bei ....., A U ~ l I t
19B:>::
this
Golaa; machinr ~ u n ...r
( MAGi . ) n N
'.hr
I,.radi
K ,. la.r
flak
•·
.. .
1
and
h ,lm ,l.
an d
tarn ,
.. his . .·
.. .
pon·
ammuainon
Mit in il s lihel
colle 'tor
b a ~
:II
common
lOt· practic
The
MAC'
bipod
i
.I.so
'rapped
in
h ,,,si.n.. a Tordinll;. h n ~ n p ...hen finnll; th e '''''''pon
rrom
th ,
hip . (ICPO)
h P
Lebanon
In 19,'8. follO\\ i n ~
I
he (Tea(inn
of
Iht ' Stall'
nf
I
sraC'l.
,nnw . 00 .000 Palntiniall refllW'C's crnssl'd lhc
bordt'l' north illto I.ebanon, Tlwn·. lill' morl' lhan
'. o
) ( · a r ~ .
lhl.')·
liwd in squalid r e f t l ~ , , camps in
,olllhcrn I.dlalllJll, and
in
:I chain of ramshackle
suburhs nl'ar Beirut. In
9 8
til(' I . d ) a l 1 ~ l · capilal
1}( (' :ul1l' Ihc h ( : a d q t l a r t ( r ~ of th(' Pah linian
LilX'ralioTl O r ~ a n i s ; l I i o l l . Ihe umbrella
o r ~ a n i ·
,aliOIl
for
more Ihan I I
diffl..'l cll(
IXllilieal facliom
dedicatl'( I( ) Ill< \ crthrn\\
of
Ihe Siall'
of
I
~ r a l l .
1'1.0 Chairman Ya'''<'r.\rafal found Lehanon an
ex('ellcll b. 1 (,'
for
orx'ralions. both a ~ a i n ~ t Israel
itself and I ~ r < l d i ,mel
i n t e r n a l i o n a l l a r ~ ( , I
ahro. ld.
In Outll('rn Lt:banon, the PLO
Ct
lip I M ~ c and
effecti\ (
ha'<.·
.. from \\ hich 10 carl ) nul operalion:.
acro Iht, bordt:r inln Israel. TIl('
I ~ r a t l i
Dd<'me
;
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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IOF
comb t
cngin r' .,r ,
..
nl I.h
..ir w .,on , for .. n omc r '
inSJ 'Clion,
prior .o
... palrol n
.....
r
AI y,Jan ar) , 1963. Th.. an
on
Ih l fl
w arS
Ih IOF' ,
win l rpark
and a ca.,lur d 'wooll}'
p lIy'
,w I
.. r (Ih ..
PLO
us..d
oolh Brili ,h
and PlOki 'l..
ni Arm)'
pau rn .. ). The Iwo
soldi
.. , in (h
cenlre wear
.he [OF
' ,nowsui '
nn 'Hermoniol '
winl
.. r
boo ls , ( JOF Spok
.. ,n,an)
Forces
r t ~ l i ~ t e d
with
land.
sea and ail'
attacks on
thesc
1'1.0
bases,
Th ... PLO
pre;, nce. and
lh l '
Israeli
military
response
il
allract d. put a
strain
on
lbe
weak
Leballl'se
gonTllnwllt
and
the
fragile politicOlI
alliOll1cl s it
r c p r t ~ s l 1 \ l d .
I I I
:\'o\'embcr
1969
Egypt's
I'n'5idellt :\'asscr
IC)l ( ( d
till Lehanese
to
sign the
Cairo and
~ 1 { l k a r t
Accords. granting-
the PLO
\ 'inual autonomy in the rcfug('(' camps and alollg
t
h(
com 1
{i OIll
wi
th Isr;wl. FoIIowi
ng t i l l
e\ ('llts
of
'Black Sept
em her'
19io. \\'hell
King H
ussl'in 's
Bedouin army violently ejcned the entire
PLO
in{i aStrllCIUT c
li'om
Jordan, Lebanon betai llc
Ihe
ani)
Arab
COt1Jll1 y bordeT'ing Israel
where
the
armed 5trugglc
could
b
eominucd.
A
further
15°,000
Palestinian refug('cs
:urivcd. along
\\,ilh
Ihousand;,
of
PLO guerrillas,
further
llp5clIing the
ddicale balanCt'
of power
in
the country.
Tht' \ \ a k l 1 e ~
of
Ihe l.ehal1('$(: t:entl'al gon'rn
ment
alarmed
both
Chrisliall and .\Iuslim political
·1
panics, who b( g,1I1 to fOrm
pri\'att'
milit ias to look
after their
intl'reSts. For
their p01I 1.
the PL.O seizt'([
COlllfOl of
\'il'lually all
of
50111hcTn
Lebanon. The
PI.O fight\'rs-bored. ;Ingry. heavily anned, ;lnd
anS\\'('I'i1bk
0
no one hUl I
heir
local comm;J.ndC'rs
instituted
a
virtual
n:ign
of terror against the
cj\·ilian
population
under
their
control. Thollsamls
ofLcballt'se \\cre robbed, raped, tor tured or
killed.
\\ hilc man)
of
the victims were Christians, till
PI.O did
not
spare their
eo-rdigionisl5, and
.\Iuslims (especially
Shia
.\luslims)
pro\'ided
til
majority of
th
...
victims. At the ilame time. in
ddianc(' of
t1wir
obligations under the
Cairo
Accords, thl' PI.O began 10 stl'l'n,l;thl'n it5 ies with
leftist Lebanese
~ u s l m
political filction5.
hoping to
dcstabilisc the Lebanese govcl'l1ml'llt still further.
On
13 April
1975.
in the mid
of
this explosive
a
tlllosphcn:, a bllslond
of PLO gunmcn opened
fire
on a church in the
Christian
Ain Rammannh
section
of
Beirul. Pierre
Gemaycl , leader of
the
Christian
Phalangc Party and onc
of
the
most
powerful men in
.\laronil(· Lebanon,
was prC5cnt
for
a
family
haptism,
His
bodyguard returned
fire.
and the fighting escalated. Tilt: ncxt day all
hdl
broke
loose in
LdxlIlon,
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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The Lebanese Civil War, 1975,6
The
Lebalwse Civil War of
1975 7(i
c a u ~ d 80,000
dead. and lotally splil lilt'
c o u n t r ~
along: r:,ctional
line:.. The peace which had
t x i ~ t t d
fi1r ct lIluri( 1>
betwcen ~ I t l s l i t l l and Christian was dcstroy<.-d.
Christian fought ~ 1 1 1 s l i m . Christian foughl Chris
tian. and ~ l m l i l l l fought :\Iuslim. An cstimated 50
dillcrent 'militias' came into
exi:-.tcllce.
and acts
of
violence \\cn l)(llh individu:al and collccti\ ('. In
Beirul, \\ hl rc the worst of the f i ~ h t i n g look place.
roofwp snipc:n. shot l>l·de:.tri.llh at nilldom.
Gunnll'n -.<. t up chel'kpoillts to examine the papers
of
passing motorists. and :anyonc
of
the rong
religion or political all'ili:uioll \\as killed Ollt
of hand. Battles \,ere fought \\i th unheard-of
s a v a ~ e f ) .
Wilh
prisoners
sow
o n l ~ for tOrlure.
mutilation and death.
In
Januaf)
t976
PLO
units allackcd the
Christian cit} of Damour on th(' main high\\a)
south ofBeirut. :\
quarterofits
population
of
40.000
were kilkd in the b.,ulc or
mas,s.1.cred
afterwards.
and the remainder forccd to nl'e. In r c \ t ~ n ~ e . in
OClOhc:r 1976 the ChriHian militia:. laid siege 1 tho.::
Td
Zaatar
l'('fugel' camp nonh ofBeil'UI for ,jodays.
When thr camp fell. no
quartrl
,,'as gi\'cn
to
thl'
survi\·ors. and thc slaughtcr rivalled thai of
Damour.
By
Ih( n the C h r i s t i a n ~ . initially confident.
were in Il OublC : tilt: PalC'Sliniam had formed an
alliance with otl1('r ~ l l l s l i m factions, and obtaincd
the suPPOrt
of
tl1(
Druzt', the
siubborn
1ll0Ulllain
peoplc who had givcn the Frellch repcalcd
problems il l the
d a y ~
of
111
landatl'.
The I)LO-Icfti'l ~ l u , l i l l l · D r l l 7 . c alliance a ~ 1
Illuch
for
Ihe Chrislian forces 10 handle and. in
February 1976. Ih('y ~ \ ' ( ' tacit suPPOrt to a Syrian
and LcbanCS( plan to end Ihe f i ~ h l i n ~ by
granting
concessions to Ihe ~ l l I ~ l i l l l s Tht PLO refuscd 10 go
along with the plan. hO\\('\cr. hopin'r to achic\·c
their own national stat('. or al the \'1 1') leasl 10 gain
tOlal control ofSOlith Lebanon
. .
\. 1 Ihe war entered
An ' n o ~ l i
na
....J
0 .. .....; .. < ;:11 ..
,h
..
ruin
..
o r T } - O ~ , J u n
. . .
,&2. An
MAG m hi .. sun
and
an M•• 6/M2OJ
r 1 f l ~ / l e..... l:Iuncl.u
ti e d o _
a hand as he i peaks o.·eO an Jsnoeli M1t.2'; field radio.
No,e sh
..
11
coU..
CfoO
baS alonssid
..
Ihe machi
.. e
p ....
(IGPO)
I
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
,
-
• 0
•
o j
I
,
•
-
.
•
.
,
•
1
.. . li
paratrvops ........
110 '0 ,
10 ..
....
« ; asl ..
(Be;
,u ,
July 19lb.
H ,lm l
.. ,uing
;s
b ,ld in plat t by
band
or ian r
'ubi,, _
....
d 'h e ~ manhas p« l l . .·
..
maga i .... I<.geth.... ro r
hi GIiJ..n SAR (Sbon .......
ul l
Rifl..). A l_ nol 10;
RPG
bag.
(IMoD)
Ii
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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its second year, thc desperatc C h r i ~ t i a n Icadership
beg.m to consider appru.'lching the ani}
po\\er
in
the region
cap.. 1blc
of
ensuring their llunival: the
State
of
I ~ r a c l .
The Phalangisls
The
Christian community in Lebanon, diwr<'e in
denominalion as
wr-l1 as
in polili< al beliefs, has
always had ilS power base in a series off(:udal-type
lamily flerdoms, much lik(' thoS{
of
the ~ I a f i a in
Sicily. The lhree main families ,\en' the Frangichs.
the Chamolills, and the GClll;ly< I,,: all
of
[he
~ l a r o l l i 1 f cit-nomination. Each had 0\ \11 tl'l'
ritorics, banking and commercial
iTH(:n:slll,
and
polilic'l] orientation. By 19;6 each r. 1mil} also had
its 0\\ 11 militia.
The
Frangieh.s. I( d b}
Sidman
Frangich. had their po\\er ba.sc in nonhcrn
Lebanon around the cit} of Tripoli, and \\rrc
knO\\
n to be pro-Syrian in polic}. The most corrupt
of all the Christian faction their militia, the
\Iorado
named
after legendary ~ a n t s o f c b a n o l l s
pr( -histor} \ \as commanded b} Slciman's son
Tony. Tlw Chamoun.s r a pro-\\'cslcrn faction
\\
~
leader Camille was a formtr Prim('
~ I i n i q c r .
Lad ;I h
lr;pp nd
DF kilba aad rolled 5t«plll bal, a
Onlo . ' ;_1. ......
r
of Brill.en., Yaron ' . paralroops
pr pan 10
oo h,.li,tiflW
10 IbC Ein
Ill.il
...,.h
baul . j ....
,. .g082,
His h,.lm c is conred by l 1 i l l ~
ad
Ih,. tDF·iss ..,.
rubber
r
. . . .
i
n
ba
..
d.
(IDF
Spok,....m
....
)
Camille's SOil Danll} headed their militia. the
TigcN, Th(, thi,'d famil} wcr(' the Gcma}c::Is, :\ot
only
\\tre
they tltc best organis(·d. but their family
patriarch Pierre had founded the II-ttrl {/b litcl'ally
'Oflhl' book') or Phalange Party in 1936. following
f<.scist pattnlls
apparent in Europe at the lime.
The
Phalangist.5 were mort' than JUSt a pri\'ate army:
tlt( } \\crt' a political force.
of
great potcntial.
G t t l l l } c I ~
1\\0
~ o n s .
Bashir
and
.\min, \\('rl' both
militia
comJll:lll(lers a l
till
lime
of
tlw 1975 ;6
Civil War.
The firsl
I ) h a l a n g ( : - I ~ r a d i contaCb occurred in
the s p r i n ~ of 1976 aooMd Israeli ile boats
cruisingoffthe Lebanese coast. Further conferences
wcrc held ashore, and includl-d \illits by Israeli
militar} rcprescntatin:s to Chrilltian-hcld positions,
Thc rel'llionship flourished. and during 19;6 Israeli
planners pro\·ided large ~ a n t s ofmilitary aid to the
Christian forces,
7
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). l'am\ hilt,.
f o l l o w i n ~
the PLO , rejection of
tht'ir truce propo,a . the Syrians began to
rcron ider tht eOIlq-qucllc( <;
of
a PLO-)'lus lim
tate in Lebanon.
and
withdre\,' their con<;idcrablc
,>upport from
th{
alliance.
InJuly
19i6they went
further.
and
ill\'adcd the coullIry in ~ u p p o r t
of
the
ChriSli:lIls. From
th<
Ix·ginning-. the Isratlis had
('olhlantly
urg-ed
Ihe riyal )'Iaronite fanions to
unite against the PLO·leHist )'Iuslim-Druzc al
liance. As lhe Civil War came to a close under
Syrian prCSSllr(', the Phalangists movcd to con
solidate their position nOt by compromise.
as
the
Isr:H'li had
hOlx·d.
but by violcnce.
On 3Junc
9i Phaiangisl soldiers surrounded
the home olTon} Frarupeh
and
killed him. together
itll his
wife
and d : l l l ~ h l c r . their bodyguards and
seryanl$.
and
e\ Cn the r.'lrnily pets. On lily 1980 it
was Ihe
tum
of Danny
Chamoun
\ Phaiangisl
assault force SlOrmcd
his
hcadquartcrs.
k i l l i n ~
80
or
his mcn: although Danny
himsdftseaped
and
Aed
to EurolX'. tht' Ch.1I11Ouns were cftectivdy remO\'cd
as rivals to thc
Gcmayds
l
,
The
Phalangists wcrc on
f lp
and
I ,rad was faccd with afilil accompli
The
dn lioll
of' :\ t'nachern Begin as Israel's
Prime :\Iinister
in
19i7 \\'as greetcd with
rdiefhy
til(' Phalange: his
h:mlline
against the PI.O meant
11101'('
l l 1 i l i t a r ~
aid for lhcm, In f. lCI, mall} in Israel
began 10 dn am of a united Chrislian-Jcwish front
;tKainst the :\Iuslim
.\rab
world
around
them.
The
Phal:mgisl leldership look cn:ry 0pporlunit}' to
I
r t . · I l ~ t h ( · 1 I this irl('a. Phalal1g-isl officers wcre senl to
train in Israel.
and
conlaClS
\\cre
established with
th< ·
Imtdi IXlliticalleadership. Th(· dt'Spt'ratt' plighl
of the :\Iaronite Christians.
I ) ( : i e ~ e d in
their own
{nUllt alid f i ~ h l i
Ill{
fill tl1l'ir \ ('Xi,tt'IKt'. :-tru,k
a 1 \ ~ I > O l 1 s i \ c chOl'd in many Isradi
kadt.'I'S.
The
Isradi hard-liners admired the dyllamic Bashir.
who. lor
his
pan. cOlltinuaJly urged Israel to
inu'l'\'('l'l(' din'1:ll)
in
U·hallOIl
and
rid his cnulllry
of
the Pakslinialls and also. by this time.
or
lhe
rian
r m ~
The Syrians in Lebanon
Thc
bizarre Ix'haviollrofSyria in Lebanon call anI)
be underst<XKI by reference to pasl hislory. Syria
lI( 'wr accepted the partition
of
tilt' country under
il
I.. , Ih llh, ,h.. a
•. •
,·.,i<l,,<I, i., I '>rUM' . 7 1I ,h;.
(;'·I1\.1,d·, ;ur. ,1.'1I1l111<'r . kilk,l ill ,, ,.,nl,.,.11 m ,llll tur ha
I d,..,
An Is
.. .
par:uroopu
pau,,;ng 00
th ,
road to
Ik in Jun ..
glb. An M·T<' LAW
. Ui-I.nk
rock.
is
s lrappnllo his pad<- H..
hal
1 _
m p r o ~ h.i.. 0 ....a) · or CIlrT'}';ng Ih , 40 rnrn
ro nds
ro r
hi M••6(M'lOJ
c:ornbiaatiolL
(IMoD)
lhe :\I:llldatc,
and
always regarded Lebanon
al>
pMt orGrcmer Syria. For \'arious reason . hO\\('\er.
the) wanted an indcpcndelll Lebanon. t h o u ~ h one
ohcdicllI
to
Syrian IXllicies.
Toward
this cnd. in
9iS al the
h e i ~ h t
of the Civil
\\ ar.
they Sl'llt in
lllClllbe(;i
of
til('
oiqa (the Syriall·sponsorl'd PLO
faction) and units of the Syrian PLA (I)alestinian
Liberation Army auxiliary troops or the regular
Syrian Army
10 fig-ht
011
the
sick'
of
tht'
~ l l l s l i l l l
forc('5.
Howc\ Cr. as the 1)1..0 and its allies
~ I l l c r l
aboUI
10
triumph. Syria's Pn:sidt'l1t Haft·z ,\ssad sent a
lo,ooo-man inva;;ioll fore(' to hdp the Christians.
'I Ilt'ir I 1 l i ~ i u n \\
a,
to pr('\ t'llt till' ( 'lahli,hlll< llt tlf;1
strung PLOstatc c'lpable o r r e s i s t i n ~ S} rian plans in
the I · e ~ ion. h h o u ~ h late ' sanctioned by the .\rab
Ll'ague as pari of
an f\rnb
Deterrent Force in
Lebanon (as
wer<.'
lInits
fj'Q111
Saudi Arabia. Yelllen.
Lihya
and
tht'
Sud,l11
. tht, Syrians rdllSt'd
to
lea\ '
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till' C O U n l l ~ I . In:.tead Ih( )' r( maiued. consolidating
llwi
l
p(m
I ba:'l S
in
Ikinll and
in Ihe Ikka n \ 'alley
in castl'nl Lebanon, Following the ..igning of a
peace lJ (.'aty b('lw('cn Egypt and 151 ;1 . 1 in Ig80
Syria's relalions with Ihe PLO improved: lhe
Syrians withdrew from thc coastal regioll, lurning
O\'cr colllrol to the PLO,
By
Ig81 the Syrians wcre
in conlrol of I\\O·lhirds of Lebanon: ousling lhem
had bccome a major goal for till' Clll'i'Hians,
In
1 ~ ) 8 I , r C S p o n d i n ~
to in( r('a't'd haras:.mcnt of
Ihcir troops by Christian forces, Ih(' rian . \ m l ~
laid Sil'KC 10 thc Greek-Catholic
Cil)
ofZahle, In a
>ho\\
of support for the Chrislians,
II1\' hradi
Air
Force
~ h o t
dowlIl\\o Syrian hdicopters t . 1 I ~ g C I in
cOlllller-ltu('rrilla operations 1ll',Ir lhe c i l ~ . The
' 11........
,KI•.
'
•.
, ..,ll .., ...1..
...·
.. ,{_
drl - ..
ft
,
nl<JllIl>_ I Ii 1..1
11I Ullil
.._
I ~ n :
..h . m < l , ~ 1 n
I 11_
I:,,,rrlll''' 'llt.
,Ill
inrli
id
..
1
1n1l'1
n.
h.. .
n.-...-r.ro
..
r
rn o<k
.1 ·,,
..
, h. . .. .
;>..
I
....
Ihr< ,,,10101
I......
patrol
in
Ik
.....•.. \ ,II.y.
No, .mMr
,g8'2. 111 •
.. .diom
.. n
carr i .s ,
in ..ddition
to
his
Mk,2S radio
. . .n ..
nusual
GliI<mfM203 SAR/II:n'n..
dr laund r
«lrnbi
..
,. .
ion.
Furth ..r
b,,,,;k in
,h .
col
..
.n , a no. h. r n .. .n ;,. , r , ..d ,llh ..n M 21
7'&:'
rnrn n i ~ r
rill
nd
, c , , ~ , 1.\100)
Syrialls responded by placing 1.J ha tll'ri('S
of
Soviet
supplied SA-6 <lilli-aircraft
m i s ~ i l l ~
in lhl' Beka'a
alley, , I - \ l t h o l l ~ h
Ihl' Israelis lhreatelled
to I'CllIO\'l'
thcm b}' forcc,lb('y wcre lore-main in placl' Ulllillh('
982
invasion. By this timC'. many
I ~ r : l { l i
kadel'S
bcgall to
~ l l S p < c t
Ihal thc emire Zahle aflair hild
bl.'cn
a Ph:llall.'{ist
1'101 t o b r i n ~
the IDF
d i n c l l ~
inlo
a war with Syria.
The Israelis
Ahhoulth Ihe Israeli::. ,,'cre collccrrH,-d wilh the
p l i ~ l \ l of the u b a n ~ Cilri,tian , Iheir primary
intcrt t ill Lebanon \\'as to
~ C u r c
Ih{'ir northern
borde
altain::>l
the PI-D. Evcr sillce lilt' first I>LO
raid.. into I rael from Lebanon til(' I racli
~ O \ ( r n l 1 l
...
l l t
has follo\\'cd a firm
polin
ofrctalialiru
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against
PLO
targets throughout that country. In
1978.
following:
a
paniC lllarl) \'ieious tel'mrist
attack which
t·
33 dead. the IDF mouJllCd a
s m a l l ~ s c a l e
ill\'asion
of SOli
t ln l Lebanon Oper
ation Ulani
\.
For Ibret' mOllths thl' IOF d { ~ l r o y { d
bunkers and a cnclll's;
bu
I
o\'crall,
I
he
operalion
\\ a5 nOt a success. w bulk of the PtO fightcrs
simply withdrew nonhward
Ollt
of reach of thc
IDF, A
linitcd
:'\atiollS IIItt:rim Force in Lebanon
U ~ I F I L \\'<lS brought ill to polin' the area
following- the Israeli \\'ithdrawal, but proved llsdcss
at
curbing
PLO
infiltration,
The PtO
fighlcrs
q l l i c k l ~ intimidaled the C; : soldiers imo lea\'ing
dll'1ll
alonc.
and
soon l'l'occupied
all
their old basl's,
\, ith till
financial resources
of
the
Gulf
oil states
behind thl'lll. their lost wcapons were quickly
rcplaced
ane
new oncs
added,
including tanks
and
artillery, (i t should bc recalled that the
PLO
is
undoubtedly the best-financed guerrilla organi
sation in histOly
I
llstead ofmaking
do
with odd lOIS
Is .....e1i for..,.... slt;or h fo r PLO
l ~ r r Q r i
.. ,.s;o1 .h , EI B.. .. r ,fus ,
u n p ne;or
Tyr
.. , Jun .. 9 8 ~ Th , u d soldier, p.... ring
e;oUliously
;oround ;0
..
ffi.i-e( ,
..re d
wall,
e..
rr ;
. .. . a
Glilon
;ond
w u r s an
American
M69 f lak · S l .Th m n;ol .h e
r ..
ar ear s
a folding
slr leh r :Illaeh..d
10 a US Arn.y packoo;ord,
(IGPO)
or
homemadc OJ
c:lplul'ed hardwill'C. they ha\'c
always
bCl'n
able to anord tilt \'cry best on th
market.
Bc ore their departure, Ill(' leraeli.; had also
establi.;hed a small Chril>lian ;lnd Shi 'i te militia
lllldl'r the
command
offormer Ll'bam.'se Army ).Iaj.
Semd Haddad, Complctely ilrmed lind financed by
Ihe I:.raelis. it reached a peak strength of'2.ooo men.
Haddad,
n Greek Catholic, wns despised
and
reviled by the )'Iaronite l e a d l T ~ both for his co
opcration with Israel and for his usc
of
).Iuslims in
his militia, This was sulTicimt to prall'ct J-faddad's
small cnclave alld part of th
· border. but could not
seriousl}' challenge tbe
PLa.
In
g
thc PI..O
stepped up the pressur(' with massivc rockel
and
anilkry
attacks 011 the bordl 'r towns of northern
C,t1ike, Thc situation ~ became intolerable:
there were
man)
cl\'ilian Cllsunlties,
and
Israeli
citizl'ns were becoming hostages
of
th(·ir
bomb
shelLers, [\ en after CS Spl'cial Em or Philip
Habib
mallnged to
mcdintC'
a ccasefirl' be \\'ecll Isr<lel
and
the PLO thl' Isrnclis beg-an to consider SC cral
mililary contingencies to cvict Ihe PLO from
Lebanon oncc'
and
for all.
'0
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Three
basic plans were proposed by the IOF,
First. a repeal
of Operation
'Litani': second, a
larger-scale operation coc:lcnamed 'Little Pines ,
which
ealkd for
Israeli forces 10
o c c u p ~
a zone 40
km deep
north
of
the Israeli border to keep the
PLQ
alit
of
artillery
r a n ~ t
ofnonhLTll I rael: and third,
'Big
Pines ,
which called lor Isradi forccs to go as far
as
Beirut.
lorting
the
PLO
to either stand
and
fight
or
withdraw Ii'om Lcb'lllon entirdy, The first
proposal was immediately discarded, and
debate
centred
011
thc remainillg
t\\ O,
'Little Pines' was the
[cast risky politically: but
IIw
larger plan had milch
to recommend it. especially since the
Phailln.l.,risls
had promised their
full
mililar} co-op<:ratiol1 in
rooting the PLO
OUl
of
Beirut itsdf. hould the
Israelis advance that far,
I ~ a . ) h i r e m ~
d's personal
assurallC('S convinced man} top I raeli kadel'S,
including I)rimc .\linis(('r
Bc¢n,
Oefcl15e
:\Iinister
Ariel Arik' SharOIl.
and
IOf
ChiefofStafrLt.Gen.
Rafael
'Raful'
Eimll. Ho\\c\ Cr,
many
officials in
both the I<:.radi
~ o \ C r n m e n t and IOF
mililary
i n t e l l i ~ e n c c
oppos<'d 'uch collu ion \,'ith the
braooJi p..,....l nrar 1)......o..
r,J
..n., '982, Thr officrr'l' CAR-.S is
611ed
....
i, h
c
..
r ~ n l p l I
..
rn
n
h
..
ppr.,. .or,
l ..,..,li.n,
..d..
plas ma :,nineli, .. nd •.... ..b ..d· . I la hn,rn l for f ir ing anli_
lank
:renlldell,
(IMoD)
Phalan'{e. Thc} found the111 unreliable
and
ulltrusl\\'orth), and belic\'cd
lhq
' ,cre dragging
Israd
into a quagmire
in
I.ebanon.
They
wal'lled
that
it would be
dangl. rOlll>
ror
hrnd
to
ignore the
OrtizI. and
Shin minorities \\'ithin
L e b ~ t l l o n ,
who
were
S\\
orn t'l\elllies
of
the :\ Iaronit<: Cllristia
lIS . . Big
Pincs' also cOIHaincd a
risk of
conflict with Syria.
which could easily
spn'ad to
the
Colan
H l . i ~ h t s
and
l' cnlatt' into a llu,jor
\\;11'.
Sharon and the hard
liners
t h o t l ~ h t
it worth the rbk: but the
debatc
had
not been scttled when the atlcmptl'd assassination
of
the I
~ r a t : l i a l l 1 b a ~ S ; l d o r
to
Cn:at
Britain occurred,
.\hhough
thc
a S l > a l > S i l l ~
\ \ere not members
of
tile
PI.O
proper
I , Bf g:in
immcdi:u('lv
ordrrcd
a
rct'lliator)
air
~ I r i l
'll{ailht
t.lf\;{eh
in '>Olllhrrn
h n n,',
1.((
,.
mrmhrr- . '10 'icl ..l ,
n1;-,'r
..
t
,
R liem;-1
I
r< >l I
h;(h
Iln;
h-...d
III
Ihr
m rdr r
o
1'/.O
. ~ h . l I .
I
.
0 ....
.I
.I t..
.1
, •
.I.,,,d
mlh., n l t I l l l l I l l , ~ , · ,
..
r '< \1<r
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Lt banon and on
PLO
Headquarter , in Beirut.
PLO
artillery units rcsponded with a two-day
rockel b r r ~ t · into nonhern
brael.
Late on Ihc
c\ cning
of
sJune the Israeli cabinel agreed tOlhe
irw:lt\ion
of
Lt banon, up to til 40 km line.
Thl
operation was codellal1led Peace lor Galilee ,
The Mil it ary
Situation
Planning lor the invasion
of
Lebanon had been
llndcr way since ; \o\·cml.>cr Ig81.
IOF
units bcgan
to emphasise
urban
infantry combal
in
their
training. and practised rapid mobilisation and
dt ploymetll along the frOlltitr.
PLO Chairman
Arafat had also known since
1\O\ cmbcr
1981
that the Israelis were planning
somclhing against him in Lebanon, and had made
dispositions accordingly. He was able to organise
three con\ { ntiorl;ll formations. each of2.000-2.5OO
men. made
up of
cOlllil1gt:llts Ii'om the various
PLO
r.\ctiom. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along
tht coastal strip: the Kastel Brigade was in Ihe
south: and the
Karamch
Brigade was stationed on
thc eastern slopes
of \It
Hermon.
in
the area the
Israelis called
·Falahland .
Arafat had about 1.5,000
fight( fs altogether. with 6.000 in thc Ikirllt.
Ba abda
and
DamOllr area: 1.
.500 in
Sidon: 1.000
between Sidon : tnd Tyre: t
.jOO
in
Tyre
itself: 1.000
from Nabatiyeh to BeaLlfon Castle: 2 ,000 in
Fatabland.
and
l.OW in the
U: \IFIL
Zone
in
SOUthern Lebanon.
Their
heavy weapons included
T-34. T-54 and T-55 tanks (mostly
dug
in as
pillboses. 130
mm
and
IS.5 mill artillery. mulliple
13.\1 21
Ilfll tlslw
rocket laullchers and hea\ y
monnrs.
The Syrian Arm) had ahout 30,000 soldiers
in
Lebanon. deployed in two main zones. In the
Beka a Valley was the 1st Armoured Division.
comprising the 9tSt and 76th
Tank
Brigades and
the S8th \Iechanised Brigade, Attached to
it
were
the 6.md IndcpendcllI Brigade. and tcn Com
mando
Battalions,
There
were also now 19 SA,\I
missile batteri(·s. In Beirut and the
Shouf i\
IOlllHain
area the Syrians had nOI deployed Ihe 8,jth
Inf. 1rnry Brigadc and
Commando
Batlalions to
protect the Beirut-Damascus Highway. their main
route of supply and communicalions.
Against these forecs, the [OF planned to uS<.'wme
six
and a half divisions, with a total
of
bctwcen
75.000 and 78.000
111( 11.
t ~ 1 0
tanks
and
1,500
I
armoured pcrsonnel carriers.
Further
rescn es wcre
kepi back on the Golan Heights. to delcr a SYlian
lllrikc at till ba:.c of the hracli advance,
Day One
At t 100 hI'S 011 6
Jun(
1982 the Israeli Defense
Forces laullched
Operation
Peace lor Galilee by
invading Lebanon nlong a 63-milc strClch
of
lhe
frontier. There \, { re three main routes ofach-anee:
firs . the coastal seClor from the Israeli border at
Rosh Hanikra north toward Tyrc. Sidon. Damour
and. e\·enlually. Beirut: second, Ihe cell1ral st.·ctor
from Beaufort Castle to :\Iabaliyeh,
withJezzinc
as
the i
ni
lial objective. followed by a left turn
10
lin k up
with the co: tstal force
I1cnr
Sidon:
and
lhird. Ihe
cnstern ~ c c t o r which ran frOIll RachaiYlI and
Hasbaiya IowaI d the Syrian lines in the Bcka ;)
\ alley around Lake Qaraoun. Tht' overall strategy
was for a rapid a(h ancc along the coasl. bypassing
lh ·
major
PLO
centres, while simultaneously
CUlling orr the PLO s escape route through the
Bekn a. Thereafler, the IDF would procel d
to
destroy the
PLO
bases, equipmenl and personnel
in
the bypassed an:as.
The
campaign in the coastal sector opened with
an a{l\ allcc by three brigades
of
the IOF s Division
91. under Brig.Gen. Yitzhak .\Iordechai, preceded
by ail t\trikes and artillery. Speed was cssential; yet,
alier passing through the lilies
of
the startled Ui
troops, progress slowed. The advance had be
made along a single road, which wnt\soon a massive
traffic jam from beginning to end. rhe road was
also bordered by citrus grovcs. which pro\ idcd
good cover for
PLO
anti-tank teams, Their
resislance
IVas
determined, if ullco-or tlinatcd,
Closer to Tyrc a series of ambushes imposed a
further delay. and there was some heavy fighting.
I-Iow( \,( r, the leading IOF unit. Brigade
211 under
Col.
Eli
G( \·a. was able
to
isolate
Tyre in
only nine
Maj.
Saad
Haddad on his
way 10 a C C ~ p l Beaufort
Castl.,
from
lh., IDF,
7
Jun.,
9 S ~ Haddad
slill
W , .r1I
hi s e b n ~ s
..
Army
fal.igue.., Wilb US Army basebal l
faliguc
cap, IOF ....nk
insignia,
and th e unil p,uch of his , i l ida
hanging from
his I fl
epaulelle
in IDF
lil),le. The M••
13displa) bOlh
Israeli and
Fr.,.,
Lcbanes. , naSs. (IGPO)
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j
::::..:. ... _
__ : .no;
-
_
::::=:::::::::::--::- .. .
•
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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I I
, ....
.. ,urd
.......
1
tI ..
, . l..,. . . . . . ,.. I ,I,..it
mUlI t
..nl I....t ...
lh n
I I rll
=1 It.- 1 ,.. lio- ,01 .tor (,,01,111; Ilrill.. I••U t ... ,onh t in ;nl.. I uni ..
..
to
..
II
1M
Ill>.
,
\ 1 l 1 ~
............ ..-1... ..
,m ,,1
~ o t m , l 1 ; .
Golani BI'iKnde. Agnin, trnnic c O I l K l ~ l i o l l delayed
lhe
attack
unlil aftcr
dark. a l l o \ \ ; n ~ Mlme PLO
to
t SC:ljX': hut
the p l a t o o n - ~ i z c d assault force reached
i t ~ j l l l l 1 p · O l l p o i l l t undetccted. and launched a n i ~ h t
allack.
Thc
rC'maining:
PLO
rcsi tcd
stubbornly,
and \ i c i o u ~ f i ~ h t i n l ; r a ~ e d amid
the
ca...t c·s
elaborate 5) t('m
of
hunkers. trencht '- and pilllXlXes,
In lht, ('nd the position was cleared.
panly
wilh
\\eapons
laken from the
PLO
de:ld.
,md
Ihe Israeli
nag \\el1t up 0\'Cr Ikaufort.
The COSI
had been
h i ~ h :
lhl' ~ l l 1 a l l a ~ a l l l t unit had la)..('n Iway) e'buahics.
includillg six dead and man) \\ounded. Its
commandt'r. LI. ; \Iordcchai
Goldman.
later re
ceiH'd
I\rad's
highest
award
for valour. the
Ot
Ham.. for his actions during
theopt'ration. The
next
d:l).
wilh greal pomp and c(,l'('moll). the Israeli
PrinH
.\Iinislt'r. Ddrnse .\Iinisler
and
I
DF Chief
of
SI,lff formally
handed
0\'('1' th('
Ch I l e
to : Iaj.
Haddad,
who
e people
had
sum.'fl'd
under
its
b ( ) m h a r d n H l l 1 ~
for
) ('<11'$.
With Iit-aufart sccure. t\\O I
Dr
didsions. the
16:. nd and 361h the laltt' C'ommalld('d bv
l : h · i ~ . C : c n . .\vi1;dor i':.ahalani. the IDF... lllOSt
ollblanding anlloul'cd
commander
pushed
north
011
hoth sidc'i
of
the east e 100\ard ~ a b , - · l l i y e h .
Owr
tilt
cil)
an
l
..
r'll'li
..-\-
I
Sk)
ha\\ k was
ShOl down
by
a
hand·held
S.\·7
mis.. il('. and
it >
pilot captured.
In the e a ~ l c r n zone. \\ here I
DF
forces wcre
controlled b) a corps·k\'e1
command under
.\1'ti.GclI. thi1;dor Ben
Gal.
1\\0 I
DF
units.
D i \ i ~ i o m 251 .lI1d go, push('d into Falahland. led
:t1onl.;
rcondar) roads by comhat enginC('rs, Bchind
t11( 1l1 \ \( '1 '( '
dt'plo)('d 1\\0 spt.'Ciall) configured lask
f o r c ( ~ :
tlll'
\ 'ardi
Force. under Brig.Gell. Danni
\'arcli;
and
the Spt.-cial : lallOl.'lI\TC Forct:. under
BriK.Gen.
Y,,ssi
P('led.
O\'Crall.lkn
Gal'sobjcclives
W('Te
to push
through
the PLO 1()IW'S
along dH'
border and Ihreaten the Syri;llls' kn flank.
and,
if
I l c ( c ~ a
r) .
10
ClIt
off I
hei
r ret reat
10
l)'lTnascus.
The
\'ardi
Force \\as to take
Jezzinc
and then push
nonh along Lake Qaraoun . . \Ieanwhile Pdecl's
Special : I anocu\ re Force 1\\0
brilf<ldt,,,
of
para
troops and infantr)
opcciall) c o n f i ~ u r c d
for anti
t<lnk operations er to block an ) )rian
attempts;1\ n'inforcemclll \·ia thc
Ikinu-Damascus
HiKhwiI) \ h h o u ~ h
their
dcp10) mClllS \ \ ( T ( prim
aril) < l ~ a i n l > t tht- rian for('t: , IDr f o r c ( ~ in theca.'it
\\('rc orderc d not 10 initialc
combat
aClions against
them
un t iS
Ihc) \\tTt.' din'ClI)
auacked
.
•
; .. -- ,
--:
SYRIA
.
:
,
~ E I G I < T S
ISRAEL
,
,
-
houl'.
The
plan as to
b ~ p a , < ;
the c i l ~ and l l l l
< ; u r r o l l n d i n ~ n-flll;cc camps
of
EI 8aas
and
Rachid}ch.
Ho\\
( \ ( r .
one ofCe\a s
b'IIWlioll:'>
look
a Tone; turn and
stumbled
in lo a
PLO a l 1 l b l l ~ h on
the outskirtsof the cit)
\mid the
\\ rcrkal;L' of tanks
and . \PCs.
tht'
battalion
commander
and
hi
..
dri\('r
,,'ere Iakcn prisoner
b}
the
PLOt:
and it took
sen'ral
hours to extricate the
lInil. .\5 Golani
and
Par:llroop uniu ~ c a l c d
aif the cit}
and
the
camps.
G('\a's hl'iKadc halted half\\3} 10 ~ i d o n and went
into
1:1;\10::( 1
..
Wild
\ \ l ~ t
'>I}k. 1i)I' Ih
... lliA hL
.\long tl1( Ct'lltraJ frol1l. hl'adi
fOlT('
cro:.s(,d the
border at ~ k t u l b An
impOI'l'lrll
initial ObjcCli\l'
was the old
crusader
f o r t l C s ~
of
Ikaufon Ca:.t f'.
Situated
more than
metres abo\'(, sea lcycl. it
ovcrlook{'d all
of
soulbLTII
Lebanon
and
mudl of
lIonlwnl I,racl:
the PLO
had u.'>ed it ror )cars as
an
,miller)
obsen'ation post. Its capture also had
s) mbolic'
importance;
the castle had Ix'ell a majOl'
')
mho
of PLO
domination
of
:>outhcnl
Lebanon.
TIl{ task
of
t a k i l l ~ Beaufon \\,IS gin'n 10, a) ('n't
Colani, thC rrcollllaiss..,nce
commando
ullit
of
tht,
. . ..
__
, I
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ay Two
thl'
l 1 i ~ h t
or
U
U U
I
..raeli naval
b c ~ a n landinl; alone; thc coa,t to sct
fill I'LO
rOreM:
amlllw I ~ r a c l i .\Ir
Ftll c(
t a r ~ e h in Beirut ami I h r o u ~ h o u t the
outh. In a
d O l ; l i ~ h t
on r
lkirut
till
rialh 1000t Ol e
On
thl coast,
I ~ r a l l i
llnib
p r ~ d
nOrlh
Im\ard
hill tanks
and
inrant ) 1110\ed into the
PLO
calliI' I l ; l r T\1 ('. ~ l a n ~
hracli
had expres:.<>d r ( I ( l \ ; l I i o n ~ aboul
il.;llIing in lh(' camps. hit-h weI <. a C l U a l l ~ urhan
..
,,'illl blocks ofholhe, ~ ( p a r ; l t c d by
ami
alleys. ~ I i x e d
in
m o n ~ tlwlll were
PI.O
{ j r i l l ~ positions
and
weapolh stores.
ill
Iheir
hundreds.
Ikcaw.e of lhe larg'('
ilian populatioll it
\\',IS i m p o ~ ~ i h l e
to usc
air
and
artillery.
,md
takitl, {
the call1ps
in
a
operation could
pro\ (
c o ~ t l y .
III
the
PtO
had held
olrthe
Syrian
.\rmy lor ,ix
at Sidoti.
innicting
ht'a\ y ('asualtics
ill
1l1l'n
nd
equipmellt. . \lthOlll(h rf i ..tance al Rach
and I:\ler at
EI
Baa '. \\'<15 moderate. it
a s
to
ntinU{' for four days a harbim:::er of OfS( to
COIIW. III pitt' (II lhis the IDF kl'pt to a I ) ( l l i t ~ of
mod(·r:lliOiI.
o o s i l l ~
to mow slo\\ :\\'oiding- the
uS< of he'l\ \\ capons and rcgardilll; Ihl civilian
populatloll h n s t a ( { ( ~ of their
al mcr
hrethrt'n.
~ k a l l \ d l i l ( . the
co,btal
force linked lip
illl
Kahalani s
~ p c a r h e a d s
south ol'Sidon.
and
look the
c i t ~ undt'l' lire
\\Ilh
a r l i l k r ~
. .
\nOll1l'r Israeli force
cr k,S \
the
horder
Ileal' Iht·
Haddad
enclan:'
and
commC'llccd opC'ralions against
lhC' cUl
..ol f I LO
f o r c ~ '-Quth
o f T ~ r c
LaicT th.1I d a ~ . the Israeli
: \ a , · ~
mOlllllt'd its
lan;('<;t
eHr
: 1 1 1 1 p h i h i m l ~ landinl;, puuinl;
a,hore
a
mixed bril::::ade
from
Di,ision 96 at the mouth of the
.\wali
Ri\l r
ncar
Sidon, The landinl\ beach
had
bCf'll
~ t > c u n d
n , l \
al
( o m l 1 l a n d o ~ the night lx-fore.
Huilt around lhe IDF s 50th Par,l1mop Battalion.
35th Parachule Brigade, ,mel undn colllmand of
Brit;.(:clI,
: - \ r u o ~
Varon.
ill('
Paratrnopand Infanlry
Branch Chid: lhe landing-
forcC'
arri\t d \\itl1
0 \ 1
An t ~ r a d
pa,rot n.,ar
S don, june
9 l:
as 100n'( comn,en e a
bund, of l hcd ., olh.,r
pr par
.. a ...oundm ,omMld.,
fo r
., . ,ual on,
No ., ho ... ,b., ID f ....,b
fI.,ar
mall.,,, prO · on for
carl )ins
(hO' MII.:rS
n.dio
and ;( s iSsu.. pack(ra.m.,. n .. Iem
immedial,,-t) be.tow ,h., ....d;o
s
an add;lio
....
1 .n ,n ,un l ;on
pou ,h. (IOf Spoll ....man)
,
,
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\'chidc-.. Quickl} breal..ing QUI (I f Iheir
beachhcad. I h e ~ linked up \\illl ,ht' rest of their
di\'ision
and
Kahnlnni's troops
nonh and
south or
Sidon, i ~ l a t i n g the
\:; I
..
racli na\ 'al
\ C f I ~
~ h u t l l e d in rt,inforCt mCll .
Col.
Gna·..
.
t Ith
Brigade
p u ~ l l t d
north
10\\
ard
Damour.
Sidoll and the \\hok
cO<lswl
,trip
\\as dtfl ll(kd
h} the PLO\ Karamch Bril<;adt·. \\ hich o(fen-d lillie
rt
....
i
..
lance
10
the
l a n d i n ~ .
It
\\ as la le r
discO\cred
Ihat commander. Col. .
\btl
I-Iajcm. had iniliall}
hl'Iillkd rcporh ora landinl: . alld \\( 111
to
louk fm
hillhclf. OIH · ~ I a n c ( at the
l ~ r a ( l i
armada
o l r ~ h o r c
was enough. He n wrned
10
his headquarter .
loadl'd Ihe c o m m n l l r ~
<;afe
inlU an ambulance, and
drO\e illlo tht:
S ~ r i a n
linC > in
11ll'
Ikka a \ allcy 0
' i 'pOrt
Ill<
de'itrm'lioll of his unit by the
l S
Sislh
Fle(·t .\hhough .\rafat order('d him ( Oun·
martialled. hi ; l)(. h;l\ iour
\\,1:;
pical of l l l a n ~ PLO
omn'I ';.
Oflhl
senior officcrs
oflhe
PI.O·s
m i l i t n r ~
command.
lor (·xample. the South Lebanon
Illilitan COllllllaml('r.
all thn l
hrigtlde eOIll
nl.lndl·r and l:l
out of
I
PLO
ballalion
comman(k .lbanduned Iht'ir t 1 l 1 i t ~ and ned
.llmOSI
i l n n l l d i a l d ~
\Ian> 1 0 0 \ e r - r a n k i n ~ offirt,n, fol
100\( d uit. k i l \ i n ~ Ihcir lllen almo..t
I t - a d e r k ~ : ; .
mt·
of
Ihe
»1.0
cadres s t a ~ ~ . d 10 fi2;llI \\(·11
and
hnlwh:
hUI
their unco-ordinaH.-d t'flons
a\
aill-d
lIwil
'.III · lilliI'.
.
\ l ~
iJ
U l l e .
II)
F
f o r C l ~
n l l
l·lltered
lilt'
Ein
d
Chri
.., i
..
n Ph:olangi.. . ·Sj>H ial.·o...,n
confer
wilh:on ID.
palrol
in
Be; ,
A u g u ~ l
98 . The)
w n r S)...;a n ....pi ',. of P.. ki,.
.. .
ni
CAnloufl.. , ..niforn.,;, ..
nd
bl ...
k
ber ts wi.h
l h
.. l..ng'
,omm:ondo
badgh ( 'O' Pb . r D.). ry
:o.... arn.N
wi.b Swi .
SIG, . a
..
saull
rifl ,.......d a
.......... , ·ofpe
...........l i dn rms . No. ,
hull loop.. on pnM-II fman a. r ig . benea.h .. Syri. ,PLO
AK 4i c he
...
pouch. (IGPO)
I-lih\eh r l f l l ~ c ( , camp ncar Sidon. i n i t i a l l ~ JUSt 1
dear a route for theinallk:.. II \ \ a s .o<>n e\·idem Iha
this could not
be
dOlll' except by c 1 ( a r i n ~ the \\holt
camp.
:-\
Golalli b:ntalion
\ \ a s ordered
illln
til(
camp.
hut
W3 > forcro to \\ilhdrd\\ al d u ~ k
On
TuC ida>
m o r n i n ~
the
allack
was rCl1e\\('d tank
and
i l l r ; l n t r ~ , supported
air strik('S and anilk·r}
Thl Golanis f O l l ~ l l I t1wir \\
ay
intn the ct'ntre
of
the
camp.
hllt
a ~ a i n r
forced to wilhdra\\ a
n i ~ l l I f a l l .
The
f i ~ h t i n g was absorbing a major p.m
ofKaha lani's force. e\ en
i l l d l l d i n ~
his elite Sa> ('re
Shakt'd
md
Sayerel S h a l d a ~ rcconnai allce unit .
. \s Ihccamp
blocked tht ' main road. eithcr
it
had 1
Ix laken or
anOlhcr \\a>
had
to be found
around
Ill(
C i l ~ .
On
T u c S ( l a ~ . \\ hile Ihe IOF \\t'(e ,till
f i ~ h t i m ;
in Ihe camp. a secondary rO.td \\ as fimnd 10
l)t
uS<lblc.
and Ihe
advancc 10
Iht· north continued
PLO n ....i lann· in Ihe camp did not slackl·n
hO\\l'wr.
hUI incrt. a::;(-d.
The
bulk
of
the civilian
population
had already
managed
10 net ,
but some
3°0 PLO figlm'rs \\
l'fe slill h o l d i n ~ OUI. Now I h e ~
took the remaindt. r
of
Ih(' dvili;tns as hostagl'S
0 p c I l I ~ ~ h o o l i n g the faillt-hean('(
.unolll.;:
Ihern in
li'olll {If the Israeli troops \\110 Iried to n e ~ O I i a h
Iheir r d ( · a ~ e . F i £ : : l l l i l l ~ eOlltinued until
I I l
f o l l o w i l 1 .
: \ I o l l d a ~ . a.-. IOF tank i n f a l l t r ~ teams, aided
b>
engine(',.,. slo\\
Iy
dearcd IhI camp. strN't Slrcel
house
h} h o u ~ t .
room
b}
room.
Thl PI.O
defcnders
liteJ'all} fflught to Ihl'
] ; ~
man.
and
fl' prisoner
were takt·l1.
In Ihl' cI 11Irai zone, IDF units al loO clllered
: \ : t b . t l j ~ l · h
on
~ t o n d a ~
The
arca contained a
major PtO Iraining camp.
and
a
s t r o l l l : ~ derc'nce
\\ a.-. alllicipat(-d.
Tht,
PLO \\('re indet'd dug in. with
a regular balta lion
and
..ix T·3.J tank ..: hut tht
commander had ned.
and
the
camp
fcll in threc
hours with
llO
Israeli c'hualti('
...
A l o l H ~ s i d t , the
camp s
defend('N Ihe IDF also collet·ted a large
number
of forf i1:;:nel i.
intl'rnational terrorists
who
had
0Ct·1t in traininl; in lhe camp. In lot.t1 the IOF
rOLlll(kd up some
1.800
of these in southern
Lebanon. frOIll
:.16
c O U l l l r i ( ~
and
fin' eOlllinenb.
In the casu m S«tor. Ben Cars 1rooilS continued
,heir c a u t i o u ~ advance. bringin1-;: S ~ T i a n position
and
l 1 1 i ~ s i l e hatteries \\'ithin
a r t i l k r ~
range
,\llhouKh some i'iOlal('d clashes occurred. for the
mOSI part Ihe >rians avoid(-d a
fis:;-hl.
even
\\'ilhdrawing
10
pennil lilt' IDF an unhindered
pUr uit
of
n ( I i m ~
PI.O
force<;.
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ay Three
n
Tuesday 8June Varon's force. having secured
communications
by
the secondary road
around
resumc'd ils advance toward Damol lr , I
nair
O\'CI'
lkirut
and ~ o l l t h c r n Lcbanon six
:\liG,
\\CI'C downcc ; and fi,l{llling continued
tltt.o I'efugl'l' camps around Sidun and Tyre.
though the battle for Ein d HilWl'h \\as 10 rage
r anOlher \\et:k. the hrael is \\erc able
1
<;C1:m'c
ibdf;
and
EI.\1. the: hraeli national airline.
op{'m'd an unin in til(' c i t ~ ,
In the Cl IH ,.1 ~ c t o r . lhe ardi Force all eked
to\\ n
ofJt-ainc.
tht, >itl'
of
a vital
road
junction.
was dt'fcnded h} a mi:\ed PI.O- rian forcc,
reinforced b} as} riall tank ballalion and a
unit, Both S}rian
and
Israeli units had
f lot
to fil; ht ('arh uthcr; but the road junction
too
important. and
till' ' ·ardi Force was f i n a J J ~
recu:d to allack. E i ~ h t IDF t:mb \\ere lost, but
e Syrians all their T -6Js
and
the town was
in bradi hands
b}
n i ~ h t f a l l . .\lthOll1{h the
new ~ l I p p o r t mi<;<;ions during the bailie. Ihe
S} riiln
l 1 l i ~ i k
b;ltleriC i did 110t engage
C k a d ~
I)re..idcllt , \ ~ ) i l d \\as still hoping to
'oid a dirt. Ct cOllfrOl1lation,
The
otlwr I<;raeli op(:ratioll on th(' celllral front
as a diflerent
~ I O I } .
It \\ as a direct Ihreat to the
S ~ r i a n
I>o,ition in
the:
Bt'ka'a,
s
the \ 'arcli
f O l l ~ h t for Jczzinc. a second unit, Brig.Cen,
'llarh('Ol Einan's Di\'i,ion 16.?, pushed around it
d achanced llorth\\ard, Its first o ~ i c c t i n ' was
ell Din in
the' Shounlountains.
but ils uhim;lle
\\as
to
cut
t w Bcirut-DamaSC:lIs
s ( : a l i l 1 . ~
on-the PLO and Syrian forces in
This
actioll \I'ould also cut off the SYlian
in the
Rcb'
Valk'y. As Einan's spearheads
vanced northward,
hampered
only by traffic
and
g-a<;o im'
shorta1j'l's
al
onc
point Ihe
I ~ i l l a n orckrcd his tanks to pull inlo a
f i l l i n ~ Statiml and Kas up. telling- the o\\ner to
l the IDF later , tht Syriam b r o u ~ h t a new
into thl' f idd.
. J U ~ I
aftcr 1530 hI'S, Syrian
hdicoptcl i attacked
011('
of Ein:ln's units
French-made HOT anti-tank m i ~ i l c s . Toadd
Einan's trouhles, twO
of hi
.. h:HtaliOlh tran:llin {
adjacent roads into a
battle
wilh each other,
d
il
took ~ \ e r a l hour<;
1
~ t r i l ; I H e n them
Otlt and
'acuate c ahi{
..
.,.
In the'
l'
tan ,{'(·tor. { h i l l ~ ~ \\ lTl' rdati\('h quil·1.
Chrislian P l a n ~ .. IroGP' ' U l r a i n i n ~ in I....
Sh.urMo
....>I.in...
198.}-
n y
r
c:ompl I ..
I · dO l
.......
and
'Iuippal
by
th ..
IOF,
from .... Im ..ts to combat boota..
aod
.. armf'd ,,';110 Ali .... ,
and
M_.6 rift...... The sb.ulder paid is
lhal of 110
..
h l n ~
..
· ,
'lAban.. ,..
For,, ' .
(IMoO)
Pdt.'d's Sp('cial ,\I,lI1ocunc Forc(' had.
b}
( , \ l ' n i n ~ .
t;:lken up ib b l o c k i n ~ IXl 'itions al the 'Oluhcrn end
of the Bek,,'a \ ·alley.
The
Syrian position in
Lebanon ,,'as
rapidly
d e t e r i o r a t i n ~ . and their units
were
ddibcratdy b c i n ~
placcd in an imlXW;iblc
tactical <;ituation.
Day
Four
Wedncsday
9JlIne
as
a
1ll0l1lCIlIOlh
day.
In the'
cO'lstal st.'C1or. Yaron's forccs re-ached Damour.
Since th<.' expulsion of llle- C h r i ~ t i a n ~ thc city had
become til(' hcadquilr <.Ts
of
the \Iarxist Popular
Front for the Liberation ofP k<;tinc, founded by Dr
George Habash, The PFLP
f.'lctIOll
had tUrJ1t·d
abandoned houses
and nalural
cavcs into a fortress.
:'\c\'Crlhdcss, it fdl after hea\'y fighting.
In the central
~ c c t o r ,
Einan
had
cOlllinued
drive for til{'
I k ' i n l l - D a m a ~ c l l ;
Hig:l1Wa} laiC into
the night
of8
9JUll('. Al
about
2300
hI'S
his leading
clemelllS w{'re
approaching
the OnlZ(' ,'illagc ofEin
Zehalta, deep in the Sbouf:\ IOllntalns, A;; thc Wilks
began to descend a 5lt'CP rO;ld, borderrd by a c t-ep
,adi. tbc leadin1{ c r < ' \ \ ~ caugllt
<;il; ht
of thc
silhouc ut's ofS} ..ian tanks on the oppo..itc ~ i { k , The
leading platoon opened fire. <;corin\ ; thl'('c hilS. just
as thc} t h c m ~ e h ~ \ \cr( ' ('nl{ulf,'d in a
\\ithering
b a r r a ~ e
ofallli-tank
5 h d l ~ and
R
PC
round;;;. :'\early
a full
rian
h r i ~ a d e had Ix-en lurkillS:;-
in amhush
in
the ,,'adL
The
J<raeli tanks
\\ere
~ t r l l n l . ;
out alnng
th(
mountain road abo\c Il('m, l l like t : l r ~ ( : t 5 in a
;
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shooting galler:. :\5 Ihe sun.·i\ ing \ ('hielcs pulled
back to regroup. Syr ian
commandos
crept among
thclIl with RIlGs.
The wilhdrawal
quickl) became
a rout.
\\'ilh
dawn. fighting rcsumed.
bUI
b) then
il
was too latc. The brigade
had
boughl time
w 01
her
Syrian units 10 deploy llnd. scant kilomctrcsshon
or
his obj('( live, Einan
had
losl his
chance
to
CUI
the
B c i r l l t · D a l l 1 a < ; ( u ~ H
i ~ h \ a
y. The ) rial1<;. howewr.
\\ould
pa) a high pric(' for
th{ il
~ u c c f ~ .
B) I1m\ . I ~ r a e l i forct <;
were
ell beyond IIll' 4-0 kill
advance anlloullccd
and
agrecd upon hy the
Cabinet on Salurday 5 Junc. Defense i\liniSlcr
Sharon now insisted lilat the whole campaign
,,'ould be for
n o t h i l l ~
if Ihe PLO
\\'Cl'(
completel) dC troyed.
If thai
also invoh·cd fighting
S)ria. \\dl.
bet ter now
than
later.
E\ ClIl.s
al Ein
ZchallOl pl Ovided him with
an
additional
argu
mcm: Einall would lleed air stl'ikes to ( ' tricalc his
ullit.
and
air
<;up<Tiorily
could not
IX
guarantced
without first dt' 'ilroying Ihe Syrian Illissil(' balteril S
l.r,..,Ji p 'rl ,roop.. o r ~ h ~ . ;rbo ..... iss ....i .
\M{.id ..
r i n ~ I h ~ r. hlinfl fo r I . h ~ Ein
,I
Hi ,
~ r f l ~
camp,
9 8 ~ Th.,
n.:o
.. on Ih., ,.,fl ..·u.rs ~ h . n d : o r d IDf ... ,b ~ . r ,
... il h an :oddilionlll
amm ni ion
po
..
,h
added
: o b o , ~ Ih.,
...
. ,bbing's
;nl 'flul pou ,h : 1
Ih e r ~ : o r . J - 1 i ~
h ~ l n ' ~ 1 .. , , in
is
camou8ase.d
...
i lh b rown polish, lind ~ l r : l I P I l from hi
1m ,p3d s can
also br
Th ,
'MAGist' has
o b s o l l ~
h
. . .
~ l i _ m ..
de
Brili b
'37 Patte.....
Sm.l1 P.., :l< 10
hold
7.62 mm Mils.
(TGPO)
I I I Ihe Beka·a.
The
_\merican gO\ernmelll wa
extremely
a n ~ r :
about the ..0 km
pronouncemen
especially as it
had
been n-defined S('\·eral time
,hile Ihe Americans
cr t
working for a ceasefire
\Ian)'
Israeli
Cabinet
\linislel1; wondered openl
whal Ihe US govcrnment would think
of
a
majo
escalation
oflhe
war.
Sharon.
ho\\·('\·cr. insisted tha
il
was
a maner o f
Israeli lin'S:
and.
after a bri
prcsclllatioll by Ihe IAF·
D e p u l ~
C.ommander. th
Cabinet authorised thc allack.
At
'400
hrs
on
the 9th. the
IDr
c ccutcd a wcl
planned. carefully co-ordinatcd atlack on the t
S)Tian missile silt S
in
Ih Beka'a \ ·alley. Th
planning
had
been don('
mOlHhs
before.
and
Ih
olX'ration carefully rchearst-d. Firsl. Israeli-mad
SeOUl and \laSlilfRP s
Rcmole Piloted \'chicles
simulated actual aircraft closing
on
the Syria
positions. rorcing Ihe Syrians
to tUI ll on
Iheir fir
control radars.
The
signals
rrom
these \,'er
analyzed
and
pinpointC'd. then j.lmm('( \\'ith
variely
of
techniqucs.
Xc),, .
a
Israeli artiller
shelled the positions \\'ithin Iheir range.
96 IA
aircraft F-+Es. F-IY;. F-I6s
and ir
C-2S
attacked Ihe remaining Syri:ln positions. con
centrating:
011
their racl:lrs
and
suPPOrt \'chicles
$c,'cral
of
the SO\'iel-supplil <i missile systems wer
mobile; but. as Ihey
3uempled
10 rnO\·e. a
<;( Con
,..--
•
·
,
,8
-
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waH of
92
J.\F
aircraft Slruck. u ~ i l l g :\merican
,upplicd sman bombs and comenuona l ex
plosi\ Cs.
At
least one S A ~ 8
ballc ) \\
as taken out by
an RP\-
with
an
ammunition payload. \, ithin
an
hOllr. 7 of the 19 S:\:\I missile baw:ries were
dcstroyed. and theDlher tW O damagl d, without the
loss
of a single Israeli aircrafl-a n:markable
:H complishIllCllt illdced,
In a desperatc altcmpt
to
sa\ c their missilc
dcfcilces. the Syrian Air Force was commincd
in
strength agninst the second IAF air strike. With
their operations co-ordinated by E-2C Ha\\ kt ye
and Boeing
707
sur\ eillance aircrnft_ thl I.\F pilots
wcre able 10 engagt the rian aircr.lft to
ad\ antage. \ less than
.,
Syrian aircrafl wcreshot
down
in 1111 :
major air baltles.
for
a loss of no
bral li p l a n ~ a tributc to
IIlt I.\1 \
tl chllical
skill
and superior pilot ability. 1\ltogether. the Syrian
Ail Force would lose a total
of
91
aircraft O\ cr
Lebnnoll. including the latest :\liG-23 and :\liG·25
t} p e ~ . plus
six
helicopters. without ocing .able to
claim a single aerial victory in rcturn, Their aircraft
losses
reprcscnled about a
quaner
of their .\ir Force
and many
of
their best pilots. From then on. the
Syrians made only sporadic atlempts to challengc
the Israelis
in
the air. and their ground forces were
left without nil suppOrt
for
thc rest of the war.
On ,hc ground. Einan resumed at daybreak the
batik
for Zehaha hy nying
in
a battalion
of
paratroops CH453.
The
Syrians resisted
s t u b b o r n l ~ .
and
it
took all d a ~ to dri\ C them out.
~ I o r e paratroops. of the special anti-tank unit
Sayeret Ore\ . \\ ere sent
Ollt
to ambush Syrian
amlOur
illlheJebd
Barouk mountains, using-jeeps
filled with TO\\ anti-tank missiles. :\Ieallwhile. on
tlw opposite side
orthe
moulltains,
Ben
Gal opened
a three-pronged oflcllsivc against the Syrian
1st
Armoured D i \ i ~ i o n
in
tht, Ikka a Valley,
Day
Five
Thursday
10Jline brought the Israeli forces on lhe
eo.'lSI
nearly to the outskirtS of Beirut and. for the
first
lime. illlodireCl cantal l Wilh Syrian unitsoflhe
85th Brigade at Kfar Sil.
In the cemra[ sector. Einan finally broke through
to Ain Oara o\ ( rlooking the Beirut-Damascus
Highway, which the Syrians stubbornly defended
with their G2m Brigade, \ \ itll air superiority
assurl-d. hO\\{ \ cr, Einan called
in
I ~ r a e l i hrlicopter
•
....,,1i Golan; sn; r
n n r
fk;rul, A gu.,;. '98 . Th 1\1-'11
( a « r i , , ~ ·
,.&:0
mm M- •.,J a
Ih
standard I.oF
n; r
w apon
during Ih
.. ~ n o n Thi pan.icular
wnpon
has
b«n
modifiM
by Ih .. addilion
ofa
bipod,appar mly
On.. from
2.
sni...,
.. . ,·.,....ion
of lh
.. Gam. (IGPO)
gunships, Bell 209 Cobras and HlIglws 500
Defenders. which lallnched a de\ astating
:H1ack
on
the Syrian armour. The helicopters took a hc. 1\'Y
toll
ofSyrian tanks. and the sur\,i\·ors fell back from
the
tOWI1.
In the eaSl, Ikn Gars troops. grcatly hampered
by
the difficult terrain and limited road network.
finally broke through the lines of the Syrian 1St
Armoured Di\ isioll at a crucial road jUIl(·tion I II
about 1500 hrs,
The
Syrians.
in
turn, called on their
own helicoptergunships, and the Cazdles found the
st:llk'CI Israeli columns good targets for their
missill'S.
To their horror. the Isracli tankers found
that the Syrian HOT missiles outrangcd their own
hea\ y
machine guns. and
t h e n ~
was liltle they could
do about the s.itu3tion. ~ \ e n h c l e s s , Ben Gal
pushed ahead. determined to exploit
his
break
llwough with a nighl ad\ ance,
At dusk ont: of his kadill j banalions dro\ e
I h r o u ~ h
the \ ilIage ufSII[tan Yakollb. ani) to ha\ e
its leading elements cut
oW in
a Syrian ambush.
L nknown to the Israelis. the battalion had dri\ en
straight into the a s s c m b l ~ area of the Syrian
581h
:\It. chaniscd Brigade. which \\as coming lip to the
suppon
oflhe 1st Divi.5ion·s
battered tank brigades.
As darkness fdl. the trapped Israeli tank
CH WS
could sensc t
hOI
t the hills were swarming ,, i,h enemy
commando teams. I-Iea\ y machine gun fire kept
them 3wayduring the night. but Isrncli anempts to
break through to the traplX '1:1 unit failed, .\t dawn.
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A
Is
..:uli
M.II ,
tt ofPrled s
Sprci.1 i\1a , ,u r
F o r «
,.
..
V
t
s k V.Ury,
July
198:z.. y ...r a r OR-60.
I.n.krr s
hrhnrt ,
thr oldr I of
hr
t r rr p;>lIrna of e v e hrlmrts usr
by
th e IOF.
(IDF
Spokestn• •
)
the:: Syrian artillery fire
i n t e l l ~ i f i L 1 .
The battalion
commanckr
radioed ror
air
~ u p p o r t : Ihis never
arrived, and
lIu.
ullit also sullered the indignilY ora
Syrian air strike by n, o .\liGs. With ammunit ion
running
low, the Israeli battalion made a dash ror it,
suppoJ \( d <:millery, and escaped. The llnit bad
sullL'red bea\ y casualties, and a Humber or ils
vehicle;; had Iwen n behind, Then had been no
time 10 destroy them, and Ihe Syrians were able to
lOW
away the
:\1605
with lllueh
or
the seerel
equipml l\l aboard still inw( 1.
,\Iso
011
Thursday
10
jUlle, Pelcd s Special
:\lall()( U\Te Force had pushed north againsl scanl
Opposilion. just short or the Beirut-Damascus
High\\ ay IJdcd was ordered
10
pull back, as it wa.-.
rt h 10 1)('
tOO
risky ror him to 10 mailllain his
advanced posilion. On the eXlreme righl flank or
the Israeli ad,-ance, an IDF brigade
al O
reached
the Beirut-Damascus
i ~ h \ a y
al Yallla, although
it
had
>crn
c o n s i d t r a h l ~
hara
·,ed
bolh
b,
commando lIllit
and Syrian helicopler gun
h i p ~ . Isradi aircrart \\ ere called in ;u;ainsl the
g u n ~ h i p s . and Ihey also r o u ~ h t anOlher air
D.'l.t1le
against Ihe Syrian
: \ l i G ~ :
25
:\liG
and
rour
helicopters \\ere hot dO\\I1. \\iI1Ullll Israeli losses.
Day Six
On F r i d a ~ june thc hradi and Syrian
governments agreed
to
a ceasdirc, to
~ t a r t
at nooll.
It would
IIOt
apply to the
PLO
During tlll lIlorning
the trapped Israt li bOllia lion al Stlh,lll Yakoub
made good ils escape.
As
lht· unit I egl (lupcd. a
second armuurcd rOl't'C was ~ { , 1 1 appl oachillg. It
w a ~
the
S ~ l i a 1 l 8 2 n d
.\rmoul ed Ikigade, pal t
oftlw
3rd Armoul cd Di,·ision. which had
ju
t come
up
from Damascus with ils brand-Ile\\ T r. tal1k::.. In a
mirror-image
orthe
prcvious
n i g h l ~
I racli ( ITex, it
c a s u a l l ~ dron
iTllo Ihe
midSI
or Ihc
Isradi
cOllcclllraiion.
10
lose nine
oriu
tanks in a matlcr or
minul(:S, .\ s Ihc ceascfir( cam( into elli.,<,t O l noon.
IDF
commander S had 10 pl{ ad ror pcrmission 10
eOUlllerallack the S ~ r i a n
in
Sultan
Y
.. kOllb,
al
Ieasl
10
J'{'C'on'r Ihe abandoned e l l e m ~ l a l l k ~ . The
dcci::.ioll
\ \ l l I t
111111
w a ~
up
to the Prinw :\lini tcr:
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but permission was
rdLIM:d, and the
ccastfire slCXxl.
Although mall)'
of
their t l i t ~ had oc('n
badly
battered.
tht, bulk Drill(' S)ri:l.l1
I()r{ (> ,
ill the Beka'a
\ a l l ( ~ had made an OI'dedy
wilhdrawal
( 0
the
v i i l l i t ~ or
the l - l i g h w a ~ ,
In
the eaSI on til(' morning
of
til(' 11th, Israeli
aircrnli. artillery.
and
n:I\'al units
bombarded
Ekinll. while Israeli forces closed a ring
around
the
Ldlal1t:se
capiwl.
TIl('
to\\11
orKhalde fell. the last
PI,O stronghold south or
the
c i t ~ : and IDr troops
reached
the
out kirls
or
Beinll InlnnatiOllaJ
Airport.
final air
battle
cost the rian Air Force
a
furtlwr 18:\I iGs
ju. >t
befort' til('
ceas«:firt
\\ t'llI
into
effecl.
The False Truce
The ceasdin' \\ ilh the
ri:lI1 > \\:1 >
eXl('ndcd to
include the PLO on S a l l l r d a ~
June,
but
then'
were
fn. ClucllI
violatiom all sides,
On
unday.
IDF units linh'Cl lip \\ith P h a l a n ~ s t forces al
Ba'alxla. tht' sitt'
of
tht, Lchall( 'C PrC 'idcntial
)alac{', This came afla a major
hallie
\\;th
Syrian
units of the 851h Brigade, who wen.' trying
10
prevcnt thc IOF from elltting their
communications
wilil Damascus,
then the
PLO had
largely fled
back to Beirut, where their position \\'as
grim.
Although
they had abOlIt 14,000 fighters in the city,
togethcr \\·ith
the Syrian
lorce'i, the Christ ian
militias held theensterll
h a l f o f t h e c i t ~ nnd
the
IDF
the sollthern approaches, The only \\'ay out was
the
H i g h w a ~ .
:\Ieanwhile, hradi officials met \\ ilh Pha.':lllgist
Je:lders
and
l1wmbers
of
till'
Gemayd f a m i l ~ Tht
Israelis ('Xptttl'C them 10 be jubilant,
but
round
Ihl l11
sulxlued
and e,';ui\e, Sharon
inquired when
the Phalangist troops \\'ould he
j o i n i n ~
in the battle:
Bashir
G e l 1 l a ~ e 1
mutler('(1
that he'd
do his
1x S1. and
Ihen tried t o c h a l l ~ e thesllbjeci. Sharon
\\ould
han:
none
of
il:
( c h o i n ~
Ilashir'
0\\ 11 \ \ o r d ~ , hl homed
I,.·ra.. li m ~ ..
S f t l l r o o p ~
..... rSidon . . . . . il lh ..
ir lu
.... 10 board
th landin ship I. S 11 __ , d u r i n .
ndrploym ' ' ' '
.0 .. . .'
p<> i;lion$ . Ion . h , A.... l i Ri.-..r lio.., .. No\·..mbr r 9112. So:.·..ra l
.....riant,.
or
M '3s ar' ,.ibl..
,
i d ..d'n
•
TO W miss,) ,
b
ch 'r
(e ''' .....
).
Th., ,;;10
rack
..
ora , ra . . .
·0 .·.,hid.....
a
l I ud
fillHi with inranlr) ' paekboard .., (ICPO)
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...---
Urban
.. .
r r a ~
in
W..;;I Bdrul , Augus' 9 8 ~ . PLO an d
Mourabiloun lIIuc:rrillas hid and fou5h1
.. .
·..rp ·hu
...
an d
apP eben ion ;s pparenl on 'he: f a . ~ of IhO' .. ' ' '-0 Golan;
oldi .. . ThO
Iud
, n ....·..;or.. an
IDF
K..
vlar
flak
jacJc l. an d
hi..
companion n A ,
..
r;c,,
M
'95 ) 1 : b ,h r ..
:
.. . ,
..
<1 .... i,h
M.,6 ,.
(tGPO)
him: '\\ c°r(' he-,e with wnks Do
som hingf
The lht' 1
DF
Clllcn:1:1 Ha'alxla.
PLO
olliccrs
\\atchcd through binoculars from the roofsofBcirul
aparunclII buildings. thell reponed the news 10
Yasscr Amlin. L;llIilthcn Iill
PLO
Chairman had
refuscd to IX'liew rCJXll tS lhal the IOF
was
dosing
;n ;-trOllnd him. The link-up with the P h a r a l l ~ ( ,
c;Iused panic
among lilt'
PLO leadership. While
sollle
of
his
o m c c r ~
(hanged
ill
to cj\'iliall rlnthf'S and
tried 10
]C:l\ C
tOWIl
\raf.1t called
on
the S)'rian
command('r
in
Ikirul
10
<15k
what
instruetrt5ns
h(
Imd from Damascus.
The S) dan
gem'ral
rcfus<- Clto
tell him. E pt:cling a full-scale IDF allack on his
disordered forces at
an;
moment. Arafat ordered
Ihe PtD archives
10
be burned. Only after the job
\\':lS ncar ) completcd did SOIlH OIU' relTlcmber thaI
no
ont' had
bothcn'c lo mi<T(.film
lIwll1
firsl'.
I - Im\ \ .\ ( . tilt I,radi, \ \ t ' ' t '
,till I i \ g n l i a l i t l ~ wilh
'I
h.
hr
..
di,
h,,,I,
. I)lll ....
1a
Illi .. . I .,
.
Kk. ....
l r \ r
..,..
lh .h..
I'LO .1 '
alII.· I
K 1: n.,lo·
l..r thnr
n-.u ,
the I)halange and. for tht., illOllll'l1l. rC'Stricled their
operations to imprO\'ing th('ir positions <lIang the
Hi'{hway. In soulh Lebanon. the IOF cOl1linued a
methodical dcstruction
of
PtO baSC S and arms
dumps. and the rooting out
ofthc PLO
infrastruc
tun: in
t1w
area.
The
Israeli govcmmem was
determined to give the PtO no chancl' of escape.
hOWC\'(.'L
and the banll' for the Beirut-Damascus
High\\'ay
\ \ a ~
resullled
on
~ 2 J u n e .
wilh the Israelis
:lllacking all S) rian and
PLO
positions soUlh
of
the
Highway al Bhamdoull, ).Iansouricy and .\Iey in
the houf ) lo11111ains. The fighting for
Alcy
\\'as
particularly bittcr. because the defcnders included a
cUlltingt.'lll
of
\·olulllt.'Crs SCIll by thl' Ayatollah
Khomeini
10
fight the 'enemies
of
Islam'.
BOth
sides
look heavy t'asuallics in major f i g h t i n ~ : but by 25
JUl lC
the Syrians \\'ere forced 10 wilhdraw to
Cluaura. wdJ 10 lhe caSI
of Ihe approaches to
Ikinn,
The
I ~ r a c l i s
now
SUlTOlIlldcd
the city
011
threc sides by land. and thl'
Isradi ~ i 1 \ Y
controlled
lilt' ocean approaches. TIl(' second phase of the
Israeli ilw; ion \\as
about
to begin.
The Siege of Beirut
Tht., Israeli .\rl11)' was never mcal11 10 entcr . let
alone capture. Bcirut
or
all) olher :\rabcapital. Yel
therc wcrc some 1+000
PLO
fightcrs in Ihe
c i l Y ~ ;
and unless the) \\cre forced
10
leave. the campaign
could not
be cOllsiderl Cl
a success. In addilion.
certain f.
..
ctions
of the
Israeli
Cabinel.
led
by
Dcfen<;( ).Iinister
Sharon. saw
the remov<ll of the
PLO as a necessary pR'Condition to the formation of
a
Ile\\ Leb:lIlt,. St go\'crnmcnt, headed by Bashir
Ccmayel. \\ hich could effeclively control the
country. Nevcr before had the IDF been used to
achic\'c poli tica1 cnds, especia
It},
in ,mother
sovereign nation, and the situation crcated a mora l
and political dilemma within Israel.
There
was also
the problem
of
IX'irut's ci\'ilian
population,
who
would
certainly
suffcr
1>Cvcrcly
in
a sicge or. far
worse.
an
all-out assault on
the
cit)'.
The American
gO\'crnmcnt
had
alrC ad; \\anll'd that it would not
tolerate tht, mas.,ivc s l a u ~ h t c r ofinnocelll ci\;lialls:
and. aftcr a wcek ofdcspair alld confusion. the PLO
had madc a rcmarkahle recovcry and now began
lalking aboul a Lebanese Slalingrad,
1'1,0
posi·
lions
\\·cr<.
placed
\ I
hlTl' ci\'ilian dellsit) was
• \ e . ~ 1 j. 1I•• .-o,I'I.() heh ••- ,
h.1 1
111:11\; 11:< 1:1 In h' U..nOl In.,,,
II · I ~ I U i
llo.......
lh.. ~ J i n l : II... b
.......
I...
d. il l ,,,.
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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greatest. such
as
in the ba
mt tll li
of apanmcnt
buildings;
and
the
PLO
announced
mat.
'
hate\er
the consequences for the L:-hant S(' population. t t
would fight to the last
man . . \rter
Ein d Hi)\\t h.
there \\ as no
doubt t h e ~
would carT)
out
the threat.
The
Israelis opted for a full-scale
~ i e t ; e of
Beirut.
\\'hith hegan officially on l.July.
There
were more than 500.000 civilians lrapped
in
\\'est Beirut, and the IDF's first lask was to get as
many of tht'lll as possible to leave. AJu'r a day of
le.anet drops and mock homhing runs using f1a
the IDF opened its lines to any ci ilianswho wished
10
leaw the cil}. Thereafter. twO checkpoillls
\\ere
left open for this purpose. and c\'cllIuallr 100 ,000
I,ebanesc escaped in this fashion. The I
DF .1150
tried
to ('ase out the Syrians. oflering thl'
8 \
Brigade a
safe-conducl OUI
of
lhe Cil)'; bUI President Assad
l'd used
and
tilt unil sutyed
unlilthe
end
oflhe
siege.
II had. however. lost I\\o-lhirds
of
its men and all
but onc of its tanks in theJ line fighting south of the
cit}. and
lOok
110 p.an in the ~ i c t ; ' e
i t ~ J r .
To dcal
ilh
Ihe more Ih,m LJ.OOll
PI.Oanri
. .oou
~ m l i m
~ o u r a b i t o u n
militiamen. \\ell
dug
in on familiar
territor}. the IDF began a full·:.cale homb.trdlllellt
of
lheir posilions hy land. sea and air. Although
occasionally inlcrruptcd
by
ccascfircs, this was to
continue throughoul the siege. Thc Israelis initially
shut off lOod,
W;llLT,
gas and electricity to \\ C'St
Beirut: but as the
PLO
had abundalll food stocks.
lhis onl) hurt
the-
ci,·ilian population, and the
municipal 'if'niccs en: rcslOred after a fe-w days.
•
\150, staninl;'
011
the
3H1,
lhe I
DF
mo\'cd into East
Beirut and began a series ofJimited attacks on I)LO
positions across the 'Grccn Line', \\'hieh had
di\·ided Christian frOIll ~ o s l e m parts
of
Ihe city
sinCl'lhc
1976
Civil
\\ 011'.
Following the pattern SCi
at Ein d Hilwdl, lhe alwck orders stressed a slow.
careful advance, with abundalll
armour
and
i1nillt'r} support.
For their pan, the PLO replied to Israeli
b o m b a r d m e n L ~
ith their o\\ n anillel ') . dem
O I l : > t r a t i n ~
tht'ir r ~ h
and
their ammunition
rcscn·cs.
The
anillel')
dud
continued throughollt
the early part ofJ uly. rising to a peak on the 9th,
\,'hel1 the
IDF
lurned
: 7
b a l \ { r i C ~ o f c a p l L l l e d
PLO
l I ' { / ~ l I s l w
rocket launchers on
PLO
positions, and
bombardc'd them with their 0\\ n ammunition.
\\ cstern
r { , l C t i o n ~ 10 t h ~
operations wert' hecolll
incTl'a5in{{l}
m'{{ati, e. and
x t e n ~ i \ e
I k , ; ~ i o n
CO C'r;:tge
cauSt.-d mall} a oncc·frit'ndl}
KO'
('1 III11l'l1t
to conel('mn tht, Israeli actions n-hem('ml).
E\C1l in Israel itself. public opposition to thl'
2 ; o H r n l l l l I l t ~ handling-
of
,h(' ,illl,Hion in{'r{'a >t <' .
IIII' lonln I }
\\,.,
rin-thn ,t1,:gr,l\;w'd h} tI\I
GC',I
Al1itir.
\\'hl'n nl'ither
till
IXlInhardmCllts liar
the lll'gotialiolls l>cemcd 10 be having the desired
dli.·cl. the
[DF
pn'pared a major operation to
irwade Wesl Ikirut itsdr.
('.01. Eli
Geva. who had
led the coaSlal advance at
til('
head of his . I I
Brigade. as pickt-d 10 lead on(' of the main attacks.
Gc\'a resigru:d
his command ill
protcst. howc\'cr.
insisting that Israd had no rit;'ht to inten('l c \\ ith
u'banon's inlcmal
aff.,ir:s or
take Ihe lin'S of its
cilizens. His offer
10
sta}
ilh
his unil as a private
soldier was rtfmed. and thi, bra\(' and capable
oOle('r was inslcad dismissed from
til{'
servicc.
~ I c a n \ \ h i l e .
operations l'oillinu('d as military
targets in othl'r parts oCthe cit} \\{Te hil, oftl'n with
~ a e r i c k or naval Gabriel miSsilt'S. or with ~ l 1 l a n
hombs' used a ~ a i n ~ t spcrific structure-. \rtillery
'snipers' fired a ~ a i n s t cl'rtain PLO·occupicri build·
i n ~ or l 'en p.arts of building ,
,\rafal.
s u ~ p c C l i l 1 H
that
lkg111 had ( t-tnlllint'(l
10
kill him 1X JV)l1ally.
succumbed 10 a kind
of
paranoia and chang('d his
loe'llion
( ' \ ' c r ~ few
hours,
The s r : l l : - l i ~ ,ltU10\ltlClX
their plans
to
Slay in Lebanon for Ihe lI'inlt'1 , and
e n ~ i n e r < ;
CQl11plclCd a l1e\\ airl>ll ip at :\'abali}('h.
Afl r
Ih
.. landi , : of hi i'
rtiU r)
unit n..,.r Sidon. ,.
fi
1
t in....n nl { ,•• •
j
commandinJil .n
\I og
SP JIlu fi S
propost:d roul .. or . d ......n:.
II
............. ,h .. Nom . . . lanlocr'..
co.·c.. . lI.s, nd
rr
a Glilon 0 a
badly
.. .orn , . I i n ~ . To
m i n m i ~
Ihei ......nut io
,he
0 la
arowod his ..
eelo
has
bC'n>
lilruaJll i..sid.. a
h
....
I
..... and th .. la ir.,;
.. tf
..
o. ·
....t:d ....
ith bl
..k
laJH
(IGPO)
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O a,iollal f i ~ l l I i n ~ II ll rolllillllro in th(' Ikka'a
\ : t l l ( ~ betw('( n I:.racli and rian forces. all :. 3
J l l l ~ Israeli intelligence discO\'crcd that threc
haltcrics ofS.\-8 mi:>sik's hnd bc('n
b r o l l ~ h l
in: thc
ncxt d a ~ .
tAF
airrr.:lft
d t S t r o ~ t t 1 t h c m .
Thc <;i,.. CUlllinuro illln .\ugus . whill' nego
tiations stalled O\ ( ' r \ \ hen' t h ~ ~ pI-a
m i ~ h t
i f t h e ~
wt rf withdrawn,
A<;
L'S Spedal
Em'or
Philip
Habibshllttled
t h r o t l ~ h o u t
the .\Iiddlr Easl-trying
to Kct \ ariolll> ('mIllCIl .'> to arecpt the PLO. Ihe
Isradis strpJX-·d up tilt military p r ~ u r e .
On
I
AllKu:;1
the Golani B r i ~ n d e look Beirut
111-
tern:llional Airport
aner
somc of the heavie:;t
fiKhtim; of the
\\
ilr.
On
I ,'\lIgmt Ill(' IDF lalillch( (1
it<; I O I l ~
a \ \ a i t ~ ( 1 dri\'C into th(' cily. feillling first at
th,' Port
C r o s s i n ~ .
and tben s t r i k i n ~ south from the
cilY's :-'11 :;cum Crossing
and
Tlort 1\\'ard through
thc Ouzai di.c:lrin.
'fhe
object of Ill(' dl'i\'c \\';\S to fut
off
dlC
PLO
camps ofBourj d Barajnch,
Sabra
nnd
Shatila from PLO Ht'adeluart('f'<; ill thc city,
nigh,,:.I . ancr
h e a \ ~
fighting:. the camps \\t'rt.' cut
off on three
side:;.
On I 1
~ \ U ~ l l S I IDF forr('S mowd
north OUI of
Ea:;t
Beirut townrd the port ofJllnieh. po:;ilifJllilll{
themsch ( >. for a possible mO\e lo\\ard the
c i t ~
of
Tripoli a PI.O stronghold in northern Lebanon.
On 19 I\Ug'llSI. after a (innl ~ l T i { ~ o f a l t n c k s on thl'ir
p o ~ i l i o n s in Beirut. PI.O officials agreed
to
a
wilhdra\\al
unell-r international
~ u p e r \ i ~ i o l l ,
.\
:-'Illlti<\ational Forc(·. made up
or
troop:; from
Fra nct', lIaly and the
ni t('(1 S l a t e ~ . \\
ould prO\'ide
C a p , u . r ~ S}'rian omnlandol ' al a
d ,' ' ' 'n,ion
faeili,)· in id ,
b ....d . u ' ; r u
..;f.........
ar. . .h.. Syri. . . ' I i u rd '
pa .....
m
t:amouflalt '
; ,h
US-i)-poe M-650 field .Po '''''''
. n.
..
o,. a& ,
her ,; iadit:a, ..
Sp';a
.. pol;' i<::lll 'Spl:<';aJ T r o o p ~ '
bu' ,
.ecordi..
10 n ,u 'rlIljoumalis, ... many S}'rian $Oldj ,r,;; i.. ~ i r u l adoplnl
Ih 'm 'appar ' , , ) ' 10
impr 'ss
.ho: l(>t:al tirls'. ThO
lOt'
inlt'llig
..
'·.·
..
r
atltlr.·,'; Jo: lh
..m wr:or,. .h., ...
; It·r
park ..
a tI .. Ii,· brown G..
n 'r
..1S.. r,·i ..
MrN.
(1:0.1,,0)
1111'
PLO \\ ith prOIt.-c ion as t h e ~ dt'p.u'tl-d -.ea
and air to other parts
of
the :-'liddlt' Ea:;l.
On
the
2[St the
\I: ' \r
\,a in place,
and
Iile
fll':;t PLO
cOlllingellt dcpal'led, TIll' sie.l:r(· was over. During
Ihe next 12
d a ~ < :
a tOlal of 1.1.398 Pale
..
tinian
fil{hters alld yrian $Oldiers left Beinu: thl' PI.O
sea, and till 85th Brigade and ih 1)1..\ nuxiliariC';
under saft'-conduct along Iht' B e i r u t - D a t l l a l > c L l ~
Hil{h\\'ay.
The
\ ~
d,'paned
aflt'r
16
da),.
ib
mission a c c o l l 1 p l i ~ h c d .
17/ 1//lI.IiOIl 1I(/O/ )
. -
Bolh Ihe 1'1.0
and
I ~ r a d clailllcd \ i t · C I r ~ tilt'
PLO
IX'call<;(, it had Slln i\'ed. thl' l'adis h('('albc
they had l ( lIl( l \ ( d Ihr threal 10 theil' llonlwrn
bordeN, Sharon
( '\ ( '11
(le\\ in :-'Iaj, Hadd,ld
te)
w i t n ~ lilt' PLO ('\,tcuil1ioll,
(Jpc'ratillll ' ',,,It·c·fill·
Galike'
had
( fbi
the hradis ]6B (It-ad ,md . ,383
wounekd in
six
\\I'('ks of fighting. a hei \ price
rdativt' to tht, 1 ~ I H : l i population. f\lthoLlg'h til('
I)LO firt-d off tells of Ihou:;ands of rOllnds 10
cdebnlle
their
'\
i l l o r ~ '. t h e ~ had lost [..=,00 dead
and an unl .no\\ n numher \\ollllded
and
their
entire polilical ami m i l i t a r ~ i n f r : t ~ L l · t l ( l u r ( in
Lcbanon. hieh
il
had taken them 15 ~ t a l 10
build. Some
8.HOII
1)1.0 and
PLO
SlhlX Ch
\\t'l e
captured and detained Israeli authoritit-:;. 011 tht·
,\I1:',ar
Dt·tt'lllion Facilit) at Ihe rnOUll
H ( i ~ h t : ; ,
Syrian losst's \ \ ( f ( almost
a<;
h i ~ h : 1. 200 dead,
approximately 3.000 \\oundec . and . 96pri:;OlleNi.
.\Iaterid
\\tTt· also
hig:h,
I . . e b a n t ~ · ci\ ilian ca. uahics. a l t h o u ~ h hard to
('Slimah' e x a c t l ~ ,
\\cn'
t h o u ~ h l to
1>1
000
: ) , ( ) ( I f )
tlt-,1I1
Inri ahoUI Iflul linw, lh,ll ma l l \ \\(llImlt-d.
lUI-
dirccli\'l.':; to minimi..c harm
to
t'i\'iliall:; ,llld
tlwir
p r o p c r t ~ t l l l d o l l b t ( d l ~
kepI
t h t . ~
totah
10\\ cr
,,,It an mil{ht
be ('xpt 'CIt'c1, l{iH n lilt'
mllUI'l' of
the
fighting.
Tht'
d i J e c t i \ e ~ \\l'l'e
~ ( r i c l l )
enforced. and
il i:; illlerl,l>ting 10 11011' Ihat not 011(' incid('nl of
crimill<ll Ix·ha\ iour was c h a r ~ t d a ~ a i n t IDF
soldiers b} the
.chant.'SC.
The Lebanl'M' dt-Cliol1s \\rrc held on . 3
.\Ill{U<;I.
in the midst
of
lhe PLO ('\'acuation, .\S (·xp<·clcd.
B,hhir G m a ~ d
\1'3<:
..kned P r ~ i c l ( , 1 1 1 1)\ an
O\.·f\\hclrllint.: m a i t l l i l ~ . Hi,
~ I I P I ) ( l I t c
\\(Tt'
('(
..
l,llie
\\
it h j C I ~ and adc t'd tlwir
ch('('I \.
,hOlit', 'lnd
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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:
Israeli paratrooper
202nd Abn.Bde.;
Beirut 1982
:
Israeli
paratroop MAGist ;
ShoufMts. Feb.1983
3: Israeli
infantryman
Golani Bde.; S.Lebanon June 1982
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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1: Israeli Naval Commando;
Sidon June
1982
2: Israeli Navy missile boat officer B eirut Aug 1982
3: Israeli Air
Force Kfir
C 2 pilot
June 1982
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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:
Israeli
tank officer;
Damour
July
982
2:
Israeli j
Ansarcamp Oct
982
3: Israeli
Border Guard; Tyre July 982
c
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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Officer. Phalangist
Lebanese
For ces ; B eirut
Sept.1982
:Militiaman Lebanese
For ces ; B eirut
Dec.1983
3: Militiaman Maj. Haddad s South
Lebanese
Army ;
J u n e
1982
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:
Syrian commando,
lstCd o.Gp .: Bek a a Valley, Jul y 1982
: S Tian
T-72 tank
crewman; Beka a
Valley, June 1982
3:
Syrian
commando.
85th Bde.; Beirut, 1982
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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PFLP guerrilla; Damour
June
982
2: PLO sniper; BeaufortCastle June 1982
3: PLO officer; Beirut
Aug 1982
2
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PFLP GC guerrilla Kastel
Bde ; Sidon
June 1982
2:
Mourabitoun militiaman; Beirut Sept.1982
3: Druze militiaman; Aley Feb.1984
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: French paratrooper 3
e
RPLl\ta; Beirut OcLI983
2:
Italian
Marine
San Marco
Bo ; Beirut Aug.1983
3:
US Marine
24th
l\UU;
Beirut
OcLl983
4: Tpr. lst Th e
Queen
Dragoon Guards; Beirut Oct.1983
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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n
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op( ralioll. \\'orS(' m a , , , a c r c ~ had happened before
in Lebanon: hut l h i ~ one had laken place under the
\{
...
of I
DF
forces sent
into
Beirut to
pren llI
e actly what had laken place, (,rad n.'((,i\Cd most
of the international
blame
for tht' massacre. The
I DF \\'ithdr( \\ from the
c i l ~
.md allowed the
Lebanese \ r m ~ 1 r( 'lIme control. . \ ~ O l 1 d :\Iulti
: ational Force also retunwd to Beirut to protect its
inhabitallls from
one
anOlher. Italian
and
Frelldl
lroops patrolled cst Beirut, including thl' refugee
c a m p ~ when thc Ill:lssacrcs OCl'Ul rl'(1, and 1.:S
\ Iaritlrs look o\ er Ueirlll Imcrnalion<ll Airport
lind
;1 dislrict of Shi'itc slums adjoining it. Amin
Gl'Illaycl. Bashir's older hrOlher, was dl'ctcrl
Pr<'Sidcnl.
and
,10\\
Iy
tried 10
( <;Iahli h comral
o\er the CQulllry. :\ leam\ hile. '
\mcncan
diplomats
s o u ~ 1 1 l an aRru-d basis for the \\ i thdrawal of all
forl'ign troop from
Lehanon,
The Second
Civil
War and the War
Against
the MNF
From
Septcmher
1982 until February 1983
Lebanon \\:lS rC'lati\'c1y qUiet.
IDF
forces hnd
\\ithdr,l\\ 'n from lhc
Ikinn
area to pmitiolls in the
Slll)llf : \Iountains: but isolated al lacks 011 IDF
fflre-es litill
OCCUlTed.
After ol1e of1heSl'. IDF units in
pursuit confrollled CS :\Iarinesoflile : \ 1 ~ F i n what
almrnt becamc an armcrl dash, AI the
b e l , r i l l n i n ~ o f
1983
hallks
look pl:lcc between Christ ian
;mel
DrllZ(' forct.'S in Ill( , hour. and thc Israelis had 10
p l ; l ~ the d a n ~ e r o l l ~ role of i l l l e r t n r o i a ~ between
tl1
t\\o factions. In the Beka'a. occa'iional
dashes
still occurl'l--d \\itlt S ~ r i a n forcc ,
During thi pericxl American diplomatic effons
continued in all
enon
10 find a solulion acceptable
to all panics. Cl 'f t in rk'mcll ls 5a\\' tlwse t a l k ~
('f)tIIrary 10 their illll'rests and, on IH April 1983, a
bomb c:- plo( l.'d 1lLllSide the Amc ican Embassy in
Beirut. k l l l l ~ 63 people, Jiha(J.;tl·lslami The
1 lamie
H o l ~
\\ ar' , a fanatical
Shi ite
lerrorist
,'Croup with ties to lX>th Syria and Iran, claimed
r t . S p o n s i b i l i t ~ .
:\en nhelcss,
on 7
: \ l a ~
accords
were igncd bet\\('('n Israel. Leb.1llon and thc
C
nited States,
S ~ r i a
rcfu {-d to
c o m p l ~
with till' withdrawal
pitaS(' of thi.. ngU'('lllcnt and inC'rC'asro ils pressure
on ,\rnin G ( m : l ~ d weak governmellt through ib
Druzc and Shi 'i te proxies, Prc,idelll Assad also
m a l l a ~ e d to force the PLO out of it 1:I t enelan in
I
nonhern Lebanon hacking a re\'oll agains
Ya.s.ser Arafat
ltd PI.O
Col. Abu :\lu\Sa, ith
S ~ r i a n uppon, : \ I l l ~ a s radical PLO troops
surrounded
Aral:,t and his suPPOrtcr<; in Ihei
,tron {hold on ripoli
inJune 1q81.
Fora S<'Cond
time in a ~ ( a r
he
found hinndf linda il l ;e: :lnd a
second cvacuation, t h i ~ time under FrCllch auspices
\\i1S arrangcrl in December. Arar.,t and
s
men
\\'CI'l'
oncc again
lit.'nt
ofr
into
( ik.
l'rofitil1,l from
the Lebanese cxpcriclICl', most of his host countries
disarmed the PLD COllt ingellts
011
tl\tir arrival. and
shipped them ofr to variolts
d ( ~ l a t e
p a r t ~ of their
( o L l l l t r i e ~ . :\
ILissa. his USCflllllCSS at
In
('nd, was thel
imprisoll-:d in D a l l l i l s c l l ~ ,
:\ Icill l\dlik. ill
:\
UI{USI 1983, Isracli
f o r c (
llllilatcr'llly
\\
i lhdre\\ from thc
Shouf:\
101llllains to
pC)'iitiomon the .\wali Rin.'r.
Their
place was to e
taken Ihe 11( \ \ rn 1taliscd Leban( S(' Ann}
f\mt.'rican·cquipped
and
Amf ncan-traincd,
The
transition did nOi as planned. and the Druze
f o r c e ~ engaged in hiller fighting against the
{O\'('mlllcllI s t m n p ~ Tht., L'nitcd $tat(' had now
l ~ r a r 1 i
parat l'QOl'S ,n jo) ' capfur ,d
I LO m 8 in
n ,:o
O mour, JunO' 1 9 . 8 ~ . One
man ·ears
th., old.slyl ..
lo t faligu
.. . p. Also no .,
lh., tof
efhod of boot la cin g, loF
Spok.,sman)
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IWnllIl(' decply ill\'ohed
in
u-banon. and
\Va ;
dcltTtllill(·d that Ih\..·
Leb:HlCS(' . \ml
should nOI
IX'
dcfc-atN . Slarlillg in Septetll ber. hen Druze forces
mnn'(l a ~ a i n ' l Ihe to\\ of Souq c-I CIMrb.
CS
war-.hip<:. including the batllcship. u ]frJ'..J'. firt.'d
in ,>uppOrl of Ihe governmelll troops. The Cniled
Stale:.
a ~
nO\\ per( (:i\C'(1 ill man} circles as jusl
allmher f ( l r t i ~ n arm}
a l l e m p l i l 1 ~ 10
ilSSl:r1 it. >
inllm'nn' in Lell.lIlt......• alf:lir
.....
On Octolxr a Iruck ladl'lI \\ i lh explosi\
lOS
c rO\e
ilHO
Ihe h('adqllarter'$ of the
L'S ~ I a r i n e
ballalion at Ikirut airport. 11'1 \..·xplosion killed Jot I
L:S ~ T \ icenl('11 alld Ihc dri\ n ~ I O l n e n l s laler a
..imilal· louicidc truck bomb < c<:tro)l'd Ihe French
militar) Iwadquart('rs in \\ e'lt Beirut, resulting in
the dealhs of
58
French paralroopers.
Jihad·al.
Islami
a,l.(ain
claimed responsibility. and
wamcd
of
fun her altacks. The grOlI))
\\01$
halOcd ill lhl' tOWI1 of
Bn'allwk
in til(' Syrian-controlkd
Ikka'a
\·alky.
which st'el1ll'd 10 implicatt' Iht' .-ian gO\ ('rnmeTlI
to
some
del{ree. French airrraft from tht: carrier
Fodl r('laliau:d \\ith
all
ai r strike a ~ a i n ' l t Ba·albek.
bUI r.'1ilt'(llrt hit the (errori l
bast
....
111
til(' L nit<:d
5Iillt.....
p r \ . . · ~ l l r e
\\as b r o u ~ h l 011 Prt \idclli Reagan
10 b l i l l ~
lilt'
:\lal im $
home.
:\on'mlX'r Ill('
I<;radi IwadclUaner<i in T ~ f( \ \ a ' o d C > l r o ~ ( ' ( 1 a
~ u i c i d c Iruck h o m h i n ~
a ~ a i n .
thc \\ork of the
~ a n w ~ r o u p T\\cll(y·thrtt I ~ r a e l i s
c i('d
in the
explosion all(1. although the I.\F fj'I,lliat<'( with
an
atlOId on Ha'allX'k. public opinion in Isnlel also
dClllanckd a \\ ilhdrawal.
In l'ar } DeCl mher S} rian
forcl'S
fired on CS
rcconnai Qancc planes O\'cr the Beka'a \';Ilk·y. and
til('
US r t ~ p
fll(k'd with an
ai r
Mrike from tl1(' carrier
bu rprlldrllft
,\ s a demonslralion of American
r{'sol ,'. it
\ \ a ~
a failure: the Syrians ~ h o l dowl1 twO
of the j('IS, including Ihat of Ihe (\ir Group
Commander, and captured one of'tht· pi
lOb.
Ther '
\\('r(' no further
L:S ai r
strikes.
. J a n l l a r ~ 198.1 the Ld)'Ill( <.('
t \ r l l l ~
had IX'en
dt'featl'(l the Drllze and Shi'jlc militia.... and had
'plit
.dolll{ l;Kliollallill(.....
\ ,
Dnl/x .tIld ~ h i i h l i J l c ( , , >
pUlohcd do\\ II from the houf ::lIld tool.. control of
xlllth and ,resl Beirut. Ihe Leballt-o;('
.\rllly
fell
apart.
Tht' :-'lu,lim troops descrted 10 th(' militias.
\\hilt, Iht' Christians. trapped south
of
th(' city.
tre::tml'(
lOmh
across the .\wali Rivcr, S('('kin{
s::mctllar} Ix'hind the h teli lillt·,.
.\min
GcmaH·r
I,tlll' had
Ix ell
rt'dut {'(1
('{fnliH'I}
III
M.mbe orlh , ail '
lOF Drun
rlr'CGon:o;s nc , un. '
0 .
S)-n:on po ..;lio. . . . . . . .
h ,
Ikka 'a \ all ,,.. N .· 'mbc-r .gB::. W ,b
& ,a.r i ·Orn o · ,r
w;nl . r
p:orbs,
wi lh h .lm ,
.. . or n.,.., ....liofll
c:ops.
o r ~
man
is
a rm
........
i .h
. hl : C l ilon SAR
. .-ilh
.Il:och
.....
rorward pis.,,1
snp, :ond :01_
arr i ,
.. an
Am.ri. , . ,n
Kabar comb:o.
k
.. if , on
his
. . · , b b ' ~ .
(IGI'O)
Ihal O f l n : t ~ n r oj Ea.<.1 &irul: and \\i th thf' \Iulli·
:'\:l.lional Force
d c p a n i l l ~
in
:\lan'h,
11( h::td no
choic(,IJUI to
~ o
10 Damascus and OlhUII Pr('sicknt
\
on the futlln' of
his
coul1lr). Naturally. he
w a ~
fll <;1
n'quirf'd to l t'llOlIlKl' the All1ericall'
spons<fr('d \1;1) agl'f'cllwlll \\ilh Isnu'l.
'he \\ ar ill Ld>anon ruined the
C:tI'('('I1>
or I'rimc
.\Iini ler I ~ ( ~ i n and DefcllSr \ I i n i ~ l j T Sharon. hoth
of
\\hom r ( s i ~ l l ( d
ou r \ : I r i u l l ~ a p ( ( t ~ rtf
thrir
h a l l c l l i n ~
oflhe a r and it. > aftermalh.
The
DF still
..
emain in 'iOllthern Leballlln,
c O n c I U ( , l i l l ~ : t
phased
\\ilhdr:t\\al
Ii'om the
C O l l t l l ~ .
,\11 racli-Irainro
South Leb:tllOIl .\rm} still 1) '1trol, Ihe Haddad
l 'nd:l\(,l. a\\:titim; (he da} hen til(' IDF \\ill be
l{Olle and I h e ~ mlllol fend for thelmc H S. Pcace hib
IX'rn h r o u ~ h l 10 Galilee. OIl lea t for the monWllt.
\ I ~ i
'
.. ~ , I I I . I
..
~ . 1 r l , , < 1 . ~
.. .
'
,x l
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Infanlr) ' and Pa ra l roop Bran<:h Chil'.f, BriJ ;,GI'.n, An10S Yaron,
s u n s Sidon on 8 I u n ~ '98 , Addilions hi s ....
o: b
g ~ a r i n u ~
(lOp bonoln,
a
rear) a grenOlde f><'uch, an e 'ra Ollnn'uni ion
pouch and a ,ap
< : a s ~ .
The IDF .... g<:ar is an ingenious and
'·I'.rsalile S ) S I ( ~ I n ,
adap.able
lh e ....r ious
n l . ~ d of
Inodern
<:olnbal . roops. E I'.n .h l' . aSyln.InNrica.1 arr ..
ngenanl of
.. .nlnuni.ion
pou<:hes
provide
.he
s o l d i ~ r Wilh an
elbow
res.
....hen f ir ing.
The d c v i c ~
worn on , he gen ra l' s
shoulder is
a
pilo ';;
sur,'i.',,1 mini-nare proj<:c.or, (11\·100)
but 1h(' co:'t
h ; J . ~ hCI'il
high.
AI
1he time
or
this
writing, onT 600 Israeli soldiers h;we died ill
..l'hannn,
Tllf Plflk,
1
l,fI'(u i
Pam/roopeI'. ~ O ~ l I d
.Jil'hol'lll'
IJngndl'''
B im/.
19B:
T h i ~ paralrOOlx'r
Tzanhan' ,
fighJing in the
approaches
to thc Lebanese capital. is
wcaring
the
standard if\Slle oli\ (' fatigue
$hin and
trouscrs.
The
Irousers ba\'(' a l a r ~ ( podct 011 each side, c osl,'(1
with a buttoncd flap. The lefi leg only hns a smalk-r
pockel. u$ed 10 carry mom'y
and
cigarettes. He also
\,'cars the Israeli-manufacturcd K(' lar 'Shahpats'
flak
'5t.
first
i..,sucd in
Ig81 10 replace Ihe
American t95'2 type. \\'hich also remains in usc.
'rhe
'Ephod' \ \eh
gear. in ..,en·iee with fi'ontline
units since 19ii. h o l d ~ tw('lw ~ 1 - t 6 .
1\ -- 17 or
Calil
mag;tzint's. ;llong with 1\, '0 eantecns,
grenades
and
an e l l l r ( n c h i n ~ tool. Additional pouches for
medical equipmcnt. ;.62 mm
F.\ ~ t \
machine
gun
belts and .10 mm
~ r e n a d e
rounds
can
also
be
added. The helmet is the Israeli-malluHIClllrcd
inlantry balli:'lic helmet. ~ I a d e by Odi\{'
of
one
piece. rcinrorced plastic composit{· structure. it is
sturdy, Jighl and comfortable.
The
helm('t netting.
cruddy camouflag-ed lI'ith
spo\.'> of
brOll'n shoe
polish.
is
held in place
by
a tan
rubber
retaining
bane .
an
issue item.
The
Isracli-madc brown
leather paratroop
1>OOis
arc both lighter ami
st 'Ongn than the black leather type issued to other
[DF units, TIl radio is also Israeli-made, a copy
or
the
.'\meri,an
A \ PRC-2:) . It is carried in a tan
rucksack.
Thl' weapon
is the shortened \Trsioll or
t h . ~ Calil
rifk.
called the C[iloll by Ihe t DF, .\Otc its
shortened band: many soldiers add a second pistol
grip.
The
litandard Calil
is
aim uscd. wilh built-in
bipod or atlachment ror tht [ 16 hayon('l. There iii
a l ~ ( ) ; 1 ~ n i p l r \ c l ~ i o n or
the ha:.ir rill\'. \\ilh hipod
and scope,
:12:
mp i
Pnf(J/rM/Il'r'
.IIA(;ist':
A / ~ l ShOll
.\/011/1-
Iui'b, r,bl lluO' J fJ.3
The
winters
in
Lebanon are known ror their
harshllcss alld bitter cold, In thc mountains cast
or
Beirut ralls or lip to '24 inches or SIlOW can be
cl1countncd.
1 0
prOtecl the soldiers \\·ho had to
li\ c
and conduct operations in this climate. Ihc t DF
issucd protect ive
elm
hing. slleh as the' Begcd Hore '
winter
suit worn
by
this paratrooper. Designed
('specially for the Lehanest> winter.
it
was i slll'd to
almost nil personnel.
~ I a k or
insulated material
with a waterpl'oorcxterior,
it
resembled thc tankn's
cO\'('l lis in many \,·ays.
The
rur-Iincd hood has slits
ror radio hendphones and otlwr
communications
equipmenl. Some. but not all suits had the
I
DF
namctape
abo\'(' the ten b r e a . ~ 1 pockct. The boots
arc Israeli-made 'I-Icrmonio,' snow
IXlOtS.
rur-lincd
ror cxtrn
warmth. For further
protcction this soldier
wcars a captured PLO krfi.rah as a scarr: when worn
imide Israel.
til('
k1i.l lIh unofficially idcntified
a
Lebanon ctcran.
The glo\'es
and
goggles arc also
issue itcms. As a ~ I A C i s l lmaehinc gunn(.'r . this
man carries a spal'e belt lor his
;,62 mm Fi\
l\tAC
light machine gun, Altachcd to Ihc weapon is a
cam'as bag
10
collect expended shells. which can
also he used to hold the ;,62 mm helt berore action.
Cloth has bern wrapped around thl' bipod. a
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Sl<lndard practice to make a comfortabk
handgrip
rhr
h o l d i n ~
the \\{'apon.
..13:
Ismdi Golani Infall/rYllon: BrnuJort
(:QJII
Sou/h 11ballon, J/III . ,oJ
This 'RPCist' of the elite Colani Infalllt } B r i ~ a d e
wears the
standard r : t i ~ l I C
uniform,
I\radi
Kevlar
flak
\'<-'lil and standard
IDF
webbilll;. His helmet
neuing
is
camouflaged wilh blal·k Shlll' polish
and
held in place wit h :t 5t rip of rubber i
nnn
tube, cut to
fit the hclmcl. The black 'Elba' combat hoots are a
llJ)('Cial type. issued only 10 the 'Colani', to provide
~ r a , c r
suppon
and l'omfon
d u r i n ~
Iht' unit's long
m:u CIll'S. He
is
arnwd with thl' 5tillldard 5,56
mill
Calil rirIe, . \ I o n ~ ,,·jth o,h<T Calil \·<lriaIHS. it has
l)('Come lhe mainstay of the IOF. with \K · 75 and
:\ K:\
I lX'ing issued to
commando
and s(X'Cial forces
lInits. the .\1-16 to rcscn:isLS and
rear-\. '(·hc1on
troops. and the 9 mill L:ZI
S:\IC
to Air Force.
~ a v a l and femak I)(·rsonnel. Jn thc I OF all infantry
and mechanised soldiers han: dual and somctimes
triple) weapons. medical and communiC:'ltiolls
,ask.' . Ik ick-s their pc:rsonal wcapons, l';u:h
mall is
trained and
l L'<luirl'd
to carry and usc: a second
pi('C(' ofequipment: c . ~ , a field radio.
66 mm L \ \\
rockCI. :\12 3 1 mm grenade laullcher. Dr':lgon
\ T missilt'. r
rifll'
grenades, FX ~ I \ G light
machillt'
gun.
5' mm l i ~ h t mortar, medical
equipmcnt or. as in thij
Case : 1
Soviet-mach'
RPG-7.
This
\\capon
became
standard
in the IDF after
large numbers W<Tl' Captufl'd in Ihe
cady
19705
and
during the 1973 Yom
Kippur
\\ 011'. The IDF was so
i r n p r ; ~ s t d br its dlCt:ti l'Il(.'SS that they deci(kd to
product' it themselves. and it
is
now made by Israeli
:\Iilitary InduSlri(·s. Its Clnununition
b a ~
i, locally
produced
and
can hold up to six rounds.
This
soldicr al50 wears the knccpads i ~ u e d to
J
DF
pertlonncl for this campaign. :\Iost troops found
t hC 111 nllnlxTsome. and I
\\
ere lit tic u ~ - d .. \ unit
1 , , . , . ~ l i
<'Ombo ..n :in_r durins moppi
..
:
up Op ralions i
J r u i ..
r .Ju ....
'982. Whilr lap
....
bac ..
r J . ~ l n . r l is
r
r
tilali
-
_p in s
On niSh.
march
.. ' . 'no ..
C ~ I r ~
m . . . . . . . ..
i
Iypical bra, ,1 i rash i
.....
A I_ n
..
ho .. . Ih .. Galil· bipod (otds
n..ally
..
u,
..
r lh .......
ay
wh nOI in uS ,
all
ing
him
I
.. k ~ ~ p
..
rom(orlabl ..
grip on
,h ral
.. .n
al
aU
lim
(IMoD)
37
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Srrian
unils of Ih .. Pa l ....' ;ni.....
Lib r:uion
Army
(PLA)
Ihd , , , ' i g
from
ikirul, 2J Augus
••
,sOl. (n ,s'
a auxiliary
lroof ' ..
f lh , S) an Arm) '. and nOI
PLO
fighlt'ni.) Th , .....ar
So,·i
.., sleel b ..lrn..IS an d
,;ree.. faliguts.
n
1. ,
_ldin-
is
Iuipf> d ... ilb on , HM
..
f
.ndi t'
s
S)-ria
Armr
. .
·..b
;
..ar.
i,,<:Iudi,,
1 '0 Ali magaLin..
po..
., h a ..mal lu
po ..
ch f
..
r Ih ,
...
upon·'
.. i1 ,rand
<:Inn'ng
kil, and c n l ~ Ih earner . (lOF
Spokuman)
affl clation is till Golani Brigade i n ~ i g n i a worn on
the wri:>twatch cover band,
H
Ismeli Xtlt lIl
Comm JIIdQ: 1/ra, Sidoll. ]1I e
ff/:J2
'rhe 'Koillmando Y:lmi ,:\ l\\ al COIllIl1;1I1dos arc
(lilt (lrthe IOF', Olo,t l·li\( force:..
goin,l.:
t h J t ) l J ~ h a
dcmallding 18·month training: programme,
They
pl.·rfonn
\ ariel) o f l a ~ k s . ranging rroTllulldcr\\ alt:r
demoliLions to il lldlig( nce gathcring. and are also
used as
~ h o c k
troops,
D u r i n ~
Operation
eace for
Galilec·. thl.' fo\.olllmando Yami carri( (J out a large
Ilumber of assignmelllS. mostly c 1 a ~ i f i e d in nature.
During the first days of the \\ar they landed at
s t r a t e ~ c
points along Ihe coastal high\\ ay to
ambush bOlh
PLO
reinlorcements he;tding south.
and
PLO
units n i e i n ~ north. These missions were
( xtremely s u e c l . s ~ f l l l , Thiii commando is wearing
lhe black sumlll( di\ illg suit of 11('opr('I1(' rubber.
His di\ ing
boob
are
made
of the same material.
wit h sirengthened
<;01 5.
I-I
('
is
still wearing his black
buoyancy \ l 5t and compens. uor. which means he
\\'<lS
l·ilhcr broughl ashor( by rubber boal. or has
Slashed his o X Y ~ 1 l (;Inks al a point
\\ '11('1'('
he \\ ould
ha\ e to swim to n lriC\ e Ihem. His \ \ ( '1)
~ e : t r
is sh()(
polished black: \\:II( I proof sealer; inside Ihe
pouches kt.'CP
ammunilion
and ('quipm('111 dry.
Swim fins
art.·
c:'.I'ric:.'d
011
his back. allached to the
wei suit by a GIIl\ as ilrap. He is armed with the
AK-.j
the main \\ealXlll
ofl
OF elite lI11ilS, He also
carnes
a
silrnn'd
n
Bc;rella pistol
'o r
selltry
r( mo\:.1 hiddcn from this angle in a black
len
shoulder hol,tcr. and a d i \ ( r ~ knife slraPlx d to his
r i ~ h l I c ~ .
V IImeli .\liBile Boat lI'£apons Offim I.\'3
·.I'at.:mall(: off BetTuf Iu,e ·t I /L
Thc I ~ r a c l i :\ 3\·)
H c ~ 1
Hayam' pia) ('(I 3
major
role in Israel
..
'-chanon a m p a i ~ n . nmducting
:unphibioU i operations
and
~ u p p o r t i l l ~
Ihe
~ o l l l l d
ad\ ance
\\ith
n:wal gunfir( . During thc ;lege
of
Beirut they bombarcled Pakiitinian positiom il l the
cily with both COilWill iona
gunfire and Gabriel
m i ~ , i k S .
This Semi 'Captain'
in
the Army
sensc
Ihe IOF does not have a separate rank ~ y ~ t e m for till
: \ a \ ~ . and all personnel hold
Ann)
ranks ser\ ing
alX>ard
a
Saar .jl1li...sile boal \\caN an IDF f a t i ~ u e
shirt \\ith L S·made
DG
106 :\ omex fire-I csistanl
IrouSt'f<:.
L ~ u a l l )
m i ~ s i l e 1x:>. 1
crew,; arc
i ~ , u c d
ont:
piece :\ olllex cO\ l ralls. but it
is
not unC ommoll for
crew,>
to han: iudi\ idual vari:lIiolh.
The
de\ ice
paillll.'C1 on thc :\ :1\') blue fatiguc cap the ·Satil
missile IXl:t1 t mblt:rn. The blue
waiSI
belt :tnd
b l L l l / ~ d l o w mnk
i n ~ i g l 1 i a arc pt:culiar to the
1 :3\ Y
He
weal'S
a Fn:neh·st)
Ie life prcscrnr
around his
waisl. His boots arc Ih( siandard issue black combat
type. with zippers plaC( d
a l o n ~ i d e
tilt laces: this is
a common pr:lell( c , 1 1 l 1 0 n ~ l1a\':l1 .md nrmourc-d
personnel.
who
ha\c onl)
Ccond:.
to
I{o linin akn 10
ballic condiLiom.
B.1: Jm,1i AJi
C·:
Pilot. ]une l.rIh
The raeli Air Forn' has long been r( garckd as
among
the besl
in
Ihe \\orld. and
in
Ill( stimmel of
1982
Iheir high reputalion was fUrl her cnhanced.
In addit ion
to
d e ~ t r o ) ing the Syrian air defrnce
system in the Bcka :I \'alley at
one
blo , they shot
down
91
Syrian ~ l i C s and
1 ix
helicoptns, and
provided close
air
sUPIXJI·t for Ihe
IDF
throughout
th( campaign.
All
this
\\as
achiewd
fill'
the
of
Oil(' Skyha\\k fightcr-bomber and a Bell lOS
mcde\ ac helicopter 10
~ T O u n d
fire. This Tayas'
pilot of all Isradi fo\.fir C-2 fit;htl r-boml>cr is
wearing Israeli copit S of thc .
\merican
fo\.-. B flight
suiI
and H G L · ~ 6 P
single-\isor pilot s helmet. Thc
rest of his equipment
is
of Israeli d e ~ i g n and
manllr.,clUrc. His Type 817 IS cllta\\a) .\l1ti-G
Suit is
made
of:\ omcx fire·resistant fabric. \\ ilh 011('
dear map pockcl al)(.)\'e each knee.
The
suit
l olllaim a
rq)laceabk ll( oprCllc
inflntahlc inner
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bladder.
He also wea,...
an
I<;radi-madc
life
prcscn cr
and survival
equipment. The sun lval
pOllches, \\orn
on
a h a r r w s . ~ COllllCCI<.'Ci to the life
preservcr. cOl1lain
sun ival
~ a r . radio. oll'dit'al
s u p p l i ~ :lIld a holsler for
the
9
mm
Berella pistol
\ \ O I n at til\' hark. I<;radi-maclt- f 1 ~ i n J . : hoot
completc his eCluipmcllt,
;1 : .\ tYor. ISI adi Arl/lOIll d
COIPS:
Damour Sal/III
l..that/on. JU I
IgB2
This Hal I m
major.
,he Sol'Cond-in-coOlmand
of
an armoured battalion,
wears Ihe Isracli
manufaclurL'Ci Sarbal tanker's cO\'eralls of flame·
rClardalll :\'omex.
Although
hot 10 wear in ,rum
dimalcs nOI to
memion
inside a
tank,
the} offer
maximum
prot('clion against fire---the
tank
crew's
most dangerous cnemy, OlIiccr's slip-Oil rank
insignia
are
worn on the epauJellcs. The
major
also
has
tht, n('w('St Israeli ballistic
lanker s
helmet:
the
T}pe 602 helmet shdl is light. made primarily of
f\.evlar. and incorporalcs tl1{ :\IK I ~ ) i com
municalions Sy >tCUl.
The 10
lag 'Oiskecl'
worn
around
the neck
is
CO\wed
in
black cloth to
minimise reflt.'<:tioll, c s p e < : i a l l ~ at night. Two more
10 tags are worn in Ihc
boOi
laps, 10 provide morc
dlccti\ c
and
quicker
idetll ifica tion in case
ofdeath
,)
The black combat boots art ' s ianda rd IOF issue.
fhe ollicer earrit,s a 9
mm
Browning pistol a
a
pn'lll1al i,kanl1: Ih('
B r i t i h - ' I ~ l t '
cama:. hol,tl'r
: l I I
:tlso accommodau a \ a r i e l ~ ofollwr heapons.
including tilt'
9
mm and .22 Bcrelta pistols
r.
\'otlred
m a n ~
Isradi oniccrs, Thc
Lebanon
campaign once again pro\ ( (lthe
Israelis maslcrs
of
amloured \\arf. re. A5 a w('apon system the ne\\'
\It.,,'ka\·a :\16'1'
pm\ cd
superior. not
only 1
the
T
55 and 1'-62,
bUI
t'\'en
lO
111(
I:I\('SI
'1'.72.
The
\'1 Cl'ka\'ll \\ as a able 10 wi I
h:>tand
indi\'id lIal anti
tank \wapons >t1ch as the RPC-7 and
the
Sagger
mi'iSil('.
C2: Isratli . \ i l i t a ~ l · Poliuman: ,Insor tftlmlion
ctlmp.
0(106 l gB:.
This Shoter Tz\ a i
milit:lf) pol iceman \\'cars
Slandard IOF
tigucs with the ncw issue f\.cvlar
Oak \'cst.
Although
this is now the main issut. many
real' echelon lInits wore the
older Amcrican
:\ 11952
type in Lebanon. The white-paillled helnWI is the
Israeli
\ Crsion of the
CS )
II :
IXlIh
it
and the
brassard Ix'ar tht, Hebrt'\\ k,ltcrs
Ttli m
and
I:;,ndth
Fighlf:r& of a Main r ~ PLO (Fa,ah faClion)
unit
near
Nabati) eh,
a
monlh
befo
..e
Ih e
....
eli
i n l l ~ i o n .
The,.
.........
bolh g r o aDd pal., khaJ.i falig
.. cl '
wilh h igh -lOpped
commando b o o l ~ and are
armed
... it h A.K-of' and
(. n.r.,me
riJllhl) lin RPD U,1G. NOI., Chinese &Iick
JIln:
....de- I..d.ed inlo ,
,id.,
pock ,.
of
Ihe- n t r ....1
m ,n
..
PLOfS) ria.n eh
....' po
..
ch.
(CO
..
n ....,.
ratiAa
Uu .....ini j
for :\
I
P'. His \\
cb gt ar is an older
1
pc
USNI Ihc
IOF from the latl' 195 5 1 Ihe t'ar } .70s: o r i l i n a l l ~
i11lcnded to hold Fi magazim. S,
lilt:
poueht'S no\\
carry lhoSt' for
till' ~ 1 - 1 6 .
Tll(' USt
orlhis
patH.'1'l1
of
w('bbing is now limilC'd to n'scrvists :ll1d rear
echelon II 00PS, The :\ Ip's .\
1-
I 6 rifle is no\\ Ihe m o ~ t
COllllllon ,,'capon
among
suPPOrt units \\ithin the
IOF. ahhough he might also be issued thC' 9
mm
L;ZI :\IC. In
Lebanon.
Israeli : \ l i l i l a r ~ Police
Wl'rt' assignt-d
numerous
lasks. ranging from Irallie
cOtllrol1O prevelHing anns
smuggling relllrning
10F personnel. I
r\
r.'l\·otlrilc souvenir 01' combal
troops was
a
captul'l'd Af\.-47
or
Tokar( \ pistol.
However, Iheir most important lask was
running
th(' <\nsar detention lucilily
on
tht' AmOlUl hl'ights,
Therc they were responsible for seeuril)'
:l1ld
adminislration
for Ihe Ihotlsands of PLO terrorists,
sympathisers and
a.llil-d
:\Iuslim militiamen
cap
lured by Ihe Israelis in Lebanon. Cnul
I h e ~
could
be SOrted, and Ihen either transfcln-d 10 mort' sectlrl'
facilitit.'S or rdeas(.'d, the
:\lililary
Police were
rl'Sponsiblc for all i l\ 'erage 5,000 prisoners a day.
with a peak of neal'ly 8.000 at olle time,
C3: Irmrli Druz.,J Corporal, Borde, Guards: Tjort.
IAmlo , ]u()' 1982
Th(
:\lishmar
H a ~ u r
or
Border
Guards
are
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responsible
for
guarding the frolltier of the state of
IsraeL
pons
or
elllry, and a r e a ~ occupied by the
military against infiltration by KuerrilJa<; and
terrorists, Personnel serye for tbrt'c years amI. e\'cn
Ihough the Border
Guards
arc part of Ihe Israeli
Kational Police
rather
than lhe
IDF
proper. the
sen'ice
is
considered as completion
of
thc national
military obligation. Those laken imo the ranks of
the ' .\ Iishmar HagHl ' arc usually Israelis whme
roots
lie
wilhin Ihe Arab diaspor:l,
::lI1d
who speak
Arabic. Anothcr source
ofpersotlnd
are the Dru:ze
i\los <'ms: cilizens of Israel. lhey also sen'e in tht
IOF and other securilY units. As part of the Police,
the Border Gllard's uniform has quile a different
appearance that or the
lDF
soldier. For one
lhing:. lht,y
:11 (
lhe only ullil in Isrnc
10
wt;ar their
b('rcts
in
Ill< fidd. On thcdark gret'n herel
is
\\'orn a
Young
Ashbal
( Lion
Cub )
gu r ri ll a f ron,
a
pro-Syrian PLO
fa,, .ion (nl1l Syrian ommando
badge
Om
On uniforn,)
al
Ih
UNRWA hool
al
,h e Ein el lIa
eh refugee
un ,p ,
Sidon,
in
982, prior
0 ,h e I el i
in a ion,lIe;s
earing
,h
indig nou
PLO l izard p n m C .mouHage uuiform, wi.h ChiCom
h u ,
pouch
and Syr ian
pi lol
bd Hi apon is So,·i .
AKMS
assauh rin . (Cour
•
.,sy Falina
lIuss.. ini)
sikcr-plated
Star
ufDa\·id' badge with the I-Iebl'('\
le{lcr II1r for ·.\Iishlt'ra'
Police,
Their field
uniforms arc surplus Amcrican
OG
t07 faligues
O\ er Ihe kft breast pockcl the ' .\Iishmar Hag\'ul
nilmctape is worn with light blue Hl' Jre\\, lettering
Bools and \\' tb
gcar
are
standard IDF
issue. The
Border Guards han thcir own syslcm
of
rank
insignia. llsing BritislHtyJc (hewons. This
is
1
differentiate Pulice
Ii om
t l{
/\rmy,
and
aLso
rct'all
the Jewish Police in
P a l , ~ t i n c
during the British
.\Iandate.
DI Offiur C lr;JliO/l Plm tmgi 'Lrha /rSf Forcrs
Briml
Srpll'lIIbrr 1y82
The 'L('iJanese F o r c { ~ 1I0tlO be confused
wi III
the
official Lcbatll':.e Army is Ihe nanl{'
gin n
to the
military arm of lhe Knta cb
or
Christian Phalange
Pan)', Organised inlo a fighting force
by
thei
leader Bashir
Gemayd.
the Lebanese Forces today
ha\T an estimated .).000 well-trained men,
and
can
count on a
funher j.{)()Q
figillers
Ii om
oche
Christian mililias in case
of
emergency, E\'er since
til{ Lebanese Ci\'il War of
1975 76
lhe Lebanese
Forces ha\'e recei\'cd hugc llmOUIHS of Israeli
military aid. everything- from wcapons
to
uniform
and equipment. Consequently, these Christian
soldiers took 011 a rather dis tinuivc Israeli
appearanC(', This
;J osJ.:ari
(onlcer)
is
wcaring al
Israeli fatigue
shin and
Israeli-supplied ex
American
OC
t07 Irousers. A Lebanese Forces
nall1etapc is worn on the
shin,
and the Kat:l'eb
pany insignia on the right pockt' . The cloth patch
on the slec\'{' identifies this onlcer as belong-ing to a
Lebane$(' Forces command unit. His pistol belt and
black comba.t boots arc Israeli: the holstcr for
his
9 mm Browning is locally made:
and his
rinc is a
5.56 mm Swiss SC 5_1 0 formerly Ihl' property
of
the
Lebanese Army, An M-16 or all Israeli-supplied
AK·47 (from
captured
Arab stocksl might also be
carried,
The
black beret
is
nOI
issue, and
is
probably
a personal preferencc. It
i
decorated
Wilh
a
Commando L'nit insignia.
02;
l t r i ~ f i f l .IlitifiOIl/(/ /. Plw ollgi.rl' Lrho1/r:J Form
Ellsl Briml Durmbrr
9B]
This militiaman,
in
the Christian hall'
of
Beiru .
is
wcaring the kind
or
<lssortmelH
of
clothing
weaponry and equipment which has become
typical
oflhe
\·a.riotls militias in Lebanon. Her£', the
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lau. St .\meriC:1ll BDC camnuflage uniform is worn
wilh Israeli f:uigUl' cap, boob
and
\\l,b
~ t a r . It
is
v e r ~
difficuh to track dO\nl Ihl' oriiPns
of
all the<;(
odds
and
c n d ~ In addi tion to aid from the
I ~ r a e l i s ,
the Christians purchase a lan;e part
of
their supplics
on the open markel.
and
also make uS{ ofeaplUred
l'lIl:my
~ I ( . ) l b ,
Thc bro\\'n
Isradi
paratroop l>oob
are
also inllTl'sting: cvell Ihough
many
Lcbancse
Forces personnel were trained in Israel. f('w.
ifany,
Ix'camc parachutc qualified, Howe\·cr. as the boots
e\ ·okc 'cl ite [(,rce' SlalUS, t h e ~ haw become a
favourite amOlll{ the Phalanl;c forc( l,
The
~ 1 1 6
rifle is thc main
is..su(
\\ithin this
C h r i ~ l i a l l army,
This particular example is fim-d \\'ith a small 3·
IXlwer optical s i ~ h t . He also has a
Smilh
\\ csson
rcvolver ill a black leather holster. In Lebanon,
where ,,'{'apom
are
considered a sign of machismo.
Ihc more \\
C:l
pons ('alTkd. the
~ r c i l l c r
thc
individual s pn:stigc.
/ 3: ,\Ij/itialt/rUl, .\lajo Haddad j Sotltht m IAJarl St
.1, I ; • \ n h a / ~ u h , ]unt
1[112
This militia \ \ i \ l S l a b l i ~ h c r l in 19i6. under fornwr
Lc.'bancse
.\rmy ~ I a j .
aad Haddad . Its purpose
was to curtail PLO acti\'iIY directed against the
inhabitanlS of southern Lebanon. BOlh Christians
and
~ I o s k m s joined, a lthough Ihc
l'ommand
slruc\llr<; n:lll:linl-d pn.'(lominalllly Chrisli:lll,
~ l a j ,
Haddad
immediately allied himself with the
Isradis, and
m i l i t a r ~
co-operation bet\\ 'een them
flourished: his forces were
~ u p p l i e d b ~
Israd
and
m a n ~
of
his troops rttei\'ed
t r a i l l i l l ~
at Israeli
military baSC >, In 1978. \\11 11 the IDF \\'as obliged
by polilical prl'SSure to wilhdra\\ ' frolll southern
Lebanon. the area was left
1
C:\ IFI L the C niled
Nations IllIerim Force In Lebanon. 'Iwn the 1;:\
soldiers proved
unwillill.L: or unable
to curtail
PLO
infiltration, :\Iaj.
H a d d a d ~ army
provided a buffer
p r o t e c t i l l ~ I ~ r a e r s
nonhcrIl
frOlllieN,
During the
1982 campailpl Haddad's forces took an active role
in
combat
opl r.tlioIlS :lI1d. in many cases, acted as
<;COlli
...
for a d \ a l l c i n ~ I ~ r a t l i units. This militiaman
\ H ~ a r s a basically Israeli uniform of hush hal.
r.·lliguN
and
combat boots, His C 3 m a s \\eb ~ e a r is
locally made.
and
modelled 011 the ChiCom typl ,
The fOllr main pockets accommodate a wide variety
ofriflc mal;azincs: smaller pouches:'lt each side hold
grenades. a
nclthcre
are also
SP: lCf S
for caIlH:ens.
He
is
annro
\\ilh
an ~ 1 1 6
:\12 3 rifle ~ r e n a d (
Ph l n i l Ba hir
Gema,·el
;n Chr ; , ian E a . ~ 1
Ikirul.
i\lloy 1982.
Already,
al
Ih e
age of 34. an -pf'riencll'dl Otilitian
..nd milil.i ..
commander, he had
by Ihili
l im
r U l h l l , , ~ I )
liU prelilied al l oPl Oliing Maronit.,
faClions 10 ,,,k,,
him tr
01,, I ad r o f L banon' Chris ian
com .un;I) .
IIi tal<:.r
a .ss; ....
ation
.....hil., Pr<:sid<:.n .EI<:.tt ....a s 10
ha,·
b l o o c l ~
c:onsrqu<:.nN ll fo r .11 o f
Leb.non,
In Ihis hol('_ I.k.,n
a.
a
mit;lar)'
cere .oa) ,
ht' ·e.rlO
IDF f' igu -li
....
i. b
'L.ban ,..,
ForO ·· D2mellilpr. hi s sboulder p al ch is
t h a i
o f .
command
unit o f
his
milit; (.. ., Plat DI)' I
I t
OIl
launcher eombination.
and
also carries an . \K· l i
recemly taken from a dead PI
,0
guerrilla, Thl' unit
tag i1llachcd to the l ft ep:tulcllC' is almost idC'llIical
in sl) le
IDF tags, and
i ~ ~ u e d
all milit ia
mcmocrs: thc
motif
combil1N the imat;C s
of
the
Cedar
of
Lebanon
and
a
f i ~ t
brandishinl; a
s\\ord.
E,;
~ J · r i o a Comlt/al/do.
lsi
Commal/do
Group: 1 J t ~ a a
,n,, :.), JU[
98
The Syrian
Commando
Baltalions art among the
most cffceli\'('
and
expericnced units \\ilhin lhc
Syriilll milililr}, In the riall
Army
camouflage
uniforms arc issued to cOlllmando unit.s. airborne
Iroops and cerlnin
categoriN of
political police
\\ilhin th(' Arnll 'd Fore(.., e'tablislull( IlI, This
u l d i ( r · ~
unifornl i, a Syrian
COp\ of
a Paki,t;lI1i
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c a l l 1 o u f l a ~ e suit, Pasl refcrences to it as a 8 r i t i ~ h
O P ~ d variant
arc
incorrect . His SOl'iet hdOlct has
a
doth
co\'cr in til('
~ a l l l e
material. His lX'rsonal
i (luiplllelll al-.o show..: a < ; t r o n ~ vict innucncc.
The
RPG b a ~ .
three-pocket
.\I\. .n
l11alf<lzine
pouch
and
call1ei'n arc all
of
Russian
pat terns. In
hi
tank-killer role he carries
an
RPG-; and a
havcr<;ack filled wilh RKG43:\ anti·tnnk 1-,lTi·nade-:.
IIlI l,lller rapahk of pt'llctralillll; lb5 mm
armour, He i ; also armed wilh a SO\'icl AI\.:\I
a l ~ a l l i t rifle,
H2: ~ l r o l l
T-7: 7
llIk CrnC71lOn:
lJ ko o
ra/l,..I .
}ullr
IgII
S) nan armoured
forces
bore
the
brunt
of the IOF's
t h r l l ~ t
into
the Ikka'a \'alley. and sufl(-ri'd ~ v c r d
as a ri'Sult. Comp.'lrl'd with thcir previous
lX'rformanccs the
S)rian
tank crews
did \\ e11.
tcnacioll .. s t a n d i n ~ their ~ r o l l n d
and
often
f i ~ h t i l l g with
~ r e a l
..kill. Collecti\ d}. hm\ e\'er. thq
\\ere unable 10 deal efl('Cliw'ly with Israeli armour.
and finally had
10 r l i n q u i ~
lhe anli-tank mission
LO commando
u n i l ~ and allli-lank hrlicoptt'r<;. This
T h r ~ ~ n s
o f l h ~ o r i ~ ; n a l Mulli.Nal;onal Force poR fo r
Ih e
obliplory handshake-:
PorI
ofBe;n:u, 26 A u ~ s l Ig.lI::t, From
lert 10 riSht, they
are
a French
J
RPIMa pllral .......prr, II US
Marin., and an
halian
Carabini.,ri mililary
policemaa.
NOI.,
I ha , t he Amer ic an h as n ei lh ., r
a ma :a ,;
..
.,
in
hi s
....
_ p o n
aor
I ~ , . , n amm...ul;on pouch. . . .
...,
of
Ih e
....
).
Ihl'
~ l a r i n
..
empha...
ised
Ih e
' aon_nfron,:u .ional ' nalure
of
Ih.,;r
oriSinal
m;s ion. N...
ilh.,r
of Ih e oth.,r
.,..a
senls see.ms 10
h a ~ · e
follo . .·ed.
suil;
1hl' halian
MP
ii i
armed. ilh
a Berelta p;slol a
B ~ I ~
Mk
ITAL
rifl.,
and a ba)'onl'l NOI., Ih 'Army'
p , ,nlal;on orlhe
Ilal;an .,001;11.11;
.....1pau,h,
as
compared. . .i h
Ih
..
~ b r i n e
nrs ion ho
......
in
Plale 3. (IGPO)
ue\\man
\\cars
the I ~ p i c a l unifOl'Ill of
Syrian
armoured
and
mcehalli<;t d I r o o p ~ in
tht'
Lebanon
campaign. Wilh Lhc black padded SO\,i{ 1
tanker's
hdl ll l·t . he Wl'ars thc tall khaki fatiglles
issuro 10
armouJ ( (1
and Ilon-t-lilc, non-plJlilical units wilhin
the
Syrian
mililary,
:\
slight ) diflCri'nt
green
uniform
is
also issued. I t i< i n t e r e s t i n ~
10
nOll· that
the
Syrian .\rmoured Corps dcx S
lIot issue fire4
r( <;istant
clothing
to an} of its uni t... The
tanker's
person.al \\'C'apon is a SOl'iet i.62 mOl Tokare\'
pistol.
£.1 . ~ I r i 1 I I Commando. 8j/1t
Brigad : 8,i ,/.
Ig
This
commando soldier. a.tlaclwd
10 l l l ~
Syria.n
f O I ( , ~ in Beirut. Wl al S tht· Syrian 'lizard-pattern'
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camoLlflag (' uniform with
~ I a n d a r d
fillig-tlc cap and
an Atlwrka n-I YP('
I-G5
fidd jackt·1. Ht> also carries
a CS-m<tde . \ : \ PRC:'-l':; radio. lI l>d Ihe S}rian
.\nny ~ i n c e Ihe endy 197ft >.
FI: PLO
PFI.P
jiuliQf/) . lIrrrilla: Dall/ollr.
]/Il/r J f 82
The Popular' Fronl fl,r the Librralion ol'PalNline is
a
pan·.\rabisi. p r o - ~ I a r x : i s l
lerrOI'
~ r O l l p
\\hich.
under
tht· it-adl'I''''hip 01'01' ( ; ( O r ~ t ·
H a b a ~ h .
Ix-camc
famo\ , in
till
19ioli fi,r a lit·ril .... ofair1;llel· h i j c k i n ~
ILS
s l I O J H ~ h o l d W;I' tht· f(mller Clu;sliall c i l ~ of
Damour. hidl il
d ( · r l ~ n d l ( l f . l l l ; l t i ( a l l ~
a ~ a i n s l
Ihe
10F ;
II
19B:2.
This .\ IUJftlmdin 'l'r('('(lom
f i ~ I H c r
gucrrilla \\(·011 a
mi lure
o f i l l d i g e n o u ~
PLO
and
S ~ r i a n u n i f o r m ,
i n c l u d i n ~ the PLO 'liLaI'd patl('rn '
lrou.-.crs and a S ~ r i a n , \ n n ~ undcr;;hirt. .
\ though
this
Oil('
i.. loos(·. hi .. J rfi f t picall} \\orn in Ihis
rashion to conCl'al idemit}. H('
is
arnwd \\ ilh an
R
re.
i round
......
turrl'd
caSlI:a1h
into a
SPOrtS b a ~ .
and, oddl} enough, an .\Illl'ricalt ,\1-16 rifle. B} an
xamin:llion of serial numbers on captur(-d
\ \ l ' apo lh . Ill(' b,r.u·li, d i ~ o \ e n d thai ll1am oflhf (
( 1 1 originall}
pan
ofAll1crican
<II
lliPltll·lll
..
tQ
a
lIdi
.\
1 01 hi
.. or.Jordall. \\
hi(
h had 'o;ollll'ho\l ' Iwen
d;\'t rted illio PI,O hamk
F :1: PI.O
ltll/H'r:
I J r m ~ l O l I ;mllr SOli lirtn
J.rbmuill.
J/IIII
gl 2
The
PLO
mark
1I C
or a
trrmcndou
\'arict} of
camouna,:,c unirorm... mal1\ tlluque to their
organisation. Thi nlan \\1 ,11 olle (lr t h : ~ e
; n d i ~ ( · 1 1 0 1 l . l pat Inn ... t U ; ~ i n a l l \ q'cn dUl ill't tht'
'Black St'ptellllx'r' e r i ~ i in
Jordan
during 19in
Thi .. t}l>C
is
lI'iuall} \HIl I l
h}
onicef :.
in'itrUCION
or
'commtllldo'
ulli
\ \i lhin tilt· PI.O. and indicat( <;
some kiml nf;'lilc ~ l < l l us. 11 i'i a1..0 \\
t : l r i l l ~
Ihe
PLO
F...,a.:h MNF IrGOlb o ( l h ~ . :nd . 'ilad Forei .. Le,&io .. P...... 'h. .
R ~ i m . u ('ii' REP) p p r.. I..
m o ~
inco W.....c 8o:inu,
Seplember 198 T l o ~ , .
. .
·
rS r f f.. .. wilh 110 ih ·..
rbad
o r
.....
Fr e
..
ch
Troup li
A i r o p o r t ~
othe
.....
th
..
,.
aro:
dro:.' <SC'd aad equippcod a i.. PI..... 10. Sc:anes i ..
o:omp ''' ' '
c:olours
wora 0 . . .. . .. ten
-houJder:
I....... ..b r pal ,h.,.,.o(c ,
5 J l m ~ c : o l o
.. rs
........
Iso marked
on 110 , rear o r ..... helmet o:o'·e.....
Th
.. , uad l i h , , ~ h o o l r r i'li a rmnl
'ilh
ch..
FR
Fl 7,5 mm
saiprr r if lr , I hr o . ~ r s eo
...
..,.
hullpup-<o..
r. ....
n1
5-56 mm
FAMAS
FI
riDes..
(IGPO)
13
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copy of the ChiCom :-\,, -_,
i
chest pouch. locally
made
in
PLO
f.-l(torics and the
main
type in usc. His
I)lXII arc copies
ofth(' French I Off/ugo can\'as
hoot.
with rubher soles. His wlid red krJi.1 I1J is :llsn
supposed to indicatl' elite SlatUs. although
other
patterns
might
he worn, He
is
armed with a Sovict
i 62 nUll Dragll1l0\' S\'D sniper's rin( : very few of
the PLO received thi much-con'ted weapon,
and
many
PLO
had to resort
10 cruddy
attaching
<;nipcr·.,cope'i to
A · is.
Others
made
lise of
\\'eslern niperrines ohwined from fi'iendly Arab
states
or p u r c h < l ~ e d
from
arms
dC<lkrs ill'Ound the
world. This mall has added a
~ m a l l
Paleslillian nag
to his web gear, also a common praClice,
Fj: OjJim. PI.O:
11 rJ
B,il /Il. :lugliJI
19/12
This Qflid commander I
ofa
PLO unit
o p ( r a t i n ~
in
Ihe
a p p r o a ( h e ~
to the Lehanese
capital is wcaring
Iraqi combat
fatigues, possibly
indicating
that he
lx-Iong<: to the Arah Liberation Front ALF, a
Baghdad-hased separatist PLO faction. Like
many
PLO
OffiClTS. he wears a red hcret with
PLO badge.
an cagle
wi
th the Pa Icstinian colours on its chest and
th('
,\rabic
word for' Pak'stinc' below. His k1i rah is
worll a scarf. a cOlllmon prnct icc
among PLO
flghtc'r , He
is
armcd with a Czech CZ :
i 62
rmll
p i ~ 1 0 1 and till' Hungarian vcr..ion oftbl; AK-.Ji. the
.\ ID-65. ('asily idcllli fled by its folding
~ t o c k ,
flash
hider, forward pistol grip and shorlcl1('d b:ll'rel.
The
Karl Zeiss field glasses show that the PtO can
afford to purchas('
till
nor)' best l'quipmClll offcf('d
for sale on the intcrnational
.mns
market.
PI,a (PFI.I (;C)
, /idTil/a . h
1\11 1
/lriwull : ,\ it/rlll,
J/II//
Jsl12
One of
the 'regular' PtO formations established by
YassCJ
Arafat in
laiC
1981, Ihe K<lstd Brigadl..' was
made
up of
persollllel from all the ariOtls PtO
factions. Among the contributurs was
thl.
Popular
From
for tht· Liberation
of
Palestine/Gellcral
Command,
a pro-:\lnrxist t( ITOI group with
about
t,5°° fighu.:rs. Thi;Y achic,'cd their status within thc
PLO
by a series ofattacks inside Israel. ofwhich the
most important wcre those on a school bus in
rgio
and against a ll11rseryschool at :\Ia 'alot in
t9i4.1n
1982, al Sidon. they conducted a , i<:ioLls six·day
defcnce of the Ein cI Hil,,'('h refugee camp againsl
lhe IDF,
holding
Iheir
own cidlians
as hostages ,l1ld
forcin,g: thc Israelis to Ikt ' the cam p hOllse by hOllse.
Thisjrr , mf/ is wcaring' a locally·produccd Cl>py of
an Egyptian paratroop uniform with a
PLO
AK-+i
chtst pouch, He
is
arnlt'd ag-ainst all C 'Clltllalities
with a Polish K-DG).I-60 assault rinc filled \\'ilh
a
1.0.\'-,
gn' lladc launcher
lor
PG:\-Go ant i
tank grl'nadC'$, and all
S.\-i
allli·aircr<lli llliSl'ik
laurlCher,
G :J:
Jloumbifoufl
.\lililimlllll/:
l l r ~ /
B/ iml,
Srl rmher
1,r;8:
The
.\Io/lmhifO/l1/
u a r d i a n ~ or 'Sa,'iours'
in
Ambic <lrc
a leftist :\ luslim mililia whose
main
base
of po\\ cr li 6 within the imllledia tc Beirut area,
H9ping for a :\larxist Arab
state in
L.ebanon, they
ha,·c I)( cn i11\·olvcd in
t:,ctiOll<l1
fiA'hting against
Christi<lll and gonTnmclIl forces lor more than tell
years, They arc \\,t'll
armed
by til(' 5yri;l,ns
and
Liby<l,
and,
as militias in
Lebanon,
they arc well
organisC'd
and
highly disciplined,
During
the
9i i6
Civil \\ 'ar and Ih( t lfb Isradi irwasioll
t h c ~
fought alongside the
PLO. T h i ~
,I/rlllqf/ti/l
fighter) W('ars a Syrian
'lizard paltern'
uniform
and a rcd·pail1ted 50\'1(,t helmct be<lring the i\r<lbic
wurd ·.l/oumbifou/I , He
is armed
with 7,62
mm
Tok<lre\' pistol. an RPG-7 <lnd a slung
WCSI
German Heckler
Koch G3A3 rine, It
is
unclear
how much or Ihe militias' weaponry was aClUally
obt<lined, bllt
it is s: to aSsutllC th<lt
the West
German r i n l ~
was originally pan
or
weapons
shipmcTLt 10 '01111' i\lidcllc E<lSlern
e O l l n t r ~ :
or was
purchased 011
the
international arms market
using
funds prO\'ided
one of
rhe
oil-producing
Arah
states,
(, :;: Dru:: r
.\lililiallloll: _ 1 I ~ , F f / J r l l f / ~ l
IgIJ 1
The DrllZl' sect. li\'ing' in tlw Shour mountains
or
Lebanon o\Trlooking Beirut. arc long-term ,·c\
crallS
or tl1(
political in-fighting which COllStlllneS
Leb;IIl('sl' politic<:, During the Israeli i,wasiOIl the
Dnlze remained
neLLlral:
but
whe11
Amin GCll1ayci
rcfuscd to grant
them
and their ll'ader. \\'alid
JumblatL
the expcCled political rl'l)rcscl1tation.thc
Druzc fought the Lebal'1('st: Army <lnd bter the
Amnican ~ I a r i n e s at
Beil'ut Airpor t. which lay
di rect ly below their positions in the mountains,
This Druzc machine gunner wcars a Pakistani
eamounag'C' uniform,
alw
used by Syrian forces <lmt,
strangely tllollgh, by
certain
units of the
Christian
'Lebancse Forccs', It
is
i llt l' l'esting to nOtc that the
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rll7.(' militia \\'orc n \ Olriel)
of
bailie d r c ~ s ,
011 \\ hom they wert allied
10
and what
her arllled Corn's Ilcre' ( l c C L I p y i l l ~ tlH'ir t ( · r r i t o r ~ .
r ( xampk. it \ l a ~ commnll III
t
tlwm II
caring
aeli \\iIHl'r
parkas
\nH.Ticall
BOC
..
and
S ~ T i a n
and helmets. Th( \\'oollen c:tp.
hCJ\\('w·r. is
10 Dru'l.('
throughoul the
.\Iiddlf' East.
he
lllall :trilled with a So\i( 't R PI) L:\1(;
,1Ild ; t i l
\ In('ricall .18
~ n l l
h-no:.('
I ( \ oh
cr lucked in belt.
:
F,tf/(h \/,m1/r
P(lrt/II/lfl I.
j NI cw/iI//I'amdlll/il((
r/' II alllmt rtf
.llaTlllf:
.11. \
·
IJI/rllt.
Ot/ob
HA1
cOlllrihUlion 10
the-
.\Iuhi-Xational Force
s dra\\11 from 'ilHe-n'rlHion'
llnih of
her 3 1 ~ 1
and
Qlh
.\Iarille'
and
Illh
Parachull
\1ll1)Jll{ Ilu 1.
\\ tlu' l R PI
.\1,1. 0111 of
A L , ~ i o n .......... roo
..
~ r r l i < l n
l CO
wilh Isnt l; ~ o l d j ..
rs
during lh r Pl.O ,,r lion,
s.
..I ,b r 9112. Th , Isra ..li .. .
ajor
~ · e r
th e new-slyle
f,u
is hu
..nd .. r r ; s . .. . :\1_,6. Hili IDF
..a lal is war . . , , >o\'e Ih e l fl I>o kel, Th .. I s;onnll; .. is
a .. ,cod wilh II FAMAS FI an d ,arr;u a
TR_PP_.
· 8 radio.
(11\loD)
Ihcorigillalllllil\s<'llt 10 Beirut in . \ l l ~ U S I 1982.lh(')
wcre ~ c f \ i l l g thcrt'
a ~ a i n
in Onohel 1983. In
g(·nnal. Iht' French hrought 11
..
\
nai, el( 10
their
:\ IXF dUlies Iha
some' or Ihe OIhel' contin,g-ellls. the
3
RPI:\la
in particular:.15 year., 1>I.:fol ( t h c ~ had
been ('.01.
Bigeal d\
I e ~ l n d i l l :3 RPe Colonial
ParachutC R C , ~ i m ( , l l I
of
Ihe .\ll{erian
\\ ar. and
l h r ~
had had ~ { , \ C r i d lattr 1>O Ilil1l..... IO.HriCil and lhl'
.\Iiddlc
E a ~ 1 . A l l l o n ~
\ \ a ~ a dililcull
tOll \\ith
eXIFl1.
in
It)jR
d l l r i n ~
\\l1ich
the\
10\1.
among
othcr;;. Ihcir ( olond hndh \\oullc t-ci in a PI.O
l l
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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US M. .. .
i n n
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a
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.\1.\ 1 .
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I h l l ~ cOlllribulcd til(' lan,:e't nllmb('l
of
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,h e .\1:'\1- '1I 1le-
nint'
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lieri.
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\ .1\
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.\ arco' .\brinc batlalinn. ,ho\\l1 hel'(', T h ( ' ~ \ \ 1
. I i ~ n e d
ICI t
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a
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il.1
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f
talitil''i,
Italian .\l.trim·, and par ,, ' \ \01 (
the
eharacteri,,·
tie Italian (,illllouflage dothin((:
the I
leI' Lilli
I Jh
e
rlrah l ' l ( ' a r l ~ ( ' a r \ ari('( from unit to unit.
including
Ih(' red Ix'rel of Ih('
paralroopl' :
lilt
h l l l e - l a ~ , c I l t - d r('eI
fel'
of
till' lk ....
a ~ l i ( ' r i
\\ hu al-.o
\\ore-
\\hiu ·pailllcd .\locl.:n helm('h
\\ilh a plullll
nfrlark t,:n'l'll
n'lCbl('r
f('athen. on thC
r i ~ h t
it (' : anrl
hlaC'k
;1Ile
midnil.: hl
blur h('rN'
\\ ilh \ari(IU hranC'h
h a e ~ ( ' < ; .
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.lmhor-anrl-rifll'S harley. Ill'
ha,
laiel
a ~ i d ( ' hi,
( , ; l I n ( ) U f l . l ~ I ' i.lckc'l
fiJI
a p I,' khaki
..bin.
\ Iorn \li lh
thl' 1I11il \ Iwl ;lnd \ c110\\ eire :.carC
The
shin
bear
.
111( Ilali,tll nation:tl ar of
S ; : \ \ o ~ '
Oil till' collar
point:.: a
~ t l 1 0 \ \
and
l (. <1
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.\1,lrk· IIllil
c l(-<;I
palch: :1Ile
a 1I:tlional
arm ..hidd
Ix'culiar
10
Ihi
unil. andllHI
1>I:'I'haps
tl f : ' \ a \ ~ oril{in
lhe
Olhcr
unib \\OJ'(' .1
..Il.lllo\\ tricolour n.lsh
Ollt
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dlo\\.
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I)
mm Ikret l:l ~ I l .
S.\IG,
;1I1r1
his
\ \ ( ' b b i l l ~ is limitcd 10 an .\rnl 'l 'i tan .\1 l ljG piqol
Iwlt 131 i l i ~ h f i r local p a l l l ' l ' I l ~ \lcrc . L 1 ~ u seell
The
I
talialh 'l'I'm
10
haw
b('(,ll
shon o f
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( 11 II
hi I l ~ .
and
phOllh .,110\\ <;lIme paratrOOpCl' \ \ l ' a r i l l , ~ IDF
parka ',
7/21/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #165 Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 (1985) OCR 8.12
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fl3: CS
,\1(1rinf ,
lh .IJ.Jt': .\1 \ I BfUIit Odob
1y83
he :\lal'illl ,\Il1l'l'i.,;t , . 'n l 10 1.I'h;1I11111
\ I N f
pnwirkd
11\ [1\1. :\l.lrilu'
.\mphihinu
L·llit
a ~ ~ i - { l l t ' d il\ rntatilJll 10 the ,\Iedih'r ;Itl('an ,\m
p h i b i o t l ~ R t ' a d ~ Croup : \ IARG, Sixth L'S Fleet:
th e uni15
Ilel e
3:.md lat('r, '.l ,md :\I.\L and '141h
:\I.\L',
E ; H ~ h
in
turn
\\a,
built
around
a
Banalion
Landing
Team
of the thh
:\Iarine
Regimt'lIt,
OUI
of
the . nd :\larine
D i l ' i ~ i ( l n
at Caml> Lejeune BLTs
'18 and
I
8, n p < ' ( ' t i n ' I ~ , .
ph
:\I.\L
\ \ a ~
on
d l l 1 ~
n
23 Oetnb(''r I98J and BI,T 1 8:.ufl(,(t-d mosl of
Ihe 241
L S Ihta1itic:.,
, \ t
Ihe lime of Ihe Beirut
d c p l o ~
ment, :\ (arillt,
u n i f b r l l l ~
and t'quipllwllI \1
C(C
in a pt'riod of t r a l \ ~ i l i c m .
This
M ' r ~ c a n t \\ca ,
til{'
lder
'\\ oodkllld'
c a l l 1 o u r l a ~ t '
unifonll nO\I I ) ( i t l ~
phaS('d 111: mack of loOo ( olton, il \las in rhCI
' 001('1'
and
nllJl ('
(' omforlahlt·
Ihall
its su(' ('(
-.or.
the
'Baltkdn '\-, L niform'
or
BDL , Tht' ne\\ PASGT
Personal ,\1'0101' S ~ , l c m ,
Ground
Troop:. pro
t( Clivt' \(
1 I\a, a ( ~ j l l ~ t r t ' J > l a d n ~
Ilw nlckr
:\1195.'>
typc. :\laclc of t \ lar, il om'l..,
pmtl'( l ion
ag-ain't
bOlh
~ h r a p l l l ' 1
and h i ~ h , r 1 O C i l ~ projt.'Clile-., TIlt
er o: eant's r:lllk i n ~ i ~ n i a , a lllt'wl pin-on dc , in',
i,
worn 011
Iht·
The
P,\5GT
tt'lll a l ~ illdudt'
tht'
G ( n n a n k · ( o o k i n ~ bnlli,lic hrlml'l dllhlx'd'th,'
Fritz : but.
to<l;cq>t
for Omt' E m b : , , ~ Guards at Iht
\cry
end.
Ihe
:\Iarin(
{' (lIltilli;:CIlt
\\ore
Ihe
r.'lmiliar
~ t ( ' d
hc,II11('1.
I\ith '\\'o,)(llancl n m o u n ~
'O\'cr,
~ h O \ \ 1 1
ht'l't \\ eb ~ l ' a r
I: Ihe ne\\
n ~ l o l l
ALICE 1)1)('
',\ll-pul'lx 't,
Lil{hl\\cight. In
ividual Comb:1l Equipn1l'IlI', Either black
Icather
combat
I X J O I ~
01'
the \ ' i t ' l n a n H ~
pl' junr.;:1e
bOOl 'could lJt' \\ Ol'll
,
Tht, R e m i l l ~ 1 ( l 1 1 8 7 0 riot
g lll1
I:
i:.stwd
for SOIlH
,pl'cial purp0 >e, lilt' :\Inrint'
Corps.
II
TI oo/ / / ,
IJI
Tit
Q l f f1 l }
J r t l l ~ J I l I
(, I/mt l:
HRITFORI,EIJ,
I:Jril ul, Orlllb 1983
A
COmpan)4:-izt'd B l ' i l i ~ h
e o n t i l l ~ c n t s(' \,cd
with the
:\I:\F from
F t b l ' u ( l f ~
1C)8:{ to Fehnlnr) tQ84'
The
ril{illal ullit II,' C Stln .. Q,tJC, l'l'pt\t l'd li'OIn
,
ltali>uo r . l so r ..'
p r l I , r _ ~ r d i , , r m ; 5
am i ......
U r
Lb.. S..brll
a ..dSh .. ,i l.. p .. I.. ,;..ia..
camp1'.
H ......... ro; ..
dar
rN lM- i, h
,10
..
p
.... r _ ~ I f i ....
in5N p
....
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a ..d . .
'on bad :
.., ....
,,:;ili.... pall ..
rn CIImouOaJl:' r.. , iJ;UH
( cr , P I..
,.. H:z).
~
h:o\..
p..
ddrd , ; ..
rOrffm
..
a ~ h . u l d ..r
an d
k n ~ a nd_o f
pp n 'nl
h , r_ i sh ,
.. i g ,;,....1''' '10
'10
.. .. Aga;.. , nO'
~ r n a t l r C l a . ~ u l a r
n
. . . .
u....1 ft
h
b) '
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..
'S a ..
Marco' Mari
..,;.
, \ U l : \ : U ~ 1
10
Den'mbt
...
, \ ,
Ill ..
and
fmlll
111('n
mllil
final \\ithdra\\al a ,quadron
or 16111
5th TIll
QUl'el1\
R o ~ ; t l I.anl'( r , ,\11
IIC' t' ('{Iuippt d
\\ith
aillique Ft-rrt'l
armnut'\'d
C.lf ', QlI:ll lcl t'd in n
buildim:- in 'cltlth-ea'l lit'inll. thl Briti h
\ \ I T
the
o n l ~ :\I:\F t'utllitlqt'/It
110t
to 'uffe ca:-ualtil's in
Lcbal1on. Although in Sept em
her
1 9 H : ~ , tht'
nUlllht'r of
'\\'ild l'oUI1(h' ,triki l1l{
tlll'ir
(,xpOSt'd
billel led the BR ITFOR I,EB ctltll1l1:l11dt't . a
paratt'llo >et', tn
\ ' i ~ o l ' o l l , l ) I'l'(IUhl
I
more alti\l '
~ t a l 1 C ( '
l()l'
hi
Ull t t',
Thi
QDG
troop,'r
\I ..
a
midnight
blm' bert't \\ith , i u' l ' dnublc'-lU'adt'd
( a ~ k had ;t', ,1;llJ(),lrd Bl'ililh ll'Opi(,;II.\\\'ight DP:\I
catllOltna,ql' c l O l h i n ~ , IlatiollaJ ('(llllinl:\:('lli pntch,
and :\16 ) n 1k \C
t
\\ilh
Bl'iti h 'filth
pattern'
<:O\ cr.
I ;
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