Sri Renugambal college of architecture | Semester IV | Building materials IVOther materials

Sri Renugambal college of architecture | Semester IV | Building materials IVOther material - An introduction

Other material Other material An introductionWhat is meant by light roofing material ?

Roofing systems that can meet energy efficiency and longevity standards as also impose lesser load on the structure are becoming popular among owners and designers alike.The wide choice of light weight materials available for roofing a building, ranging from metal, plastic and fabric to innovative thatch & tiles and newer forms of solar roof covering.ADVANTAGES:Quick fixing Lowest weight,strong and easy to erect Minimal maintenanceHigh durability UV-resistantThermal efficiencyPreferable for short and long span structureFire safety and weather-resistantMore aesthetic valueWithstand in seismic activityEco-friendlyMostly Reusable and recyclableTraditionally the building industry believes that heavy is good and safer. However, this notion is changing.

Other material Other materiallight roofing material

Other material Corrugated GI Sheets (CGI) An introductionCorrugated Galvanised ironor steel is a building material composed of sheets of hot dip galvanished mild steel, cold rolled to produce a linear corrugated pattern in them. The corrugations increase the bending strength of the sheet in the direction perpendicular to the corrugations, but not parallel to them.

Normally each sheet is manufactured longer in its strong direction.CGI is lightweight and easily transported.

It was and still is widely used especially in rural and military buildings such as sheds and water tanks.

Its unique properties were used in the development of countries like Australiafrom the 1840s, and it is still helping developing countriestoday

Other material Corrugated GI SheetsManufacturing :

Today the corrugation process is carried out using the process of roll forming.

This modern process is highly automated to achieve high productivity and low costs associated with labour.

In the corrugation processsteel metal is pulled off huge rolls and through rolling dies that form the corrugation.

After the sheet metal passes through the rollers it is automatically sheared off at a desired length.

The standard shape of corrugated material is the round wavy style, but can be easily modified to a variety of shapes and sizes by simply changing the dies.

Other material Corrugated GI Sheetsrolling dies

Other material Corrugated GI SheetsSIZES:

Common sizes of corrugated material can range from a very thin 30 gauge (.012inches = 0.305mm) to a relatively thick 6 gauge (.1943inches = 4.94mm).

Thicker or thinner gauges may also be produced.

Other materials such as plasticand fiber glassare also given the corrugated look.

Many applications are available for these products including using them with metal sheets to allow light to penetrate below.

Other material Corrugated GI SheetsPitch and depth :

The corrugations are described in terms of pitch (the distance between two crests) and depth (the height from the top of a crest to the bottom of a trough).

It is important for the pitch and depth to be quite uniform, in order for the sheets to be easily stackable for transport, and to overlap neatly when making a join.

Pitches have ranged from 25mm (1inch) to 125mm (5inches).

It was once common for CGI used for vertical walls to have a shorter pitch and depth than roofing CGI.

This shorter pitched material was sometimes called "rippled" instead of "corrugated". However nowadays, nearly all CGI produced has the same pitch of 3inches (76mm).

(76mm).

Other material Corrugated GI Sheets

Other material Corrugated GI SheetsProperty :

Sharp and shiny Echoes from adjacent corrugationsInhibits the corrosionThermal conductor

Other material Corrugated GI SheetsADVANTAGES:

Low cost Galvanizing is lower in first cost than many other commonly specified protective coatings for steel.Less maintenance cost GI sheets are virtually maintenance free and last longer.Long life -The life expectancy of GI sheets is quite high in rural, urban and coastal environments.Reliability.Galvanizing isusually carriedout as per standards and minimum coating thicknesses are applied. Coating life and performance are reliable and predictable.Toughest coating A galvanized coating has a unique metallurgical structure which gives outstanding resistance to mechanical damage in transport, erection and service.Automatic protection for damaged areas Galvanized coatings corrode preferentially to steel, providing cathodic or sacrificial protection to small areas of steel exposed through damage. Unlike organic coatings, small damaged areas need no touch up.

Complete protection Every part of a galvanized iron sheet isprotected.

Ease of inspection Galvanized coating is assessed readily by eye, and simple non-destructive thickness testing methods can be used.

Galvanizing process is not dependent on weather conditions.

The surface of GI sheet is aesthetically pleasing

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introductionPPGIis pre-painted galavanised iron, also known as pre-coated steel, coil coated steel, color coated steel etc., typically with a hot dip zinc coated steel substrate.

The term is an extension of GI which is a traditional abbreviation for Galvanised Iron. Today the term GI typically refers to essentially pure zinc (>99%) continuously hot dip coated steel, as opposed to batch dip processes.

PPGI refers to factory pre-painted zinc coated steel, where the steel is painted before forming, as opposed to post painting which occurs after forming.

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introductionThe hot dip metallic coating process is also used to manufacture steel sheet and coil with coatings of aluminium, or alloy coatings of zinc/aluminium, zinc/iron and zinc/aluminium/magnesium which may also be factory pre-painted.

While GI may sometimes be used as a collective term for various hot dip metallic coated steels, it more precisely refers only to zinc coated steel.

Similarly, PPGI may sometimes be used as a general term for a range of metallic coated steels that have been pre-painted, but more often refers more precisely to pre-painted zinc coated steel.

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introductionZinc coated steel substrate for PPGI is typically produced on a continuous galvanising line (CGL).

The CGL may include a painting section after the hot dip galvanising section, or more commonly the metallic coated substrate in coil form is processed on a separate continuous paint line (CPL).

Metallic coated steel is cleaned, pre-treated, applied with various layers of organic coatings which can be paints, vinyl dispersions, or laminates.

The continuous process used to apply these coatings is often referred to as Coil Coating.

The steel thus produced in this process is a prepainted, prefinished and ready for further processing into finished products or components. to use material. The coil coating process may be used for other substrates such as aluminum, or aluminum, stainless steel or alloy coated steel other than "pure" zinc coated steel.

However, only "pure" zinc coated steel is typically referred to as PPGI. For example PPGL may be used for pre-painted 55%Al/Zn alloy-coated steel (pre-painted GALVALUME(r) steel*)

Over 10 million tons of such coated steel is produced today in over 300 coating lines all over the world.

Other material PCM- (Pre- coated metal ) sheets An introduction

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introduction

Other material Pre- coated metal sheetsARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL

Other material Pre- coated metal sheetsARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL

Other material Pre- coated metal sheetsARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL

Other material Pre- coated metal sheetsARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL Poly vinylidene fluoridecoating

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introductionARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL

Other material Pre- coated metal sheets An introduction

Other material Polycarbonate An introductionPOLYCARBONATE:

it is a modern plastic which is clear as glass and high impact strength.

It can replace glass and also available in various shades.

Vandal-proofing glazing for tall buildings becomes a possibility with this material.

They are used for railway station platform covering, shop windows and as a cover for paintings.

Polycarbide is 250 times tougher than glass so used for bulletproof protection in vehicles and podiums.

Other material PolycarbonateThe general properties can be summarized as follows: excellent physical propertiesexcellent toughnessvery good heat resistancefair chemical resistancetransparentmoderate to high pricefair processing

ADVANTAGE:

One of the biggest advantages of polycarbonate is its impact strength. The following diagram compares the impact strength of polycarbonate to other commonly sold plasticsDISADVANTAGE:

It has only fair chemical resistance and is attacked by many organic solvents. It is also fairly expensive compared to other plastics.

It has been as much as double the price of ABS. In applications where lower heat and impact are needed, ABS can be quite a bargain compared to polycarbonate

Other material PolycarbonatePolycarbonate sheet fixing

Other material PolycarbonatePolycarbonate sheet fixing

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS1. ADHESIVESADHESIVESSILANE

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS1. ADHESIVES

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS1. ADHESIVES

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSPROPERTYCohesive strength : Adhesive should have more cohesive strength than either of the surfaces being held together. Usually the adhesive becomes more brittle as its cohesive strength is increased.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSPROPERTY

Adherence: For an adhesive to hold two surfaces together the former should form a strong bond at each of the interfaces between the surface and the adhesive, and the adhesive must have strong cohesive strength. Since adhesive failure occurs in the weakest bond, failure can occur at either interface, as also for cohesive failure. Failure may also occur inside the adhesive itself. In practice the bond failure at the interface is rare. Regardless of the quality of the adhesive clean surfaces are necessary to get the best results.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSPROPERTYFluidity:

When the liquids are stirred, they become temporarily more fluid because of alignment of their tiny crystals. The fluid thickens as soon as stirring is stopped. This property, called thixotropy of adhesives and paints helps to prevent a sag or run when these coatings are applied on vertical surfaces. If the viscosity of a liquid increases with the shear stress of stirring, it is called dilatency. Since the viscosity decreases with increase in temperature, an adhesive should be applied while hot.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSPROPERTY Wettability :

Adhesive must wet the surface thoroughly as it spreads. It must be able to flow into the surface crevices displacing dirt, moisture, and trapped air. For this purpose the surface tension of adhesive can be lowered by adding a surfactant wetting agent..........................

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSTypes of adhesives :Following are the types of adhesives in use organic solvent thinned adhesives are applied to each of the two surfaces and the solvent is allowed to escape before the two surfaces are put together. Solvents are classified as active and nonpolar, e.g., ethyl acetate, methyl ketone, and poor and polar such as aliphatic paint thinner.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSTypes of adhesives : Latex adhesives:are natural or synthetic rubber or vinyl copolymers. These water-dispersed or latex adhesives contain, elastomeric film former, emulsifiers, thickeners, and antifoaming agents. The examples of synthetic rubber-based adhesives are styrene butadiene and neoprene

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSTypes of adhesives :Water dispersed adhesives : depend on natural materials for bonding. The bond of these can be destroyed by soaking in water. The examples are glue made by hydrolysis of collagen extracted from skin and bones of fish and animals. Natural adhesives are casein and soybean used in wood working industry. Dextrin adhesives are made from starch for use with paper products

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERSTypes of adhesives : Two package adhesives

In this type of adhesive solvent is not required.

The examples are epoxy adhesives. These are made by using a low-molecular-weight partially polymerised polymer.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS2.SEALANTS:Characteristics of sealants: - Typically made of synthetic elastomeric materials. - May be single-component (no mixing required), or multi component (mixing required). - Good adhesion - Good cohesion - Good elasticity - Good weathering characteristics - Common types of sealants include silicone, polyurethane, polysulfide, acrylic, latex and butyl-based. Sealants are commonly used in joints between individual stone or metal panels, between stone panels and flashing, at expansion and coping joints in masonry, around window and door openings, and in joints at horizontal surfaces

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS2.SEALANTS:Different types of sealants: Polysulfide sealants First widely used elastomeric sealant.

Silicone sealants were also used for structural joints in storefronts in place of mullions;

Butyl sealants Available in construction

Acrylic sealantsTypically used in small-scale construction under conditions requiring limited movement.

Other material ADHESIVES, SEALANTS AND JOINT FILLERS2.SEALANTS:TYPICAL USES

Urethane sealants Typically used for porous surfaces with a high factor of movement such as cladding joints. Latex sealants: typically used in light building construction and residential construction under conditions requiring limited movement.

Isobutyl-based sealants: Typically used for glazing joints.

Materials For Flooring FinishesEpoxy FlooringThese are single component systems that are faster drying, more durable and lighter in color than the phenol type seals. They have less of a tendency to darken, and possess good chemical resistance. They are somewhat more difficult to apply.The catalyzed epoxies are two component systems. They have a relatively short pot life. Once the two components are mixed, the seal must be used before it hardens in the container. They are more costly than the single component types.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Epoxy Floors DurabilityEpoxy floors are a durable choice for a concrete floor in a garage or basement. In a garage that you use for parking, the vehicle can create problems for the material you choose for the floor. The hot tires from a car can cause paint to peel, but epoxy floors can withstand automobile damage. Epoxy floors resist peeling, cracking and stains.

Adherence ProblemsThe material does not adhere well in a moist environment such as a basement. If the basement floor is dried and prepared in advance of the epoxy application, you can avoid the adherence problems.Applying epoxy in a damp environment on a moist floor causes the epoxy paint to lift off the floor. In addition, you must clean the floor thoroughly before applying epoxy to avoid adherence issues.

Cost EffectiveEpoxy kits are a cost-effective method to create an attractive floor on a concrete surface. Applying an epoxy floor is a do-it-yourself project, which cuts the cost of professional installers. Processes such as concrete staining or stenciling can be difficult and requires the services of a professional, which adds to the cost of the floor.

Application TimeThe application of an epoxy floor can be time consuming. You must clean and prepare the floor before applying the material to the concrete. The first coat of epoxy must dry completely before adding the next coat.

Variety of StylesEpoxy floors come in a wide variety of colors and styles. You can also customize the appearance by adding paint flakes and chips that create a flecked look to the floor. The variety of colors gives you the ability to create your own designs such as a checkerboard or diamond pattern on the floor.

Slippery SurfaceThe epoxy floor paints can be very slippery when it is wet. In an area that may be prone to spills or water on the floor, an epoxy floor is not a good choice. You can add texture to the floor with add in products to reduce the slippery surface. Magnesite flooring is not commonly used at the current time but was very popular for domestic applications in the period 1920 to 1940, and for Local Authority housing between 1945 and 1960. It is usually a reddish pink colour although some floors were coloured using pigments. It was commonly applied on top of concrete ground floor slabs. Magnesite flooring was made from a mixture of calcined magnesite and magnesium chloride solution with various fillers (e.g. wood flour, sawdust, asbestos). It was typically laid between 10 and 25mm thick, but two coat applications could be up to 50mm thick. Oxychloride Flooring

Magnesite floorings are very vulnerable to dampness and if there is any doubt about moisture protection, it should be replaced.

Chlorides may migrate from the magnesite into the concrete below and corrode any reinforcement or gas and water pipes.

Most magnesite floors are now coming to the end of their life, only if they can be guaranteed to remain unaffected by moisture can they be used as a screed to receive other floorings, otherwise the flooring should be replaced.

Magnesite flooring is electrically conductive and so an electrical resistance moisture meter will give a full scale damp reading even when the material is bone dry. Also, a small lump when held in gas flame will glow brightly, like a gas mantle at the edges

This is ideal for heavy duty machinery movements. It has excellent Load Bearing Capacity. This can be laid on any sound surface like Concrete, Metal and Wooden floor. It is long lasting and helps to overcome many problems day to day faced in the industry. Chemoxy Flooring are providing the most hi-tech chemical formulation heavy duty industrial floorings. Chemoxy Magnesium Oxychloride floorings are mineral based & chemically formulated hard and joint less monolithic floor which comprise the following considerations:

Withstanding heavy traffic movements Excellent load bearing property Does not generate dust or cracks as cement based floors Ready to for use after 24 hours for manual traffic. For achieving high strength in magnesium oxychloride flooring, other mineral based raw materials of supreme quality are added.The use of quartz adds to the strength and durability of the floorings.

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PVCPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) tilesare a commonly usedfloorfinish made frompolyvinyl chloride. Due to the small size of thetiles, usually 150mm, 225mm and 305mm, any damage can soon be repaired by replacing individual tiles.

The tiles are made of a composite of PVC and fibre, producing a thin and fairly hard tile.

PVC tiles are prone to some issues.

The glues used on self-adhesive tiles sometimes give way, causing edges to lift and get broken by foot traffic.

The surface wears, in time causing difficulty incleaning, then loss of the coloured pattern layer. Finally, a very smooth sub-floor is required to lay them on, otherwise they gradually become cut by the foot pressure above and the shallow edges below.

The main advantages of PVC tiles are low cost, ease of replacing individual tiles, and the fact that the tiles can be laid with only brief periods available.

In fact, aDyerwith assorted ten-minute slots in otherwise busy days are enough to get a floor laid gradually, and thus can avoid professional installation costs.

Resists stains, affordableSheet Vinyl6, 9, 12 foot sheetsRotogravure (r-t-gr-vyur) Top layer covered with clear coatingThin, tears easily

InlaidColored chips make designs (heat, pressure)Design all the way to backingMost durable of the vinylVinyl

VinylVinyl Tiles12 in. X 12 in.Sticky backing Place together like a puzzle

A carpetis a floor covering woven or felted from natural or man-made fibers. A fitted carpetis attached to the floor structure, extends wall-to-wall, and cannot be moved from place to place. Anunderlaywill extend carpet life and improve comfort.

Carpet

Advantages

Good carpeting can add warmth to a room, transforming a bare, cold structure into a relaxing office space or make your guests comfortable and at home.

WarmthNot only does it feel warm, carpets provide insulation. Whether it is hot or cold, carpets can help maintain the temperature and cut down on costs. While hardwood floors or tiles may look clean and stylish, they invariable allow heat or cold to radiate through the floors. Carpet retains between 10% and 12% of heat, which would otherwise be lost by a hard floor.

ColourAs well as adding colour to a room, carpet can also add class and style. Carpet sets the tone and may inspire the choice of furnishing used to create the character of your business. They can add life and create unique looks within each room. The design, colour or thickness of the carpet can really make a statement in each room.

SoundAs well as aesthetically pleasing, carpeting is the most effective floor covering for insulating sound. Carpets tend to absorb the sound and keep it isolated into specific rooms, it also cuts down on the echo effect.

HealthGravity can pull household particles like dust, pollen and dander to the floor. Due to the carpet textile structure, these particles get trapped within the carpet fibres. This reduces the amount suspended in the air by up to 50%, therefore reducing the risk of dust being inhaled.

SafetyStatistics show that fewer falls occur on carpets than on hard floors the cushions provide a softer padding if you fall, meaning falls can be less serious, especially for children and the elderly

Disadvantages

MaintenanceCarpets require high levels of maintenance, and if there is any lapse on your part to properly maintain the carpet, it will make the room look dirty and unsightly instead of warm and inviting.Sensitive to Moisture and StainsCarpeting flooring is a very sensitive flooring material. It can easily absorb spills causing a long lasting effect on carpets. Some carpets today offer stain protection, but others soil easily and sometimes permanently. Carpets are prone to mildew when used in a moist environment.DamageCarpeting is usually made of less resilient materials that other flooring types increasing its likelihood of damage. Carpet loops can easily be yanked by furniture, causing damage that is difficult to repair.HealthCarpet floors are also very hazardous to the health of people with respiratory problems. Carpet holds on dust, allergens as well as moisture. And the biggest problem with moisture is the growth of mould. This causes serious issues for people with breathing problems and allergies. Even infants who are sensitive can have lot of problems if the carpet isn't cleaned from time to time. Regular vacuuming on a regular basis is necessary.

Laying the CarpetCoat the floor with primer.Lay gripper strip.Cut a piece of tackless gripper strip the length of 1 wall with a utility knife, and attach it to the floor with masonry nails. The tack points should be facing the wall. Leave a gap the thickness of the carpet's pile between the gripper strip and the wall. This is where you will tuck the edges of the carpet during installation.Lay padding strips.Cut padding strips the length of the room, and place them side by side across the room. Glue the padding, waffled side up, with a carpet glue. Keep your rows abutted, and cover seams with duct tape. Trim any excess with a utility knife.Cut carpet to size, allowing approximately 6 inches (15.2 cm) excess all around. Place seam tape, adhesive side up, where pieces abut. Use a steam iron to activate the adhesive and join the pieces together.Lay carpet out and use a rented knee kicker to force the carpet into the far corner.Using the power stretcher, stretch the carpet across the room to the opposite wall. Hook the carpet onto the tackles strip. Continue this until the carpeting is smooth and flat.Generally, you'll work from the "far" corner of the room (farthest from the door) and work backward, out of the room.Finish the edges.Cut off excess carpet, and push carpet behind tackles strip, using a wide blade putty knife if necessary.

Fibers and yarns used in carpet Carpet can be made from many single or blendednaturalandsynthetic fibres. Fibres are chosen for durability, appearance, ease of manufacture, and cost.

NylonNylon is the most common material for construction of carpets. It can be printed easily and has excellent wear characteristics. As nylon is petroleum-based it varies in price with the price of oil.

PolypropylenePolypropyleneis used to produce carpet yarns because it is inexpensive. It is difficult to dye and does not wear as well as wool or nylon. Outdoor grass carpets are usually made from polypropylene.

Wool and wool-blendsWoolhas excellent durability, can be dyed easily and is fairly abundant. When blended with synthetic fibers such as nylon the durability of wool is increased. Blended wool yarns are extensively used in production of modern carpet, with the most common blend being 80% wool to 20% synthetic fiber, giving rise to the term "80/20". Wool is relatively expensive and consequently a small portion of the market.

PolyesterPolyester has good physical properties and is inherently stain-resistant because it is hydrophobic. Color is infused in a molten state (solution dyeing). Polyester has the disadvantage that it tends to crush or mat down easily. It is typically used in mid- to low-priced carpeting.

AcrylicAcrylic is fairly difficult to dye but is colorfast, washable and has the feel and appearance of wool making it an ideal rug fabric.

Carpet Texturescut pilesurfaces are sheared to one height or multi-levelPlush

carpet maintenance

appearance and life span of carpet depend on the way that it is maintained

keeping carpet clean is the key to good looks and increased life span

when dirt, grit or sand settles to the bottom of the pile, wears down fibers more quickly

Sri Renugambal college of architecture | Semester IV | Building materials IVEnd of lecture