OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Period V: 1750-1900

“The Sick Man of Europe”“The Sick Man of Europe”

The Greatest Extent of Ottoman Rule

I . Problems: (1750-1800s)A. Ended Policy of Fratricide (When the Sultan must kill all of his brothers) Led to succession of weak sultans led to power struggle between ministers, religious experts, and __________________ commanders.

B. Elite factions developed – resulted in split of Empire and vast _____________. Local officials and land owning classes cheated the sultan and peasantry by skimming taxes.

C. Competition of imported goods from Europe led to a decline of the Ottoman economy. Inflation and decline of ________________ industry resulted in ___________________ on European goods. As a result, riots by merchants and artisans took place.

D. __________________ military lacked leadership, resources, and modern weaponry and training.

dependence

corruption

handicraft

Janissary

Janissary

A. Following the failed siege of _____________ in 1683, the Austrian Hapsburg Dynasty took all of Hungary and the Northern Balkans (1699-1791)

B. The _________________ Empire, looking for a warm water port in the Black Sea, took Crimea and land in the Caucasus In 1780s. The _______________ and _______________ later stopped them during the Crimea War of 1854-1856.

French

Vienna

British

Russian

II. Losses

C. Napoleon defeated the _______________ regime that ruled __________ in 1798. Murad, the Leader of the Mamluks said Napoleon was nothing but a donkey boy whom he would soon drive from his lands. However, the firepower and tactics of the French legions easily defeated the Mamluk cavalry. Napoleon was later chased out of Egypt by the _____________ but the attack sent shockwaves throughout the Muslim world.

D. __________________ independence in 1830.

E. Serbian independence in 1867

F. By 1870, almost all of the Balkans and Northern Africa was out of Ottoman control.

EgyptMamluks

British

Greek

III . Ottoman Survival:A. Balance of Power

B. Crimean War: British and French supported the Ottoman Empire to prevent the Russians from taking Istanbul and threatening Mediterranean sea trade.

The Great Game

The Great Game

The Ottoman’s were known as “The Sick Man of

Europe".

1. Selim III (1789-1807) – Selim III tried to improve the administration and build a new army and navy. However, he was seen as a threat to Janissary power. The Janissary revolted and ______________ Selim III.

2. Mahmud II (1826-1860s) – He used European advisors to train a ______________________.

Secret professional army

assassinated

I Will carry out your reforms!

C. Internal reforms were difficult to accomplish due to conflicts within the ruling elite. Some wanted western changes, others wanted return to old traditions, and some wanted no changes at all.

“Defensive Modernization”

Loss of Identity!Loss of Identity!

Can a Muslim people modernize without sacrificing their essential religious character?

2. Mahmud II tricked the Janissaries into a revolt where they were surprised and overwhelmed by the power of the new army. Mahmud destroyed the Janissaries and their supporters and began reforms. He sent ambassadors to Europe and westernized the army.

Auspicious Incident: Defeat of Janissaries

Film Clip

Mahmud IIMahmud II

OTTOMAN EMPIRE Period V: 1750-1900

Why would Egypt and the Middle East be an important location for the British and French?

Why would Egypt and the Middle East be an important location for the British and French?

Do NowDo Now

“Soldiers, consider that from the top of those pyramids forty centuries gaze at you.”

What event is being portrayed in this paining and what is the significance of this event?

What Event?Who are these people?Where could this be?What are they looking at?

What Event?Who are these people?Where could this be?What are they looking at?

Muhammad Ali

Rise of Arab NationalismRise of Arab Nationalism

How does nationalism threaten empire?

• Created a westernized ___________________• Began training in science and math• Created a state run postal and telegraph system• Created railways, infrastructure, and a _________________• Legal reforms to stop corruption – helped religious minority and artisans –

more secular law code• 1876 - _______________________ based on European ideas• Little reforms for___________________

3. The _____________ Reforms – 1839-1876

Constitution

University system

National bank

Women

Tanzimat

Modernization

The Dolmabahce PalaceThe Dolmabahce PalaceThe Topkapi PalaceThe Topkapi Palace

Suez CanalIn 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed and granted the right to operate the canal for 99 years after completion of the work.

In 1856 the Suez Canal Company was formed and granted the right to operate the canal for 99 years after completion of the work.

Construction began in April 1859 with forced laborers digging with picks and shovels. Later, European workers with dredgers and steam shovels arrived and the Suez Canal was finally completed in 1869.

Construction began in April 1859 with forced laborers digging with picks and shovels. Later, European workers with dredgers and steam shovels arrived and the Suez Canal was finally completed in 1869.

Major improvements began in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew into the one of the world's most

heavily traveled shipping lanes. In 1875, Great Britain became the largest shareholder in the Suez Canal Company when it bought up the stock of the new Ottoman governor of Egypt. Seven years later, in

1882, Britain invaded Egypt, beginning a long occupation of the country.

Major improvements began in 1876, however, and the canal soon grew into the one of the world's most

heavily traveled shipping lanes. In 1875, Great Britain became the largest shareholder in the Suez Canal Company when it bought up the stock of the new Ottoman governor of Egypt. Seven years later, in

1882, Britain invaded Egypt, beginning a long occupation of the country.

The Orient Express

Rise of Turkish Nationalism•Repressive ruler•Undid Tanzimat Reforms

- Nullified the Constitution- Restricted civil liberties

BUT – continued westernization of the military

Young TurksYoung TurksSultan Abdul HamidSultan Abdul Hamid

•Army officers who forced Sultan Hamid to summon Parliament in 1908 and eventually removed from power.•Wanted to modernize and westernize Turkey•Led to conflict and genocide of Armenians

Rise of Turkish Nationalism

Mustafa Kemal AtaturkFather of Modern TurkeyMustafa Kemal Ataturk

Father of Modern Turkey

1. What was the greatest reform of the Ottoman Empire during this time period? Why?

2. Do you think the Tanzimat reforms would permanently strengthen the Ottoman Empire or was it too little, too late? Why?