other sources of information on deer

Compiled for the LEAP Deer Density and Deer Damage Estimates Workshop by Cathi Lehn, Ph.D._July 14, 2010

WHITE-TAILED DEER MANAGEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Compiled by Cathi Lehn, Ph.D., Cleveland Museum of Natural History for members of the

Lake Erie Allegheny Partnership for Biodiversity

MANAGEMENT PLANS

City of Grand Haven Urban Deer Management Plan 2008.

City of Helena Urban Deer Management Plan 2009. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Creacy, G. 2006. Deer management within suburban areas. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Austin,

Texas.

Curtis, P. D. and J. R. Boulanger. 2009. Integrated Deer Research and Management Study:

2007-2009 Progress Report. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

D’Angelo, G. J. 2009. White-tailed Deer Management Plan Robert B. Gordon Natural Area of

West Chester University, Chester County, Pennsylvania. US Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services. 26 pp.

Decker, D. J., D. B. Raik, and W. F. Siemer. 2004. Community-based deer management: A

practitioners’ guide. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

DeNicola, A. J., K. C. VerCauteren, P. D. Curtis, and S. E. Hygnstrom. 2000. Managing white-

tailed deer in suburban environments: A Technical Guide. A publication of Cornell

Cooperative Extension, the Wildlife Society–Wildlife Damage Management Working Group,

and the Northeast Wildlife Damage Research and Outreach Cooperative. Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York.

Georgia’s Urban Deer Management Plan 2009: Supplement to Georgia’s Deer Management Plan

2005-2014. Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Division.

Greater Springfield Urban Deer Action Committee (UDAC). 2007. Deer Management in the

Greater Springfield Metropolitan Area Final Report.

Kilpatrick, H. J. and A. M. LaBonte. 2007. Managing Urban Deer in Connecticut: A Guide for

Residents and Communities, 2nd

edition. Bureau of Natural Resources, Hartford, CT. 34 pp.

Latham, R. E. et al. 2005. Managing White-tailed Deer in Forest Habitat from an Ecosystem

Perspective: Pennsylvania Case Study: Report of the Deer Management Forum. Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania. 360 pp.

Montgomery County Deer Management Work Group. 1995. Comprehensive Management Plan

for White-tailed Deer in Montgomery County, Maryland: Goals, Objectives, Implementation.


Predl, S., C. Kandoth, and John Buck, eds. An Evaluation of Deer Management Options.

Northeast Deer Technical Committee.

Raik, D. B. et al. 2004. Community-Based Suburban Deer Management: Six Case Studies of

Issue Evolution, Capacity, and Intervention. Ithaca, New York. 66pp.

Rosenberry, C. S. J. Tardiff, and B. D. Wallingford. Management and Biology of White-tailed

Deer in Pennsylvania 2009-2018. 2009. Deer and Elk Section Bureau of Wildlife

Management Pennsylvania Game Commission. 145 pp.

Shissler, B. P. 2007. Deer Management Plan for Lower Makefield Township. Natural Resource

Consultants, Inc. Fort Hill, Pennsylvania. 52 pp.

Shono, K. and M. Smith. 2003. Audubon Management Plan for the Control of White-tailed

Deer at the Audubon Center in Greenwich, Connecticut. Endorsed by the Audubon

Greenwich Board.

Township of Mt. Lebanon, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 2006. A Review of White-tailed Deer

Management Options and Recommendations for Long-term Population Control. 34 pp.

Wisconsin Council on Forestry. Position Paper on Deer Herbivory in Wisconsin Forests.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Wisconsin’s Deer Management Program:

The Issues Involved in Decision-Making. 2nd

edition.

Village of Ottawa Hills Deer Management Program 2009. DRAFT.

Village of Granville Deer Management Program.

-----

CITY ORDINANCES

OHIO

Broadview Heights, Ohio

North Royalton, Ohio

Twinsburg, Ohio

MINNESOTA

Plymouth, Minnesota

IOWA

University Heights, Iowa

WISCONSIN

Onalaska, Wisconsin

Wausau, Wisconsin


-----

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

Belant, J. L., T. W. Seamans, and D. Paetkau. 2007. Genetic tagging free-ranging white-tailed

deer using hair snares. Ohio Journal of Science 107(4): 50-56.

Campbell, T. A., B. R. Laseter, W. M. Ford, and K. V. Miller. 2004. Feasibility of localized

management to control white-tailed deer in forest regeneration areas. Wildlife Society

Bulletin 32(4): 1124-1131.

Cipollini, K., E. Ames, and D. Cipollini. 2009. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)

management method impacts restoration of understory plants in the presence of white-tailed

deer (Odocoileus virginiana). Invasive Plant Science and Management 2:45-54.

Dambach, C. A. 1948. The relative importance of hunting restrictions and land use in

maintaining wildlife populations in Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 48(6): 209-229.

Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, J. S. Barclay, and G. Warner. 2004. Assessing strategies to

improve bowhunting as an urban management tool. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1177-

1184.

Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. LaBonte, and J. S. Barclay. 2007. Acceptance of deer management

strategies by suburban homeowners and bowhunters. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6):

2095-2101.

Porter, W. F., H. B. Underwood, and J. L. Woodard. 2004. Movement behavior, dispersal, and

the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment. Journal of

Wildlife Management 68(2): 247-256.

Raik, D. B., D. J. Decker, and W. F. Siemer. 2006. Capacity building: A new focus for

collaborative approaches to community-based suburban deer management? Wildlife Society

Bulletin 34(2): 525-530.

Rohnke, A. T., W. D. Jones, K. M. Jacobs, T. A. Tullos, and T. Graeter. 2006. An extension

program helping private landowners develop natural resource enterprises in Mississippi.

Proceedings of the 11th

Triennial National Wildlife and Fisheries Extension Specialists

Conference, October 14-18, 2006, Big Sky, MT.

VerCauteren, K. C., M. J. Lavelle, and S. Hygnstrom. Fences and deer-damage management: a

review of designs and efficacy. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(1): 191-200.

Walter, W. D., K. C. Vercauteren, J. M. Gilsdorf, and S. E. Hygnstrom. 2009. Crop, native

vegetation, and biofuels: Response of white-tailed deer to changing management priorities.

Journal of Wildlife Management 73(3): 339-344.

-----


ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

Grumbine, R. E. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8(1): 27-38.

Keough, H. L. and D. J. Blahna. 2006. Achieving integrative, collaborative ecosystem

management. Conservation Biology 20(5): 1373-1382.

Koontz, T. M. and J. Bodine. 2008. Implementing ecosystem management in public agencies:

Lessons from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service. Conservation

Biology 22(1): 60-69.

----

IMPACT

Allombert, S., A. J. Gaston, and J-L. Martin. 2005. A natural experiment on the impact of

overabundant deer on songbird populations. Biological Conservation 126: 1-13.

Cobo, A., J. C. Crawford, and R. H. Bolen. 2008. Estimation of deer density and the impact of

deer browsing on forest regeneration at Strawberry Hill Nature Preserve. Journal of the

Pennsylvania Academy of Science 81(2/3): 66-73

Conover, M. R. and G. S. Kania. 1995. Annual variation in white-tailed deer damage in

commercial nurseries. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 55: 231-217.

Flowerdew, J. R. and S. A. Ellwood. 2001. Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal

ecology. Forestry (74) 3: 277-287.

Fuller, R. J. 2001. Responses of woodland birds to increasing numbers of deer: a review of

evidence and mechanisms. Forestry (74) 3: 289-298.

Fuller, R. J. and R. M. A. Gill. 2001. Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in

British woodlands. Forestry (74) 3: 193-199.

Gill, R. M. A. and V. Beardall. 2001. The impacts of deer on woodlands: the effects of

browsing and seed dispersal on vegetation structure and composition. Forestry (74) 3: 209-

218.

Greenwald, K. R., L. J. Petit, and T. A. Waite. 2008. Indirect effects of a keystone herbivore

elevate local animal diversity. Journal of Wildlife Management 72(6): 1318-1321.

Keller, G. S., B. D. Ross, D. S. Klute and R. H. Yahner. 2009. Temporal changes in migratory

bird use of edges during spring and fall seasons in Pennsylvania. Northeastern Naturalist

16(4): 535-552.

Knight, T. M. 2007. Population-level consequences of herbivory timing in Trillium

grandiflorum. American Midland Naturalist 157: 27–38.


Knight, T. M., J. L. Dunn, L. A. Smith, J. Davis, and S. Kalisz. 2009. Deer facilitate invasive

plant success in a Pennsylvania forest understory. Natural Areas Journal 29(2): 110-116.

Leedy, D. L. 1948. Some wildlife and land use relationships in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science

XLVIII: 151-160.

Long, Z. T., T. H. Pendergast IV, and W. P. Carson. 2007. The impact of deer on relationships

between tree growth and mortality in an old-growth beech-maple forest. Forest Ecology and

Management 252: 230-238.

MacGowan, B. J., L. A. Humberg, J. C. Beasley, T. L. DeVault, M. I. Retamosa, and O. E.

Rhodes, Jr. 2006. Corn and soybean crop depredation by wildlife. Purdue University.

McShea, W. J. and J. H. Rappole. 2000. Managing the abundance and diversity of breeding bird

populations through manipulation of deer populations. Conservation Biology 14(4): 1161-

1170.

Millington, J. D. A., M. B. Walters, M. S. Matonis, and J. Liu. 2010. Effects of local and

regional landscape characteristics on wildlife distribution across managed forests. Forest

Ecology and Management 259: 1102-1110.

Mudrak, E. L., S. E. Johnson, and D. M. Waller. 2009. Forty-seven year changes in vegetation

at the Apostle Islands: Effects of deer on the forest understory. Natural Areas Journal 29(2):

167-176.

New Jersey Audubon Society’s Forest Health and Ecological Integrity Stressors and Solutions

Policy White Paper 2005.

Opperman, J. J. and A. M. Merenlender. 2000. Deer herbivory as an ecological constraint to

restoration of degraded riparian corridors. Restoration Ecology 8(1): 41-47.

Pietz, P. J. and D. A. Granfors. 2000. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on

grassland songbird nestlings. American Midland Naturalist 144: 419-422.

Rawinski, T. J. 2008. Impacts of white-tailed deer overabundance in forest ecosystems: An

overview. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Newton Square, Pennsylvania. 8

pp.

Rooney, T. P. 2001. Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective.

Forestry (74)3: 201-208.

Rooney, T. P. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest



Rooney, T. P. 2009. High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic

homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation. Plant Ecology 202: 103-111.

Rooney, T. P., S. L. Solheim, and D. M. Waller. 2002. Factors affecting the regeneration of

northern white cedar in lowland forests of the Upper Great Lakes region, USA. Forest


Rose, J. and J. D. Harder. 1985. Seasonal feeding habits of an enclosed high density white-

tailed deer herd in northern Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 85(4): 184-190.

Rossell, Jr., C. R., S. Patch, and S. Salmons. 2007. Effects of deer browsing on native and non-

native vegetation in a mixed oak-beech forest on the Atlantic coastal plain. Northeastern

Naturalist 14(1): 61-72.

Russell, F. L., D. B. Zippin, and N. L. Fowler. 2001. Effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus

virginianus) on plants, plant populations, and communities: A review. American Midland

Naturalist 146: 1-26.

Scott, J. D. and T. W. Townsend. 1985. Deer damage and damage control in Ohio’s nurseries,

orchards and Christmas tree plantings: The grower’s view. Second Eastern Wildlife Damage

Control Conference, 1985

Stewart, A. J.A. 2001. The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: The evidence

and priorities for future research. Forestry (74) 3: 259-270.

Stewart, C. M., W. J. McShea, and B. P. Piccolo. 2007. The impact of white-tailed deer on

agricultural landscapes in 3 national historical parks in Maryland. Journal of Wildlife

Management 71 (5): 1525-1530.

Stout, S. L. 1998. Deer and forest health. Pennsylvania Forests: 14-16.

Tilghman, N. G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration in northwestern

Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 53(3): 524-532.

-----

ATTITUDES

Fritzell, Jr., P. A. D. L. Minnus, and R. B. Peyton. 1997. A comparison of deer hunter and

farmer attitudes about crop damage abatement in Michigan: Messages for hunters, farmers

and managers. Proceedings of the Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference 7:

153-161.

Fulton, D. C., K. Skerl, E. M. Shank, and D. W. Lime. 2004. Beliefs and attitudes toward lethal

management of deer in Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4):

1166-1176.


Harden, C. D., A. Woolf, and J. Roseberry. 2005. Influence of exurban development on hunting

opportunity, hunter distribution, and harvest efficiency of white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society

Bulletin 33(1): 233-242.

Lauber, T. B. and B. A. Knuth. 2004. Effects of information on attitudes toward suburban deer

management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(2): 322-331.

Reynolds, M. 2000. Farmer attitudes toward white-tailed deer and other wildlife issues in Ohio

– 2000 update. Forest Wildlife Research and Management Project, New Marshfield, Ohio.

------

DEER BIOLOGY

Nixon, C. M. 1969. An antlered female deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Ohio. The Ohio

Journal of Science 69(6): 376-377.

Nixon, C. M. 1971. Productivity of white-tailed deer in Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science

71(4): 217-225.

Sorensen, V. A. and D. H. Taylor. 1995. The effect of seasonal change on the group size, group

composition, and activity budget of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. The Ohio

Journal of Science 95(5): 321-324.

Stoll, Jr., R. J. and W. P. Parker. 1986. Reproductive performance and condition of white-tailed

deer in Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 86(4): 164-168.

Storm, D. J., C. K. Nielsen, E. M. Schauber, and A. Woolf. 2007. Space use and survival of

white-tailed deer in an exurban landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1170-

1176.

Tonkovich, M. J., M. C. Reynolds, W. I. Culbertson, and R. J. Stoll, Jr. 2004. Trends in

reproductive performance and condition of white-tailed deer in Ohio. The Ohio Journal of

Science 104(5): 112-122.

Waller, D. M. and W. S. Alverson. 1997. The white-tailed deer: A keystone herbivore. Wildlife

Society Bulletin 25: 217-226.

Walter, W. D., K. C. VerCauteren, H. Campa III, W. R. Clark, J. W. Fischer, S. E. Hygnstrom,

N. E. Mathews, C. K. Nielsen, E. M. Schauber, T. R. Van Deeken, and S. R. Winterstein.

2009. Regional assessment on influence of landscape configuration and connectivity on

range size of white-tailed deer. Landscape Ecology 24: 1405-1420.

Warren, R. J. and D. B. Warnell 2000. Overview of fertility control in urban deer management.

Proceedings of the 2000 Annual Conference of the Society for Theriogenology: 237-246.

-----


HUNTING

Grau, G. A. and B. L. Grau. 1980. Effects of hunting on hunter effort and white-tailed deer

behavior. The Ohio Journal of Science 80(4): 150-156.

Iverson, A. L. and L. R. Iverson. 1999. Spatial and temporal trends of deer harvest and deer-

vehicle accidents in Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 99(4): 84-94.

Kilpatrick, H. J., A. M. La Bonte, and J. S. Barclay. 2005. Factors affecting harvest-reporting

rates for white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 974-980.

Weckerly, F. W., and M. L. Kennedy, and S. W. Stephenson. 2005. Hunter-effort-harvest-size

relationships among hunt types of white-tailed deer. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(4): 1303-

1311.

-----

VEGETATION SURVEYS

Elzinga, C. L., D. W. Salzer, and J. W. Willoughby. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant

populations. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver,

Colorado. 496 pp.

Grabner, K. W., M. Struckhoff, and D. A. Buhl. 2005. Evaluating the impacts of white-tailed

deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on vegetation within Pea Ridge National Military Park. U.S.

Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 58 pp.

Gubanyi, J. A., J. A. Savidge, S. E. Hygnstrom, K. C. VerCauteren, G. W. Garabrandt, and S. P.

Korte. 2008. Deer impact on vegetation in natural areas in southeastern Nebraska. Natural

Areas Journal 28(2): 121-129.

Johnson, S. E., E. L. Mudrak, and D. M. Waller. 2006. Long-term monitoring of forest

vegetation in the Great Lakes network national parks. U. S. Department of the Interior,

National Park Service, Great Lakes Network Office. 145 pp.

Roberts-Pichette, P. and L. Gillespie 1999. Terrestrial vegetation biodiversity monitoring

protocols. EMAN Occasional Paper Series, Report No. 9. Ecological Monitoring

Coordinating Office, Burlington, Ontario.

Runkle, J. R. 2006. Impacts of beech bark disease and deer browsing on the old-growth forest.

American Midland Naturalist 157: 241-249.

Spotswood, E., K. L. Bradley, and J. M. H. Knops. 2002. Effects of herbivory on the

reproductive effort of 4 prairie perennials. BMC Ecology 2:2. doi:10.1186/1472-6785-2-2


Szafoni, R. E., T. A Strole, W. D. Glass. 1990. A vegetation monitoring program for assessing

deer damage on Illinois Department of Conservation properties. Division of Natural

Heritage, Illinois Department of Conservation. 30 pp.

Thompson, J. A. and W. E. Sharpe. 2005. Soil fertility, white-tailed deer and three Trillium

species: A field study. Northeastern Naturalist 12(4): 379-390.

Warner, P. J. and J. H. Cushman. 2002. Influence of herbivores on a perennial plant: Variation

with life history stage and herbivore species. Oecologia 132: 77-85.

Webster, C. R., M. A. Jenkins, and J. H. Rock. 2005. Long-term response of spring flora to

chronic herbivory and deer exclusion in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.

Biological Conservation 125: 297-307.

Willson, G. D., L. P. Thomas, M. DeBacker, w. M. Rizzo, and C. Buck. 2002. Plant community

monitoring protocol for six prairie parks. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological

Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Columbia, Missouri. 127 pp.

Woodward, A., K. M. Hutten, J. R. Boetsch, S. A. Acker, R. M. Rochefort,, M. M. Bivin, and L.

L. Kurth. 2009. Forest Vegetation Monitoring Protocol for National Parks in the North

Coast and Cascades Network. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 2-A8. 238

pp.

-----

INDICATORS

Kirschbaum, C. D. and B. L. Anacker. 2005. The utility of Trillium and Maianthemum as

phyto-indicators of deer impact in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA. Forest Ecology and

Management 217: 54–66.

Koh, S., D. R. Bazely, A. J. Tanentzap, D. R. Voigt, and E. DaSilva. 2010. Trillium

grandiflorum height is an indicator of white-tailed deer density at local and regional scales.

Forest Ecology and Management 259: 1472-1479.

Rooney, T. P. and K. Gross. 2003. A demographic study of deer browsing impacts on Trillium

grandiflorum. Plant Ecology 168: 267–277.

Sweetapple, P. J. and Nugent, G. 2004. Seedling ratios: a simple method for assessing ungulate

impacts on forest understories. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 137-147.

Williams, C. E., E. V. Mosbacher, and W. J. Moriarity. 2000. Use of turtlehead (Chelone

glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on

Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA. Biological Conservation 92: 207-215.

-----


EXCLOSURES

Jordan, D. M., Jr. and M. E. Richmond. 1992. Effectiveness of a vertical 3-wire electric fence

modified with attractants or repellents as a deer exclosure. Proceedings of the Eastern

Wildlife Damage Control Conference 5: 44-47.

Nicholas, C., J. Wambaugh, T. Ladner, and J. M. Benner. 2007. Deer Exclosure Guidelines.

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry. 70

pp.

Shafer, E. L., Grisez, T. J., and Sowa, Ed. 1961. Results of deer exclosure studies in

northeastern Pennsylvania. Forest Research Note NE-121. Upper Darby, PA: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1-7.

VerCauteren, K. C., M. J. LaVelle, and S. Hygnstrom. 2006. Fences and deer-damage

management: A review of designs and efficacy. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(1): 191-200.

VerCauteren, K. C., N. W. Seward, M. J. Lavelle, J. W. Fischer, and G. E Phillips. 2007. A

fence design for excluding elk without impeding other wildlife. Rangeland Ecology and

Management 60: 529-532.

---

PELLET COUNTS

Forsyth, D. M. 2005. Protocol for estimating changes in the relative abundance of deer in New

Zealand forests using the Faecal Pellet Index (FPI). Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd.,

Victoria, Australia. 24 pp.

Forsyth, D. M., R. J. Barker, G. Morriss, and M. P. Scroggie. 2007. Modeling the relationship

between fecal pellet indices and deer density. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 964-

970.

Goda, R., M. Ando, H. Sato, and E. Shibata. 2008. Application of fecal pellet group count to

sika deer (Cervus nippon) populations monitoring on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan.

Mammal Study 33: 93-97.

Karberg, N. J. and E. A. Lilleskov. 2009. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fecal

pellet decomposition is accelerated by the invasive earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

Biological Invasions 11: 761-767.

Mayle, B. A., R. J. Putnam and I. Wyllie. 2000. The use of trackway counts to establish an

index of deer presence. Mammal Review 30(3 &4): 233-237.

Williams, S. C. and J. S. Ward. 2006. Exotic seed dispersal by white-tailed deer in southern

Connecticut. Natural Areas Journal 26(4): 383-390.


-------

IMAGING METHODS

Belant, J. L. and T. W. Seamans. 2000. Comparison of 3 devices to observe white-tailed deer at

night. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 154-158.

Bernatas, S. and L. Nelson. 2004. Sightability model for California bighorn sheep in

canyonlands using forward-looking infrared (FLIR). Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(3): 638-

647.

Butler, D. A., W. B. Ballard, S. P. Haskell, and M. C. Wallace. 2006. Limitations of thermal

infrared imaging for locating neonatal deer in semiarid shrub communities. Wildlife Society

Bulletin 34(5): 1458-1462.

Collier, B. A., S. S. Ditchkoff, J. B. Raglin, and J. M. Smith. 2007. Detection probability and

sources of variation in white-tailed deer spotlight surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management

71(1): 277-281.

Ditchkoff, S. S., J. B. Raglin, J. M. Smith and B. A. Collier. 2005. From the field: Capture of

white-tailed deer fawns using thermal imaging technology. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3):

1164-1168.

Pettorelli, N. S. D. Côté, A. Gingras, F. Potvin and J. Huot. 2007. Aerial surveys vs hunting

statistics to monitor deer density: the example of Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Wildlife

Biology 13(3): 322-327.

Potvin, F., L. Breton, and L.-P. Rivest. 2004. Aerial surveys for white-tailed deer with the

double-count technique in Québec: two 5-year plans completed. Wildlife Society Bulletin

32(4): 1099-1107.

Roberts, C. W., B. L. Pierce, A. W. Braden, R. R. Lopez, N. J. Silvy, P. A. Frank, and D.

Ransom, Jr. 2006. Comparison of camera and road survey estimates for white-tailed deer.

Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 263-267.

------

POPULATION ESTIMATES

Langdon, C. A. 2001. A Comparison of White-Tailed Deer Population Estimation Methods in

West Virginia. Masters’ Thesis, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences at

West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia.

-----


WEBSITES OF INTEREST

Caring for Deer and Forests: A Resource Center for Eastern North America

Maintained by the Southern Regional Extension Forestry, Penn State University, and US Forest

Service Research & Development

http://www.deerandforests.org/about

Deer-Impacts on Forest Ecology and Management: Literature Addressing Impacts of Deer on

Forest Vegetation

Maintained by the Wisconsin Council on Forestry

http://council.wisconsinforestry.org/deer/deerlit.php

Deer Impacts Blog

Maintained by Thomas Rooney, Ph.D., Wright State University

http://deerimpacts.blogspot.com/

other sources of information on deer

Documents