OTTOMAN EMPIRE1500-1700 AD

Presented by: May Buraik & Victoria OgundimbolaCHY4U0C

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans were a Nomadic group of Turkish people that originally came from

central Asia and settled in Anatolia region.

OTTOMAN SOCIETY AND INSTITUTIONS The Ottomans believed that leadership was a divine right bestowed on a

chosen family.

The Ottoman Regime was a centralized absolute one ruled at the top by

the Sultan.

The Ottomans never developed a legal procedure for the accession of a

Sultan

The young Princes were educated and trained in the provinces.

Only one of them had the right to rule.

The need for political stability required the brothers of the new

Sultan to be eliminated as was the case with Mehmet IIMehmet II

Chief Minister (adviser)

to the Sultan

Local Administrators

& Military

Landowners /

Tax Collectors

Ottoman Empire led by

Provincial Governors (Beys)

And Military elite -

The Janissaries

Grand Vizier

Viziers

Absolute

power

JewsArmenian

Christians

Only

Descendants of

Sultan could

become new

Sultan

Political structure

The non-Muslim

communities (millets)Controlled by the Sultan acting through

their religious leaders.

These communities were given their

own parts of towns in which to live and

worship.

They were given a great deal of

freedom to lead their lives according

to their faiths, and so were largely

supportive of their Muslim overlords.

Devshirme

• Young Christian boys living in

European provinces.

• Converted to Islam.

• Educated and trained by

Ottoman.

• Eventually put in service of

the state.

• The slaves received top

military and civilian posts.

• From mid-fifteen to mid-

seventeen century nearly all

Viziers were converted

Christian slaves.

One of the most distinctive features of Ottoman state was the slave system

Goal Creation of elite warriors loyal only to the Sultan.

The most popular representatives of

Devshirme system were: The Janissaries were the most efficient military unit in

Europe in fifteen and sixteen century.

The Janissaries were the most disciplined corps in the

world in this time, they were well paid and equipped and

lived in barracks, always ready for the next war.

The Sipahi soldiers were of Turkish origin. They were in

the cavalry and tax collectors. They received land from

the Sultan

The blockade lasted from 6

April, 1453 until 29 May,

1453. When the city was

conquered by Mehmet II,

“The Conqueror“, he

renamed city Istanbul and

made it the capital.

Fall of

Constantinople

Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”

• 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople

and conquered the Byzantine Capital in 1453.

• Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital.

• The Topkapi Palace “Iron GatAlthough

• Mehmet converted many churches into mosques.

• He did not suppress the Christian and jewish faith.

• Mehmet was also influenced by the Islamic teachings

that Muslims should show respect to all religions.”

The Rule of Suleiman: (1520-1566) Suleiman was named

'The Magnificent' by the Europeans,

but his own people called him 'The Lawgiver'.

Suleiman marble bas

relief. One of 23 reliefs of

great historical lawgivers

in the chamber of the U.S.

House of Representatives.

• Suleiman was widely

regarded as the religious

leader of Islam, as well

as the earthly ruler of

most Muslims.

• The wealth and stability

of the Empire at this time

attracted the top Muslim

thinkers of the period.

• Craftsmen, artists,

intellectuals and writers

were eager to move to

Istanbul.

Suleiman was infatuated with HürremSultan, a harem girl from Ruthenia, then part of Poland. She was to bear 5 of Suleiman fourteen children.

Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Suleiman composed this poem for Roxelana

Life with the Sultan

"Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.

My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my

Sultan, my one and only love.

The most beautiful among the beautiful...

My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart,

laughing leaf...

My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress

me in this world...

My Constantinople, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia

My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan

My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my

love of eyes full of mischief...

I'll sing your praises always

I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I

am happy."

• The daughter of an Orthodox priest, she

was captured by Tatars from Crimea,

sold as a slave in Constantinople,

become Suleiman's favourite.

• Breaking with two centuries of Ottoman

tradition,[a former concubine had thus

become the legal wife of the Sultan

• He also allowed Hürrem Sultan to

remain with him at court for the rest of

her life, breaking another tradition—that

when imperial heirs came of age, they

would be sent along with the imperial

concubine who bore them to govern

remote provinces of the Empire, never to

return unless their progeny succeeded to

the throne

• She dies before seeing her son on the

thorn

Hürrem’s influence over the Sultan soon became legendary

Turkey

Egypt

Greece

Bulgaria

Romania

Macedonia

Hungary

Palestine

Jordan

Lebanon

Syria

Parts of Arabia

Much of the coastal strip of North Africa

Todays countrys that where part off ottman empaire

In the night of August 26, 1683 the baker, who began his

work early morning heard noises coming from the ground.

alerted the city army and soon they discovered that

ottoman soldiers were digging tunnels under the city walls

and placing explosives within their tunnels. Once the city

was alerted there plan had failed and the ottomans fled.

In honour of this rescue, the bakers of Viennese decided to

make a bread in the shape of the emblem of the Muslim

ottoman flag (the crescent). On this time the croissant was

made from a rich bread dough.

A little history of the Croissant

Innovations

Educated men held the highest rank.

Important advancements made in science,

architecture & literature.

The Ottomans managed to build a very large

collection of libraries translate and make

available to Ottoman educational institutions

the geography book of Ptolemy.

• One of the oldest sources on the history

and philosophy of Christianity was also

developed for the palace school

Astronomy

Working in the Galata Observatory

founded near Istanbul in the late

16th century by the Turkish

astronomer Takyuddin, astronomers

had access to the best reference

works and technology of the era.

The Great Ottoman Inventor

• Takyuddin is one of the greatest inventors of

the Ottoman Empire.

• One of his greatest achievements was the

invention of the early practical steam turbine

engine.

• His book on this subject later lead to the

discovery of more powerful steam engines in

the 17th century.

• His early steam turbines lead to the invention of

today’s modern steam turbine.

This great mosque is named as Suleymaniye Mosque after its founder Sultan

Suleiman. The construction started in 1550 and was completed in 1557. The

mosque is modeled in the style of Hagia Sophia. Unfortunately this great

Mosque was ravaged by a fire in 1660.

This mosque is in fact a complex that comprises of a public kitchen, a theological

school, a hospital, a Quran school, and a Turkish bath house called hamam.

Architecture

Mimar Sinan (c. 1490 - 1588)

Chief architect and civil engineer

for three Ottoman Sultans

Istanbul became because of its position at the junction of Europe, Africa, and Asia, one of the great trade

centres of the world. Another important city was Bursa, which was a centre of the silk trade.

Among the goods traded were:

Coffee

Silk and other cloth

Musk

Carpets

Porcelain from China

Spices such as pepper

Dye stuffs such as indigo

Precious stones and gems

He first encouraged merchants to move to Istanbul, and

later forcibly resettled merchants from captured

territories such as Caffa.

He also encouraged Jewish traders from

Europe to migrate to Istanbul and set up in

business there. Later rulers continued these

policies.

The economic strength of the Empire also owed much to Mehmet's policy of increasing the number of traders and artisans in the Empire.

Influence of Ottoman Empire on West

Since the Ottoman Empire was in control of most

of the trade routes, the West had to find new

routes to reach the far east.

The West was able to discover new worlds

through the explorations.

The Ottomans translation of ancient Greek and

other civilizations was later used by the West.

Ottoman Empire influenced the West’s thinking

of tolerance to religion and races.

Ottoman Empire introduce luxury items to the

West such as fine carpets, spice, coffee and

jewelry.

Coffee

Coffee was introduced in France in

1660 by some merchants from Marseille

who had acquired the habit of drinking

it in the Middle East, where they traded

it. It reached Paris in 1669 when the

Turkish ambassador began holding

lavish coffee parties for the French

nobility. The Café Procope, Paris' first

genuine coffeehouse, opened in 1689.

(You can still drink coffee there today,

as Voltaire and Benjamin Franklin did in

their day)originating in Ethiopia and Yemen, coffee had become a popular drink in Ottoman

Turkey and parts of Europe by the second half of the 17th century, In the mid-18th century, it began to emerge as an important cash crop throughout the New World regions where growers found the Arabica bean thrived, especially in the highlands of Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Mexico

The Ottoman Empire was not really the barbarian despotism that is often depicted in the West. However, Ottoman society remained isolated and more or less frozen in time. What was innovative in 1300 was reactionary and dangerously inefficient by 1700.

Bibliography

"The Ottoman Empire." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 22 an. 2013.http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml

"Epic World History." : Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013.

http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.ca/2012/05/ottoman-empire.html

The History of the Croissant | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_7328369_historycroissant.html#ixzz2IOR0xhag

"Arthur Rimbaud Coffee Trader." Aramco World. N.p., Oct. 2001. Web. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200105/arthur.rimbaud.coffee.trader.htm

pictrs off army

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cool-art/4483351823/

https://www.facebook.com/ottomanpictures

“The Suleimaniye Mosque” travil tips Web. 22 an. 2013.

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