our second genomehuman microbiome · same mechanisms to influence the composition of the gut...
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Our Second GenomeHuman Microbiome
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"Are we more microbe than man"?
"Are We more microbe than man" ???
"Are we more microbe than man"?
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Definitions
Resident microflorathose organisms that are always present on the body.
Transient microflorathose present temporarily and under certain conditions.
Normal Flora of Human Body
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Friend, foe or something else?Each human is a complex ecosystem whose microbes play ecological
roles.
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Location of normal microbial flora.
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• Four environments on the human bodythat are the most densely populated withmicroorgnanisms:
– GI tract (800 phylotypes)
– Oral cavity (500 phylotypes)
– Vagina (200 phylotypes)
– Skin (100 phylotypes)
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Functional contributions of the Gut Microbiota
1. Harvest inaccesible nutrients and/or sources of energy from the diet, and synthesis of vitamins2. Metabolism of xenobiotics3. Renewal gut ephitelial cells4. Development immune system 5.Behavior
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We give them a place to live and food to thrive
For each person, the gut is home to about 1,000 trillion bacteria with which we live in harmony.
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Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School Teachers
Is My Gut Microbiome the Same as Yours?
The number and amount, species, strain of the many different microbes can vary greatly from person to person.
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We all respond differently to the same food
the unique set of trillion microbe that you host also contribute
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Married with our Gut Microbiota
For richer for poorer, in sickness and in
health. Our relationship with our
microbiota
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What are your gut microbiome doing?
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Figure 1 | Pathways involved in bidirectional communication between the gut
microbiota and the brain. Multiple potential direct and indirect pathways exist Nature Reviews |
Neurosciencethrough which the gut microbiota can modulate the gut–brain axis. They include endocrine (cortisol),
immune (cytokines) and neural (vagus and enteric nervous system) pathways. The brain recruits these same mechanisms to influence the composition of
the gut microbiota, for example, under conditions of stress. The hypothalamus–pituitary– adrenal axis
regulates cortisol secretion, and cortisol can affect immune cells (including cytokine secretion) both
locally in the gut and systemically. Cortisol can also alter gut permeability and barrier function, and
change gut microbiota composition. Conversely, the gut microbiota and probiotic agents can alter the
levels of circulating cytokines, and this can have a marked effect on brain function. Both the vagus
nerve and modulation of systemic tryptophan levels are strongly implicated in relaying the influence of the gut microbiota to the brain. In addition, short-
chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are neuroactive bacterial metabolites of dietary fibres that can also modulate
brain and behaviour. Other potential mechanisms by which microbiota affect the brain are described in BOX 1. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRF,
corticotropin-releasing factor. Figure is
Mind Altering Microorganism
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Summer 2012 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School Teachers
Relative amounts of species
http://en.wikipe
The Microbiome of one person can be different than others in species and relative amounts
Research in the Human Microbiome Project is starting to identify the relative amount of each microbe present at different locations in the body.
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