other blood group systems
DESCRIPTION
Other Blood Group Systems. Introduction. For each blood group system you MUST know : Antigen development, if important. Antibody class usually involved. Phase of reactivity in in-vitro tests. Clinical significance. Whether donor units must be antigen negative. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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1BB. MLT309. 2013-2014.Lec.6.Mr. Waggas
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Other Blood Group Systems
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Introduction For each blood group system you MUST
know: Antigen development, if important. Antibody class usually involved. Phase of reactivity in in-vitro tests. Clinical significance. Whether donor units must be antigen negative. Any unique characteristics of the blood group
antigens and/or antibodies.
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Major Blood Group Systems Lewis I P MNSs Kell Kidd Duffy
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Systems that Produce Cold-
Reacting Antibodies
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Lewis System (ISBT 007) Major antigens Lea and Leb , they are
glycoproteins Antigens ARE NOT intrinsic to RBCs but
are absorbed from the plasma and inserted into RBC membrane.
Genetic control reside in single gene “Le” Amorph le, if homozygous will not have Lewis
antigens Lea formed first, then modified to form Leb
Lewis phenotype of RBC can be changed by incubating with plasma containing Lea or Leb glycoplipid.
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Lewis System Lewis antigens in infants
Antigens absent or extremely weak at birth Expression of Leb is gradual
Birth Le (a-b-) 2 months Le(a+b-) 12 to 18 months Le(a+b+) 2 to 3 years Le (a-b+)
Lewis antigens cannot be used for paternity testing on infants. Why?
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Lewis Antigens and Pregnancy Antigen strength may decline dramatically
during pregnancy. Transiently Le (a-b-) may produce Lewis
antibodies during pregnancy. Antigens return after delivery and
antibodies disappear.
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Interaction of Le, Se and H Genes The le, h and se genes are amorphs and
produce no detectable products. lele will not have Lewis antigens, but if Se
present will have A, B and H in secretions Genotype se/se and have one Lewis gene
will have Lea in their secretions but no A, B or H.
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Lewis Antibodies Naturally occurring, NOT clinically significant Almost always IgM
React most often at RT Agglutination relatively fragile, easily dispersed May cause ABO discrepancy if reverse cells
have Lewis antigen. Occur almost exclusively in Le (a-b-) and
production of anti-Lea AND –Leb not unusual Anti-Lea frequently encountered, anti-Leb rarely
encountered.
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Lewis Antibodies Although most react at RT reactivity may be
seen at 37C, but is weaker and may be weakly reactive at AHG
Can bind complement and cause IN-VITRO hemolysis, most often with enzyme treated cells
Antibodies NOT implicated in HDFN – TWO REASONS
Antibodies are IgM and Antigens are poorly developed at birth
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I Blood Group (ISBT 027) Antigens are I or I Newborns have i antigen Adults have I antigen i antigen converts to I as the child matures
at about 18 months
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I antibodies Are IgM, naturally occurring auto-
agglutinins with low thermal range. They are not clinically significant unless
they react above 30oC. Can attach complement (no hemolysis unless it
reacts at 37°) Enzymes can enhance detection
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I antibodies Anti-I often occurs as anti-IH This means it will react at different
strengths with reagent cells (depending on the amount of H antigen on the RBC) O cells would have a strong reaction A cells would have a weaker reactionRemember : strength of H sub. : O > A2 > A2B > B > A1 > A1B.
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Anti-I antibodies Anti-I:
Associated as a cause of Cold Agglutinin Disease
May be secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
Anti-i: rare and is sometimes associated with
infectious mononucleosis
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P Blood Group (ISBT 003) Similar to the ABO system The most common phenotypes are P1 and
P2 P1 – consists of P1 and P antigens P2 – consists of only P antigens
Like the A2 subgroup, P2 groups can produce anti-P1
75% of adults have P1
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P1 Antigen Strength of the antigen decreases upon
storage Found in secretions like plasma and
hydatid cyst fluid Cyst of a dog tapeworm
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P antibodies Anti-P1
Naturally occurring IgM Not clinically significant Can be neutralized by hydatid cyst fluid
Anti-P Produced in individuals with paroxysmal cold
hemoglobinuria (PCH) PCH – IgG auto-anti-P attaches complement when cold
(fingers, toes). As the red cells circulate, they begin to lyse (releasing Hgb)
This PCH antibody is also called the Donath-Landsteiner antibody
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MNSs Blood System 4 important antigens (more exist):
M N S s U (ALWAYS present when S & s are inherited)
M & N located on Glycophorin A S & s and U located on Glycophorin BRemember: Glycophorin is a protein that carries many RBC antigens
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MNSs Antigens
RBC
Glycophorin A
Glycophorin B
MN
SsU
M & N only differ in their amino acid
sequence at positions 1 and 5
S & s only differ in their amino acid
sequence at position 29
….5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (NH2 end)COOH end ….. 20
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MNSs antigens Antigens are destroyed by enzymes (i.e.
ficin, papain) The U antigen is ALWAYS present when S &
s are inherited About 85% of S-s- individuals are U-
negative (RARE) U-negative cells are only found in the
Black population
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Frequency of MNSs antigens
Phenotypes Blacks (%) Whites (%)
M+ 74 78
N+ 75 72
S+ 30.5 55
s+ 94 89
U+ 99 99.9
High-incidence antigen22
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Thought….. Can a person have NO MNSs antigens?
Yes, the Mk allele produces no M, N, S, or s antigens
Frequency of 0.00064 or .064%
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Anti-M and anti-N antibodies
IgM (rarely IgG) Clinically insignificant If IgG, could be implicated in HDN (RARE) Will not react with enzyme treated cells
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Anti-S, Anti-s, and Anti-U Clinically significant IgG Can cause RBC destruction and HDN Anti-U
will react with S+ or s+ red cells Usually occurs in S-s- cells Can only give U-negative blood units found in
<1% of Black population Contact rare donor registry
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MNSs Antibody Characteristics
Antibody IgG Class Clinically significant
Anti-M IgM (rare IgG) No
Anti-N IgM No
Anti-S IgG Yes
Anti-s IgG Yes
Anti-U IgG Yes
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Systems that Produce Warm-Reacting
Antibodies
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Kell System Similar to the Rh system 2 major antigens (over 20 exist)
K (Kell), <9% of population k (cellano), >90% of population
The K and k genes are codominant alleles on chromosome 7 that code for the antigens
Well developed at birth The K antigen is very immunogenic (2nd to
the D antigen) in stimulating antibody production
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Kell antigens Kell antigens have disulfide-bonded
regions on the glycoproteins This makes them sensitive to sulfhydryl
reagents: 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) Dithiothreitol (DTT) So Kell system Ags are easily inactivated by
treating RBCs with these substances.
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Kellnull or K0
No expression of Kell antigens except a related antigen called Kx
As a result of transfusion, K0 individuals can develop anti-Ku (Ku is on RBCs that have Kell antigens)
Rare Kell negative units should be given
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Kell antibodies IgG (react well at AHG) Produced as a result of immune stimulation
(transfusion, pregnancy) Clinically significant Anti-K is most common because the K antigen
is extremely immunogenic k, Kpb, and Jsb antibodies are rare (many
individuals have these antigens and won’t develop an antibody)
The other antibodies are also rare since few donors have the antigen
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Kidd Blood Group 2 antigens
Jka and Jkb (codominant alleles)
Genotype Phenotype Whites (%) Blacks (%)JkaJka Jk(a+b-) 26.3 51.1JkaJkb Jk(a+b+ 50.3 40.8JkbJkb Jk(a-b+) 23.4 8.1JkJk Jk(a-b-) rare rare
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Kidd Antigens Well developed at birth Enhanced by enzymes Not very accessible on the RBC membrane
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Kidd antibodies Anti-Jka and Anti-Jkb
IgG Clinically significant Implicated in HTR and HDN Common cause of delayed HTR Usually appears with other antibodies when
detected
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Duffy Blood Group Predominant genes (codominant alleles):
Fya and Fyb code for antigens that are well developed at birth
Antigens are destroyed by enzymes
Phenotypes Blacks WhitesFy(a+b-) 9 17Fy(a+b+) 1 49Fy(a-b+) 22 34Fy(a-b-) 68 RARE
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Duffy antibodies IgG Do not bind complement Clinically significant Stimulated by transfusion or pregnancy
(but not a common cause of HDN) Do not react with enzyme treated RBCs
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The Duffy and Malaria Connection Most African-Americans are Fy(a-b-) Interestingly, certain malarial parasites
(Plasmodium knowlesi and P. vivax) will not invade Fya and Fyb negative cells
It seems either Fya or Fyb are needed for the merozoite to attach to the red cell
The Fy(a-b-) phenotype is found frequently in West and Central Africans, supporting the theory of selective evolution
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Other Blood Group Antigens…
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Lutheran Blood Group System 2 codominant alleles: Lua and Lub
Weakly expressed on cord blood cells Most individuals (92%) have the Lub
antigen, Lu(a-b+) The Lu(a-b-) phenotype is RARE
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Lutheran antibodies Anti-Lua
IgM and IgG Not clinically significant Reacts at room temperature Mild HDN Naturally occurring or immune stimulated
Anti-Lub
Rare because Lub is high incidence antigen IgG Associated with transfusion reactions (rare HDN)
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Cold Antibodies (IgM) Anti-Lea
Anti-Leb
Anti-I Anti-P1 Anti-M Anti-A, -B, -H Anti-N
LIiPMABHNNaturally Occurring 41BB. MLT309. 2013-2014.Lec.6.Mr. Waggas
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Warm antibodies (IgG)
Rh Kell Duffy Kidd S,s U
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Remember enzyme activity:
Enhanced by enzymes
Destroyed by enzymes
KiddRh
LewisIP
Fya and Fyb M, NS, s
Papain, bromelin, ficin, and trypsin
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Thanks
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