outdoor thermal comfort and adaptation for …...•outdoor thermal comfort in fact is hard to be...

Proposal Defense (Semester 201718/02)

28th May 2018

Keywords: Outdoor, Pedestrian, thermal comfort, thermal adaptation

TEOH Mei Yee

PBE173005

Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ismail SAID

Co-Supervisor: Dr. LEE Yoke Lai

OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT AND

ADAPTATION FOR PEDESTRIAN

IN TOWNS OF MALAYSIA

Mostly known as “thermal comfort”,

Refer to a “condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment” (ASHRAE standard 55-66(4) )

Depend on the atmospheric conditions and the characteristics of the

physical environment as well as the human’s physiology,

psychological and behavioral factors (Middel et al., 2016).

•A “result of the interaction of physical exchanges, physiological, psychological,

social and cultural rights…” (Fabbri, 2015)

However, the idea of “COMFORT”

is SUBJECTIVE…

Outdoor Human Comfort Willingness of people staying

at outdoor spaces…

A determinant key towards a successful

walkable city in hot and humid region…

Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia

2

Purpose of Study

Challenges…

• What is outdoor human comfort for the locals?

• How do the design of urban environment that shape outdoor

human comfort?

• What theory and methods that are comprehensive enough

for conducting such research?

Influence &

effectiveness

of townscapes

Microclimate regulation

Human thermal comfort sensation & perception

People behavior / response that reflecting

human adaptation to local climatic condition


3

To explore tropical townscape in order to rediscover

the mechanism and links between outdoor thermal environments,

human comfort and adaptation during hot weather.

• To investigate the features of the townscape that potentially

critical to both microclimate and human thermal sensation;

• To examine the effects of the townscape attributes on pedestrian

thermal perception and adaptation to hot and humid climate;

• To construct a model to determine both thermal and non-thermal indicators

of tropical townscape that stimulates human thermal sensation, perception

and adaptation in hot and humid region.

RO1

RO2

RO3

What kind of features of townscape, in terms of open space typology,

can yield people's thermal comfort response, in both positively and

negatively?

RQ1

How the attributes of townscape, in terms of landscape experience,

can influence and stimulate the pedestrian thermal perception and

adaptation to hot and humid climate?

RQ2

What are the factors/indicators of outdoor thermal comfort and their

influences to human thermal sensation, perception and adaptation in

hot and humid region?

RQ3

Aim


4

Challenges of Study (problem statement)

Theory from an outdoor perspective is less viewed:

Current outdoor thermal comfort studies have to rely on existing thermal theories and indexes but they are not comprehensive to explain outdoor comfort condition

(Brager & de Dear, 1998; Höppe, 2002; Chen & Ng, 2012; Andeau, 2013)

Current outdoor thermal studies are more inclined to outdoor microclimate studies:

i.e urban heat island, vegetation effects, urban geometry effects

Poor knowledge on thermal adaptation mechanism:

•Outdoor thermal comfort in fact is hard to be achieved passively in hot region (Ali-toudert & Mayer, 2006). The availability of thermal adaptive opportunities in outdoor context is still in exploration.

The topic of human outdoor

thermal comfort is still LESS being

questioned and explored…


5

Research Gap

Contexts of study & Research area

• Argument on the applicability and feasibility of applying current thermal comfort

theories and indexes into outdoor thermal comfort studies. From a thermal steady state

into the dynamic and changeable thermal condition of outdoor environment.

Variables/Indicators used

• Doubt on the thermal research trend that highly depend on pure thermal indicators, in

which only consider several climatic and human factors, which are: air temperature,

mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, human clothing, metabolism

Most existing thermal comfort theories, models and methods have failed to

predict / describe the actual thermal sensation accurately.


6

Research Gap Differences between HUMAN COMFORT in INDOOR & OUTDOOR

INDOOR

Thermal Comfort vs

OUTDOOR

Thermal Comfort

Steady/Stable Context Dynamic

Since 1940s: Gagge & Bazett; Fanger;

Mayer & Höppe; Brager & de

Dear; Humphreys & Nicol

History: Since 2000s: Höppe, Nikolopoulou, Lin

Tend to Passive Intention Tend to Active

Yes Theory/

model

Generally refer to

indoors

• Air temperature

• Mean radiant temp.

• Air velocity

• Relatively humidity

• Clothing

• Metabolism

(activities)

Variable/

Indicator

used

Generally refer to

indoors

• Physiological

• Behavioral

adjustment of the

body heat-balance

• Psychological.

Approach

of thermal

sensation &

adaptation

Generally refer to

indoors

• Thermal neutrality;

Comfort range Ideal Unclear

Building

Visual

Comfort

Acoustic

comfort

Air

quality

Thermal

Comfort

Outdoor

Sight

Hearing

Smell

Touch

# Single sensory #

# Multi-sensory # # Spatial service efficiency #

# Spatial energy efficiency #

# Long time of exposure #

# Short time of exposure #


7

The study tries to expand the area of

study to the other areas like psychology

and socio-culture, in the lens of

landscape experience.

Through the attributes offered by the

outdoor spaces, particularly in the

context of town setting, this study

assumes people tend to respond and

adapt psychologically to the outdoor

thermal environment.

Aspects of this assumption involve:

• the influence of individual experiences

on thermal comfort range,

• the multi-sensory impacts of outdoor to

a person’s thermal comfort; and

• the socio-cultural effects to an

individual thermal response.


• With reference to the link between human experience and thermal comfort

(Nikolopoulou & Steemers, 2003), there is a possibility that thermal comfort

research can be further studied in non-thermal aspect.

8

Trends of Comfort Studies

2011-current

1990s-2010

1900s-1999

Examples of Works & Scholars:

• Ahmed 2003

• Ali-toudert & Mayer 2006

• Bowler et al 2010

• Hwang, Lin & Matzarakis 2011

• Andreou 2013

• Klemm et al 2015

• Srivanit & Auttarat 2015

Local Works & Scholars:

• Shahidan, Shalleh & Shariff 2007

• Shahidan & Jones 2008

• Shahidan et al. 2012

• Nasir, Ahmad & Ahmed 2012

• Nasir et al 2015

• Manteghi, Lamit & Remaz 2015

• Manteghi et al. 2016

• Saito, Said & Shinozaki 2017

Theme:

• Thermal Adaptive mechanism

• Psychological mechanisms

• Outdoor Thermal Comfort Theory

Seminal Works & Scholars:

• Nagara 1996

• Brager & de Dear 1998

• Hőppe 2002

• Lin & Matzarakis 2008: tourism climate and thermal comfort

• Lin 2009: Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance

• Nikolopoulou, Baker & Steemers 2001: human parameter

for outdoor comfort

• Nikolopoulou & Steemers 1999&2003: Psychological

adaptation for outdoor comfort

• Knez et al 2009: Psychological mechanisms

Theme:

• Thermal Comfort Theory

• Thermal Comfort indices / indexes

• Predicted thermal comfort model

development


• Gagge, Burton & Bazett :clo & met units;

thermal indices

• Fanger : PMV & PPD

• Mayer & Höppe 1987; Höppe 1999,

Matzarakis & Mayer 1999: PET

Urban Climate

Measurement

& Thermal

Comfort

Assessment

Theme:

• Outdoor Thermal Comfort Theory

• Outdoor thermal comfort indices

/ indexes

• Outdoor thermal comfort

assessment / tools development

• Thermal adaptation assessment /

tools development

• Non-thermal comfort indices

exploration


• Vasilikou & Nikolopoulou 2013,2015 :

Thermal walk/Thermal notations

• Lenzholzer, Klemm & Vasilikou 2015,

2016: thermo-spatial perception

• Nicol & Roaf, 2017 : Rethinking thermal

comfort

• Santos Nouri & Costa, 2017: Place

Diagram

Literature review


9

Literature review


Situation of Study: Relevant Themes and Subjects

Microclimate

Human Thermal

Physiology Human-biometeorology

Human Perception

Air temperature

Radiant temperature

Relative humidity Wind

Clothing Metabolism rate

(activities level)

Visual comfort

National – geographic

location (latitude)

Urban

Form

Age Gender

Body built

(weight and

Height)

Ethnic culture

background

Color Naturalness

Past experience

Time of

exposure Environmental

stimulation

Perceived control

Heat

tolerance level

Willingness to

thermal

discomfort Non-thermal quantities

Thermal quantities

Skin

temperature

Thermal

Expectation & Preference

Spatial

perception

SVF

Material

Cloudlessnes

s

Solar

radiation

Orientation

Behavior

adjustment

Aspect ratio (H/W)

Intention of

activities

Socio-economic

background

Acoustic comfort

OUTDOOR

THERMAL

COMFORT &

ADAPTATION

10

The parameter of psychological adaptation: the interrelationship (Source from: Nikolopoulou and Steemers, 2003)

Underpinning theories

11



Program

Built Form

Public Realm

Land

Trend & Fashion

The conceptual model of sociocultural system.

(Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_system)

The urban space typology (Source: Sandalack & Uribe, 2010)

12


COMFORT

Convenience

Reliability

Safety

Health/ Mobility

Attractiveness


Pyramid of needs of pedestrian in public spaces. (Source: Amoroso, Castelluccio & Maritano, 2012)

The “Place Diagram” by the PPS. (Source: PPS, 2003).

Sa

tis

fye

rs

Dis

sa

tis

fye

rs

Pre

co

nd

itio

ns

13


Study Framework

The naturalness and climate cultural practices derived from urban space typology.

14


Study Framework The influencing factors to thermal psychological response

15


Study Framework The flow of thermal comfort and adaptation

16


Methodology Research

objectives

Determinant Indicators Methods Tools/Analysis Outcomes

RO1 • Spatial pattern

and properties

• Microclimate

• PET

• Built-up area

• Open spaces

• Street

• Landscape elements

• Air temperature

• Mean radiant

temperature

• Wind velocity

• Relative humidity

• Climatic data

• Human clothing and

metabolic rate

• Mapping

• Field notes

• Site thermal

measure

• Simulation

• 1 set portable

weather station

• 1 360 degree

camera

• Software: ENViMet &

Rayman

Thermal

factors of

Outdoor

Thermal

Comfort

RO2 Human

experience

• Human

• Environmenta:

naturalness

• Socio-culture:

climate cultural

practices & norms

• Observation

through

Photography

• Mapping

• Questionnaire

• Interview

• 1 360 degree camera

• Software: SPSS or

Nvivo

Non-Thermal

factors of

Outdoor

Thermal

Comfort:

RO3

Human comfort • Thermal factors

• Non-Thermal factors

• Structural

equation

modeling

(SEM)

• Software: SmartPLS

Assessment

Model of

Outdoor

Thermal

Comfort

17


Proposed Outline

Introduction Background, Problem statement, Objectives, Scope of study

Literature Review Trend of studies, Research foundation, Research gap,

Theoretical framework formulation

Research Methodology Conceptual framework formulation (Model), Site context and scale,

Design of parameters and methods, Tools and software used

Results, Analysis and

Discussion Findings based on objectives

Conclusion • An assessment model of pedestrian outdoor thermal comfort and adaptation in hot

and humid region.

• Contribution, limitations & recommendation

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 5

Fieldworks Site thermal measurement,

observation, questionnaire &

interviews

Flow of Study

18


Anticipated Results

Environmental

aspect

Human aspect (including existing

human factor)

Existing

Climatic

aspect

Outdoor human comfort is a collective achievement.

* Regional culture shapes human

comfort

Different function of spaces generate

different adaptive practices for thermal

comfort.

Socio- cultural

aspect

Multisensory experience for

outdoor thermal comfort

Satisfaction of pedestrian

experience would affect their

thermal comfort by psychologically

as well.

19


Anticipated Results Outdoor human comfort assessment model is not a one-way process.

Climate-cultural practices

& norms

Naturalness

Pedestrian

needs

(Human)

Human senses

(multisensory)

Human

perception

Thermal

Comfort

Physical factors

based on the

heat balance of

the human

body

Psychological

and behaviors

Expectation

Experience

Time of

exposure

Environmental

Stimulation

Perceived

Control

Physiology

Thermal

perception

Thermal

adaptation

Physical

adaptation

Physiological

adaptation

Psychological

adaptation

20


• Outdoor thermal comfort analysis cannot merely dependence on existing thermal

models, methods and theories that originated from indoor setting.

• The proposal suggested perhaps the focus should be more placed on exploring the

non-thermal determinants of thermal comfort, meanwhile consider also more

physical thermal determinant at outdoors like shade/solar access.

• Psychological outdoor thermal comfort are highlighted.

Significances of Study

• The final outcome is expected to develop a practical model for assessing outdoor thermal comfort, particularly for hot regions.

• The result can also be a reference for urban professionals like planners, landscape architects and policy makers during the process of design and planning for outdoor public spaces.

• With a more humanized design and planning in pedestrian system, it also helps the implementation of People-Oriented Cities. Such implementation will effectively mitigate the urban warming effects as well.

21


Milestone Proposed Research Planning and Schedule (Gantt chart)

22


References Key Authors

23

Amoroso, S., Castelluccio, F., & Maritano, L. (2012). Indicators for sustainable pedestrian mobility. Urban Transport XVIII: Urban

Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, 18, 173.

Brager, G. S., & De Dear, R. J. (1998). Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and buildings, 27(1),

83-96.

Dear, R. D., & Pickup, J. (1999). An outdoor thermal comfort index: applications. In International Congress of Biometeorology (Vol. 15,

pp. 285-290)

Fanger, P. O. (1967). Calculation of thermal comfort, Introduction of a basic comfort equation. ASHRAE transactions, 73(2), III-4.

Fanger, P. O. (1970). Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Thermal comfort. Analysis and

applications in environmental engineering.

Fanger, P. O. (1973). Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 30(4), 313-324.

Höppe, P. (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature–a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal

environment. International journal of Biometeorology, 43(2), 71-75.

Höppe, P. (2002). Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy and buildings, 34(6), 661-665.

Lin, T. P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and

environment, 44(10), 2017-2026.

Lin, T. P., de Dear, R., & Hwang, R. L. (2011). Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. International Journal

of Climatology, 31(2), 302-312.

Lin, T. P., Matzarakis, A., & Hwang, R. L. (2010). Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment,

45(1), 213-221.

Nikolopoulou, M., & Lykoudis, S. (2006). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries.

Building and Environment, 41(11), 1455-1470.

Nikolopoulou, M., & Steemers, K. (2003). Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces.

Energy and Buildings, 35(1), 95-101.

Nikolopoulou, M., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2001). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter.

Solar energy, 70(3), 227-235.

Sandalack, B. A., & Uribe, F. G. A. (2010). Open Space Typology as a Framework for Design of the Public Realm. The Faces of

Urbanized Space, 35-74.

Santos Nouri, A., & Costa, J. P. (2017). Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations

for the “Place Diagram”. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(3), 356-

382.


THANK YOU SO MUCH…


outdoor thermal comfort and adaptation for …...•outdoor thermal comfort in fact is hard to be...

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