outline 6 vi. morphogenesis a. general features of gastrulation b. cell movement 1. extension and...
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OUTLINE 6
VI. Morphogenesis
A. General features of gastrulation
B. Cell movement
1. extension and contraction
2. adhesion
C. Gastrulation in the sea urchin
D. Gastrulation in the frog
E. Three layers of cells
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm
F. Neurulation
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animal pole
vegetal pole
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After this point, Protostomes and Deuterostomes depart
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Acoelomates
ProtostomesDeuterostomes
Arthropods Mollusks Annelids Echinoderms Chordates
TIME
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Mouth develops:
First Second
Cleavage planes:
Spiral Radial
Early development:
Not totipotent Totipotent
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MORULA
EGG
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SEA URCHIN
BLASTULA
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Fig 47.16
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Fig 47.9
Animal pole
Vegetal pole
Blastocoel
Start of invagination(blastopore)
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Fig 47.9
Archenteron
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Fig 47.9
Mouth
Anus
Archenteron
Digestive tract
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Fig 47.9
ectodermmesoderm
Archenteron
endoderm
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Fig 47.7
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Fig 47.7
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Fig 47.8
FROGBLASTULA
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Fig 47.10
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Frog blastula
blastocoel
Dorsal lip.The invagination for gastrulation starts here
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Fig 47.10
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Fig 47.10
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Fig 47.10
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ScanningElectionMicrographs
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Fig. 47.11
Neurulation in the frog
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OUTLINE 7VII. Mechanisms of Animal Development
A. Cytoplasmic determinants1. axes of symmetry in amphibians2. bicoid gene in Drosophila
B. Cell communication1. Holtfreter’s work2. mechanisms of cell recognition3. induction
C. Morphogens and pattern formation (chick limb bud)D. Hormones (in amphibian development)
1. pattern of metamorphosis2. role of thyroxin3. evidence
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ectoderm endodermmesoderm
3. resegregation
1. dissociation
2. reaggregation
Holtfretter 1955
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Fig. 47.22Spemann and Mangold: an organizer
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Fig. 47.24 Pattern formation: the chick limb bud
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Fig. 47.24Pattern formation: the chick limb bud
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Tadpole
AquaticGillsHerbivorousSwimming
Frog
TerrestrialLungsCarnivorousJumping
metamorphosis
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How do hormones turn on and off the genes that control development?
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Thyroxin level (increasing w ith time)G
rou
p o
f g
enes
exp
ress
ed
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Fig. 21.23
Development in the fly
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Fig. 21.24
Determination of anterior - posterior axis in the fly
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Natural variation in hormone levels can cause developmental plasticity
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Size of tadpole
Time
Pond dries, metamorphosis
or death
larger
smaller
Bigger is better!
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20 mm 20 mm
Stage 36
O
C
Stage 27
C
O
Stage 42
O
C
Omnivore Carnivore
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Omnivore Carnivore
Comparison of beaks of spadefoot tadpoles
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Size of tadpole
Time
Pond dries, metamorphosis
larger
smaller
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Natural and experimental variation in hormone levels can change the timing of development and
metamorphosis: this provides an avenue for evolutionary innovation
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Evolution of Vertebrate body plan
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Amphioxus
Larva
Adult HeterochronyNeotenyPaedomorphosis
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Chemical pollutants can influence hormones and alter development
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Lake Apopka
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Concentration of toxins in
water
Lake Apopka
higher
lower
Lake Woodruff
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Lake Apopka
larger
smaller
Lake Woodruff
Alligatorpenissize
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Alligatorpenissize
Concentration of toxins in water
higherlower
larger
smaller
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Effects of Atrazine on frog development