outline, brainstorming

8/19/2019 Outline, Brainstorming

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Outline, Brainstorming Tuesday, December 1, 20157:54 AM

1. Literature Review

2. The West India Company's Provisionsa. Prescribed purpose for sendin !inisters to "ew "ether#and

b. Counterin the $panish Catho#ici%ation of the &eathens

1. Prior !issionary fforts in (ra%i#a. !ethods

b. )eree of $uccess

2. )ominie *onas !icha+#iusa. ,irst Impressions of the "atives

b. &opes and P#ans for !issionary fforts

c. Reports of $uccess-,ai#ure

d. Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure

. )ominie dvardus (oardusa. ,irst Impressions of the "atives

b. &opes and P#ans for !issionary ffortsc. Reports of $uccess-,ai#ure

d. Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure

/. )ominie *ohannes !eapo#ensisa. ,irst Impressions of the "atives

b. &opes and P#ans for !issionary fforts

c. Reports of $uccess-,ai#ure

d. Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure0. Contemporary Perspectives

1. Literature Reviewa. The Commerce rument

b. Recent Reeva#uations

2. The West India Company's Provisions

a. Prescribed purpose for sendin !inisters to "ew "ether#and

b. Rhetoric and Lip $ervice

c. Responses to Petition and Remonstrance

. Prior !issionary fforts in (ra%i#

a. nvironment b. !ethods

c. )eree of $uccess

/. ,irst Impressions of the "atives


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a. Contemporary Reports

b. )ominie *onas !icha+#ius

c. )ominie dvardus (oardusd. )ominie *ohannes !eapo#ensis

1. &opes and P#ans for !issionary ffortsa. Contemporary Reports


c. )ominie dvardus (oardusd. )ominie *ohannes !eapo#ensis

e. iews of West India Company

2. Reports of $uccess-,ai#urea. Contemporary Reports


c. )ominie dvardus (oardus

d. )ominie *ohannes !eapo#ensise. iews of West India Company

. Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure

a. Contemporary Reports

b. )ominie *onas !icha+#iusc. )ominie dvardus (oardus

d. )ominie *ohannes !eapo#ensis

e. iews of West India Company

/.

3nti# fair#y recent#y4 the ma5ority of the historioraphy of the "ew "ether#and co#ony has tended

to #ean toward a rather sinu#ar eva#uation of the reason for the #imited success of the )utch's

missionary efforts amon the natives. It is possib#e that this enera# consensus has persisted onaccount of historians' ne#ectin to e6p#ore the sub5ect comprehensive#y. The hih#y commercia#

focus of the West India Company's endeavors in "orth merica has drawn much more historica#

attention4 with the re#iious motives bein typica##y confined to brief summaries of the overa##fai#ure of the )utch c#ery to convert many "atives to the Reformed faith4 due to the W.I.C.'s

primary concern with trade and commerce.

Whi#e a reat many documents concernin the history of "ew "ether#and have been trans#atedinto n#ish4 a number of periphera# writins which shed #iht on re#iious motives of the W.I.C.4

co#onists4 and c#ery of the day remain untrans#ated into n#ish in any pub#ished form. $uch

primary documents have been the focus of some of the more recent research on the sub5ect4 withthe historians' own trans#ations and interpretations providin the on#y windows into some of

these factors.

The aforementioned consensus has typica##y identified a few factors uni7ue to the environment

and situation in "ew "ether#and as the reasons for the notab#y #imited success of the )utch

missionary efforts. broad eva#uation of the W.I.C. as principa##y concerned with trade has #on


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appeared to be a sufficient e6p#anation for a number of historians. Whi#e more recent research

affirms this attitude4 it has underone revision4 and emered as a much more nuanced factor. The

intent4 and assumed ob#iation4 to ma8e Reformed Christian converts out of the "atives of the "ew Wor#d was very present in the minds and correspondence of the W.I.C. The &owever4

whether because of cost or #ac8 of candidates4 the company never sent any sin#e minister to the

co#ony with the so#e vocation of pursuin missionary oa#s. The predi8aten were first andforemost sent to minister to the co#onists4 and bui#d Reformed conreations in the new wor#d.

The C#assis of msterdam chared them to pursue the conversion of the natives in addition to

their primary c#erica# duties4 which proved4 due to a number of additiona# factors4 a tremendouscha##ene. (eyond the time restraints that #imited the missionary efforts of the )utch c#ery4 the

C#assis a#so appears not to have treated re7uests for materia#s for the re#iious instruction of the

"atives with much urency.

Whi#e the Ca#vinist rhetoric which payed #ip service to their duty to spread the Reformed re#iion

amon the 9heathens9 endured for the duration of the co#ony's autonomy4 and despite a number

of fran8 admissions of fai#ure to achieve this by the predi8aten themse#ves4 survivin records of

correspondence from the C#assis of msterdam dispatched to the co#ony do not appear to inc#udeadmonishment of the c#ery for said fai#ures. In one instance4 a #etter from the C#assis to

)ominee !eapo#ensis inc#udes a conratu#atory remar84 referrin to an apparent#y #ost #etterthat reported notab#e success in brinin the heathens to convert. confused !eapo#ensis

rep#ied that not on#y had he not reported any such thin4 but a#so that 7uite the contrary was the

case.

$omewhat recent#y4 more insiht into this has been ained throuh historica# comparison to the

)utch efforts toward the same oa# in the co#ony of (ra%i# around the same time.

1 !iterature "e#ie$%unday, December &, 2015':47 (M

##en W. Tre#ease4 9)utch Treatment of the merican Indian4 with Particu#ar Reference to "ew

"ether#and49 in Attitudes of Colonial Powers toward the American Indian4 eds. Char#es :ibson

and &oward &. Pec8ham ;$a#t La8e City< 3niversity of 3tah Press4 1=>=?.

p. /=

9!issionary impu#se was not a#toether #ac8in amon the )utch. Conversion of theIndians to Christianity was a#ways souht in theory4 and it was common#y rearded as a prere7uisite to ;or accompaniment of? a more enera# civi#i%in mission.9

)isadvantaes<o Connection between symbo#ic importance in other faiths and the re#iion of the

natives


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o !ore demandin re7uirements for baptism and nomina# conversion ;education4

understandin? @p./=@0Ao p. 0A @ Catho#ics had arrived first

)onna !erwic84 The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland

;Phi#ade#phia< 3niversity of Pennsy#vania Press4 2AA>?4 BBB. p.11

• 9t home4 the ca## for evane#i%in "ew Wor#d natives was increasin#y demandin4 and

certain#y the company's many Ca#vinist bac8ers were concerned that missioni%in be a prominent consideration.9

!euwese4 !ar8. D)utch Ca#vinism and "ative mericans< a comparative study of themotivations for Protestant conversion amon the Tupis in "ortheastern (ra%i# ;1>A@1>0/? and

the !ohaw8s in Centra# "ew Eor8 ;1>=A@11A?4F in The Spiritual Conversion of the Americas4

ed. *ames !u#doon ;:ainesvi##e< 3niversity Press of ,#orida4 2AA/?. p. 121

"But ecause the word of !od could e properl understood onl readin# the Bile$ Dutch Calvinists conse%uentl saw readin# and writin# as primar tools for the

evan#eli&ation of the native societies'" "(irst$ reli#ious personnel in the two colonies were often adl paid their )IC

emploer'"

" p. 1/

")hereas the evan#eli&ation pro#ram of the Dutch *eformed Church in Bra&il was

e+tensive ecause it was an intrinsic part of the #loal Calvinist Dutch stru##le a#ainst theCatholic Church and the Spanish Crown$ Dutch attempts to convert the Indians of North

America to Protestantism lac,ed an stron# ideolo#ical fervor'

Wi##em ,ri5hoff4 9verardus (oardus ;1>A@1>/?< )utch !ystic in the "ew Wor#d49 inTransatlantic Pieties G Dutch Cler# in Colonial America4 ed. Leon van den (roe8e4 &ans

Hrabbendam and )ir8 !ouw ;:rand Rapids< Wi##iam (. erdmans Pub#ishin Co.4 2A12?4 p. =@

1AA. p. =>

"-e was presumal unaware that man of them did not full understand the Protestant

re.ection of rituals as superstition' Both African and Native Americans considered ritual asthe true form of reli#ion'

##en W. Tre#ease4 9Indian@White Contacts in astern "orth merica< The )utch in "ew "ether#and49 Ethnohistor =4 no. 2 ;1=>2?< 1/1.

p.1/1

The )utch co#onists ;#i8e the )utch nation? were comparative#y Wor#d#y in out#oo8 by thestandards of their time and #ac8ed any serious !otivation in this respect !oreover their

standards for conversion Were hih4 re7uirin evidence of a enuine spiritua# reeneration

be@ fore baptism and fina##y the Indians had not sufficient#y #ost their own cu#ture or va#ues


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by 1>>/ to manifest much interest in the unadorned and introspective Ca#vinism offered

them by the )utch Reformed Church.

##en W. Tre#ease4 Indian Affairs in Colonial New /or, ;Ithaca4 "E< Corne## 3niversity Press4

1=>A?4 BBB.

p.1AToo often the )utch pastors sent out to merica were those who had fai#ed to et a ca## in

the ,ather#and4 and once here they contented themse#ves with the minimum ministrations to

their f#oc8s of uropean birth.

2 )deologies and )n*uences T+ursday, December 10, 20151:47 AM

!artine *. van Ittersum4 Profit and Principle: -u#o !rotius$ Natural *i#hts$ Theories and the

*ise of Dutch Power in the East Indies 01232415126 ;Leiden< (ri##4 2AA>?4 BBB. p. /

The po#itica# messae was c#ear< the $panish had not 5ust fai#ed to convert the Indians to

Christianity4 but active#y prevented their conversion by severe#y mistreatin them. p. JA@J1

&e was faced with the difficu#ty that neither the KC4 nor the reiona# tradin companies

that preceded it4 had made much of an effort to convert indienous peop#es to Christianity.The $panish (#ac8 Leend offered him a way out. (revsima Re#aciMn he#ped to create the

stereotype of the hypocritica# Catho#ic missionary4 a man so preoccupied with deathbed

conversions to Christianity that he fai#ed to attend to the materia# and spiritua# we##bein ofhis Indian f#oc8 :rotius may we## have had this archetypa# imae in mind when he e7uated

true re#iion with the humane treatment of Indians


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*oris van i5natten4 9War Piracy and Re#iion< :odfried 3demans' Spiritual -elm ;1>J?9 in

Propert$ Pirac and Punishment : -u#o !rotius on )ar and Boot in "De Iure Praedae49 ed.

&ans W. (#om ;Leiden< (ri##4 2AA=?4 BBB. p.2A>

3)!"$

,or concernin the commerce of the two Companies mentioned4 their aim is in fact not tocommit piracy4 but to trade peacefu##y< to cut off the nerve of war4 that is4 the treasures in

the ast and West Indies4 from our pub#ic enemy4 the $paniard and his adherents< to secure

for our state new a##iances4 towns and forts in those wea#thy #ands< to e6pand the borders of the Hindom of Christ throuh the conversion of those poor4 b#ind heathens< to de#iver the

same poor Indians from the $paniardNs tyranny etc.

!ar8 !euwese4 D)utch Ca#vinism and "ative mericans< a comparative study of themotivations for Protestant conversion amon the Tupis in "ortheastern (ra%i# ;1>A@1>0/? and

the !ohaw8s in Centra# "ew Eor8 ;1>=A@11A?4F in The Spiritual Conversion of the Americas4

ed. *ames !u#doon ;:ainesvi##e< 3niversity Press of ,#orida4 2AA/?4 BBB.

p. 120"…the militant Dutch Calvinists were strongly motivated by the belief in the universal

character of the Protestant church. ccording to this ideology! Calvinism was the only true

religion and to honor od it was the duty of every Calvinist to evangeli#e all the peoples on

earth."

"$his aggressive missionary ideology also had strong millenarian overtones because the

militant Calvinists believed that the conversion of non%Christians across the world would

directly lead to the return of Christ to earth."

"&n a number of Calvinist sermons the company was called upon to use its recently gained

profits for spreading Protestantism among the indigenous peoples of the mericas."

"'ut because the word of od could be properly understood only by reading the 'ible!

Dutch Calvinists conse(uently saw reading and writing as primary tools for the

evangeli#ation of the native societies."

2 )-.s (ro#isions / )ntentions%unday, December &, 2015':47 (M

a. Ca#vinism and C#erica# oices at &ome

!euwese4 !ar8. D)utch Ca#vinism and "ative mericans< a comparative study of the

motivations for Protestant conversion amon the Tupis in "ortheastern (ra%i# ;1>A@1>0/?and the !ohaw8s in Centra# "ew Eor8 ;1>=A@11A?4F in The $piritua# Conversion of themericas4 ed. *ames !u#doon ;:ainesvi##e< 3niversity Press of ,#orida4 2AA/?.

p. 120

"…the militant Dutch Calvinists were strongly motivated by the belief in the universal

character of the Protestant church. ccording to this ideology! Calvinism was the only

true religion and to honor od it was the duty of every Calvinist to evangeli#e all the

peoples on earth."


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"$his aggressive missionary ideology also had strong millenarian overtones because

the militant Calvinists believed that the conversion of non%Christians across the world

would directly lead to the return of Christ to earth."

"&n a number of Calvinist sermons the company was called upon to use its recently

gained profits for spreading Protestantism among the indigenous peoples of the

mericas.""'ut because the word of od could be properly understood only by reading the

'ible! Dutch Calvinists conse(uently saw reading and writing as primary tools for the

evangeli#ation of the native societies."

)anny L. "oor#ander. 9',or the maintenance of the true re#iion'< Ca#vinism and the

)irectors of the )utch West India Company49 Si+teenth Centur 7ournal //4 no. 1 ;2A1?<

=1.

p. =1If their rhetoric is any indication4 they be#ieved that theirs was a od#y wor8. The Oee#and

hoofdparticipanten once reso#ved that no one shou#d ho#d any posi@ tion of importance

within the company un#ess he professed Dthe true Christian Reformed Re#iion.F That #i8e#y

never became an officia# po#icy4 and some non@ Reformed officers did serve the WIC intime. (ut the directors at #east areed that they shou#d hire the most capab#e4 Dod@ fearinF

men avai#ab#e./0 s they e7uipped ships and wor8ed with the church to obtain c#ery and

other ecc#esi@ astica# needs4 they said that nothin was Dmore dear to theirQ hearts thanRe#i@ ion4F that spreadin the ospe# was one of their Dprincipa# ob5ectives.F

*oep de Honin. 9:overnors Is#and and the Kriins of Re#iious To#erance49 in 8penin#Statements : 9aw$ 7urisprudence$ and the 9e#ac of Dutch New /or, 4 eds. #bert !.

Rosenb#att and *u#ia C. Robert ;#bany< $tate 3niversity of "ew Eor8 Press4 2A1?4 BBB.

p. 1>=

Wi##em 3sse#inc6

&is p#an was desined Dfor the furtherance of :odNs honor throuh the propaation ofthe ho#y ospe# moreover to inf#ict economicQ #oss on the enemy third#y to increase

the countryNs revenues throuh barter@tradeQ and dischare its over#oad popu#ation

because of a dearth of emp#oyment prospectsQ fina##y for the enera# we#fare of a##residents of these united #ands.F

p. 1>=@1A

&e envisaed that co#onists wou#d show natives the way4 by attitude and e6amp#e4 and

thus he#p Dcivi#i%eF the aboriina#s and ma8e them e7ua# partners in the success of theco#oniesN economies.

b. Purpose for sendin the !inisters to "ew "ether#and


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. *. ,. van Laer4 ed. Documents *elatin# to New Netherland 15;4155 in the -enr E'

-untin#ton 9irar ;$an !arino4 C< The &enry . &untinton Library and rt :a##ery41=2/? BBB.

p. )$ P) *+,')-)ocument

Provisiona# Reu#ations for the Co#onists adopted by

the ssemb#y of the "ineteen of the West India Company4!arch 2J4 1>2/

They sha## within their territory practice no other form of divine worship than that of

the Reformed re#iion as a t present practiced here in this country and thus by theirChristian #ife and conduct see8 to draw the Indians and other b#ind peop#e to the

8now#ede of :od and &is Word4 without however persecutin any one on account of

his faith4 but #eavin to every one the freedom of his conscience. (ut if any one

amon them or within their 5urisdiction shou#d wanton#y revi#e or b#aspheme the nameof :od or of our $aviour *esus Christ4 he sha## accordin to the circumstances be

punished by the Commander and his Counci#. p. )$ P) *+,')-

)ocument C

Instructions for Wi##em erhu#st )irector of "ew "ether#and4;*anuary4 1>20?

,irst4 he sha## ta8e care that divine service be he#d at the proper times both on board

ship and on #and4 enab#e the comforter of the sic84 $ebastiaen *anss% Cro#42 to performhis duties in conformity with the authori%ation and instructions iven him by the

Consistory4 maintain him in proper respect4 and see that the community there is

proper#y served by him in the ministration of ho#y baptism4 in readin sermons4offerinQ prayers4 and in visitin the sic84 and that the Indians be instructed in the

Christian re#iion out of :od's &o#y Word. &e sha## a#so prevent a## ido#atry4 in order

that the name of :od and of our Lord and $aviour *esus Christ be not b#asphemedtherein by any one and the Lord's $abbath be not vio#ated4 but that by the e6amp#e of

od#iness and outward discip#ine on the part of the Christians the heathen may the

sooner be brouht to a 8now#ede of the same.

rno#d *. ,. an Laer4 ed. and trans.


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*. ,ran8#in *ameson4 ed. Narratives of New Netherland: 15>3?155; ;"ew Eor8< Char#es

$cribner's $ons4 1=A=?4 BBB.

*K&""$ ) LT

p. /=@0A

Church e#der ;Leyden?

$ynod of )ort;,oundin? )irector in msterdam Chamber of the West India Company4

ccounts #i8e#y co##ected from 5ourna#s ofo Corne#ius *acobsen !eyo &endric8 Christiaenseno driaen (#oc8

*ohannes de Laet. 9"ew Wor#d49 in Narratives of New Netherland: 15>3?155;4 ed. *.,ran8#in *ameson. "ew Eor8< Char#es $cribner's $ons4 1=A=. Kriina##y pub#ished as

Nieuwe )ereldt 8fte Beschri.vin#he van )est Indien@ ;Leiden< Isaac8 #%evier4 1>20?4 BBB.

p. /=@0AThey have no re#iion whatever4 nor any divine worship4 but serve the )evi# yet not

with such ceremonies as the fricans. They ca## him !enutto and every thin that is

wonderfu# and strane or that surpasses human understandin4 that they a#so ca##!enuttoQ.

p. 0A (ut with mild and proper treatment! and especially by intercourse with

Christians! this people might be civili#ed and brought under better regulation/

particularly if a sober and discreet population were brought over and good order

preserved.

p. 0J

but if humanely treated! hospitable and ready to perform a service they as8 on#y asma## remuneration for what they do4 and wi## ma8e very #on 5ourneys in a short time

with reater fide#ity than cou#d be 5ust#y e6pected from such a barbarous peop#e.

*or is it to be doubted that by associating with Christians they could be imbued

with civili#ed manners and with religion! especially if there should be planted

among them colonies of well ordered people! who would employ their services

without violence or abuse! and in return accustom them to the worship of the

true od and the habits of civili#ed life.


10/25

&uh &astins4 ed.4 dward T. Corwin4 trans. Ecclesiastical *ecords: State of New /or,$


11/25

"The Directors have made no effort to convert to Christianit either the Indians$ or

the Blac,s or Slaves$ owned the Compan there'"

p. 2>

*an. 14 1>0A

W.I.C. Response to Remonstrance"Ever one conversant with the Indians in$ and around New Netherland$ will e ale

to sa$ that it is morall impossile to convert the adults to the Christian faith'

Besides$ tis a =inisters usiness to appl himself to that$ and the Directors dut toassist him therein'"

. 1

' Brail orts%unday, December &, 2015

':43 (M

a. !ethods

*aap *acobs4 New Netherland: A Dutch Colon in Seventeenth4Centur America ;Leiden< (ri##4 2AA0?4 BBB.

p. 1=@2A*ohannes Po#hemius4 who had e6perienced in (ra%i# that some ministers were

e6empted from other ecc#esiastica# duties to app#y themse#ves e6c#usive#y to

missionary wor84 was of the opinion that the Company showed too #itt#e %ea#.That does not a#ter the fact that in the first part of their reaction the directors

reconi%ed that considerab#e practica# drawbac8s had to be overcome.

p. )eree of $uccess7. Comparison

!euwese4 !ar8. D)utch Ca#vinism and "ative mericans< a comparative study of themotivations for Protestant conversion amon the Tupis in "ortheastern (ra%i# ;1>A@

1>0/? and the !ohaw8s in Centra# "ew Eor8 ;1>=A@11A?4F in The $piritua#

Conversion of the mericas4 ed. *ames !u#doon ;:ainesvi##e< 3niversity Press of,#orida4 2AA/?.

p. 114

"5owever! in the late 1670s many ,ohaw8s suddenly became interested in theDutch -eformed religion. 9rom 1641 to 1:10! Calvinist ministers bapti#ed no less

than 1:0 ,ohaw8 men! women! and children at the Dutch -eformed church in

lbany."

p. 12;

"…northeastern 'ra#il was a much more popular destination for Calvinist

ministers and lay%preachers than *orth merica."


12/25

"*o less than fifty%three fully ordained or candidate ministers were active in

'ra#il during the relatively short period between 162< and 16


13/25

• "the small possiilit I see of leadin# this lind$ perverse$ Nation to the

true ,nowled#e of !od$ throu#h Christ'"

)e8hof! lbert. @onas ,ichaAliusB 9ounder of the Church in *ew *etherland.

eydenB . >. ithoffEs Publishing Company! 1426F. p. 111

•

11 ugust 1627 etter to -ev. drianus moutius! minister! msterdam• "-ow these people can est e led to the true ,nowled#e of !od and of the

=ediator Christ$ is hard to sa' I cannot mself wonder enou#h who it is$ that has

imposed so much upon our *everence and man others in the (atherland$

concernin# the docilit of this people and their #ood nature$ the proper principiareli#ionis and vesti#a le#is naturae$ which are said to e amon# them$ in whom I have

as et een ale to discover hardl a sin#le #ood point$ e+cept that the do not spea,

so .eerin#l and so scoffin#l of the #odli,e and #lorious ma.est of their Creator asthe Africans dare to do'"

• "But it ma e ecause the have not such a certain ,nowled#e of -im$ or none at

all' If we speak to them of God, it appears to them like a dream, and we are

compelled to spea, of -im$ not under the name of =enetto$ whom the ,now and serve$ for that would e lasphem$ ut of one #reat$ ea$ most hi#h Sac,iema$

which name the$ havin# no ,in#$ call those$ who have the command over several

hundred amon# them$ who our people are called Sac,ema,ers and as they hear it,

some begin to mutter and shake their heads, as if it were a silly fable, and others, in

order to get out of the difficulty with honour and friendship, will say Orith, that is

good. Now, by what means are we to prepare this people for salvation, or to make a

salutary breach among them? I take the liberty of enlarging somewhat on this point

to your Reverence." p'14• "Shall we then leave the parents as the are$ and e#in with the children$ who are

still oun#' 9et it e so' But the ou#ht in outh to e separated from their parents$

ea$ from their whole nation' (or$ without this$ the would forthwith e as muchaccustomed as their elders to the heathenish tric,s and devilries$ which of itself are

,neaded in their hearts nature a .ust .ud#ment of !od$ so that havin# once$ hait$ otained deep root$ the would with #reat difficult e rou#ht awa from it'" p'

1;• "But this separation is hard to effect$ for the parents have a stron# affection for

their children$ and are ver loth to part with them$ and when this happens$ as hasalread een proved$ the parents are never full contented$ ut ta,e them awa

stealthil$ or induce them to run awa'"

Nevertheless we must proceed in this direction$ althou#h it would e attended with some e+pense$ to otain the children means of presents and promises$ with the

#ratitude and consent of the parents$ in order to place them under the instruction ofsome e+perienced and #odl schoolmaster$ where the ma e instructed not onl to

spea,$ read$ and write our lan#ua#e$ ut especiall in the fundamental of ourChristian reli#ion$ and where$ esides$ the will see nothin# ut #ood e+amples of

virtuous livin#" • "ut the must sometimes spea, their native ton#ue amon# themselves$ in order

not to for#et it$ as ein# evidentl a principal means of spreadin# the ,nowled#e of

reli#ion throu#h the whole nation' p' 1;


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• "Perchance !od ma finall have merc upon them$ that the fulness of the

heathen ma e #raduall rou#ht in and the salvation of our !od ma e here also

seen amon# these wild and sava#e men' I hope to ,eep an watchful ee on these people$ and to learn as much as possile of their lan#ua#e and to see, etter

opportunities for their instruction than hitherto it has een possile to find'" p' 1;42

)e8hof! lbert. @onas ,ichaAliusB 9ounder of the Church in *ew *etherland.eydenB . >. ithoffEs Publishing Company! 1426F.

•

• Reports of $uccess-,ai#ure• 1; eptember 17;0 etter to @oannes van 9oreest! )?ecutive Council

of the tates of *orth 5olland and >est 9riesland 5oornF•

• Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure• $ee e6p#anation of difficu#ties

5 Dm #erardus Bogardus%unday, December &, 2015':5& (M

a. ,irst Impressions of the "atives b. &opes4 6pectations4 and P#ans for Conversion

,ri5hoff4 Wi##em. (ulfillin# !ods =ission: The Two )orlds of Dominie Everardus

Bo#ardus$ 15>415; 4 trans. !yra &eerspin8 $cho#% ;Leiden< (ri##4 2AA?.

p.


15/25

ma e delivered from the thic, dar,nesses of their idolatries and the service of

the devil$ and rou#h to the ,nowled#e and fear of the true !od and Saviour'"

p. 1415; 4 trans. !yra &eerspin8 $cho#% ;Leiden< (ri##4 2AA?.

p.


16/25

9...so that he may perform the duty of the :ospe# to the advancement of :od's &o#y

name and the conversion of many poor b#ind men. !ay the #mihty :od4 who hath

ca##ed him to this ministry4and insti##ed this ood %ea# in his heart4 to proc#aim Christ to christians and heathens

in such distant #ands4 strenthen him4 more and more4 in this his underta8in enrich

him with a## sorts of spiritua# ifts and b#ess overf#owin#y his faithfu# #abors < andwhen the Chief $hepherd4 Christ *esus4 sha## appear4 present him with the

imperishab#e Crown of terna# :#ory. men.9

. *. ,. van Laer4 ed. and trans. @

*u# 104 1>0/


17/25

Revs. !eapo#ensis and )risius to the C#assis of msterdam.

9In addition to this4 you ma8e mention in your #etter4 that you have athered from our

#etters4 that the 8now#ede of the :ospe# is ma8in reat proress amon the Indianshere. $pea8in with a## deference4 we do not 8now or thin8 that we have furnished any

such inte##ience in our #etters. 9We reat#y wish indeed4 that such were the state of

thins amon the Indians4 but as yet4 there is #itt#e appearance of it. It is indeed truethat a sachem of the Indians has so5ourned for a #enth of time amon us at the

!anhattans4 who was di#ient in #earnin to read and write4 which he #earned to do

to#erab#y we##. &e was a#so instructed in the principa# rounds of the Christian faith4and pub#ic#y 5oined in recitations on the catechism by Christian chi#dren. We ave him

a (ib#e that he miht peruse it and teach his own countrymen from it. We hoped that

in due time he miht be the instrument of accomp#ishin considerab#e ood amon the

Indians. (ut we ac8now#ede that he has on#y the bare 8now#ede of the truth4 withoutthe practice of od#iness. &e is reat#y inc#ined to drun8enness4 and indeed4 is not

better than other Indians. We do not indeed e6pect much fruit of re#iion amon these

barbarous nations4 unti# they are brouht under the overnment of uropeans4 as these

#atter increase in numbers. ,ina##y4 we commend you to the care and protection of the!ost &ih. Pray a#so for his b#essin on our ministry.9

p. =J

u. 1/4 1>0>

*ohannes !eapo#ensis4 $amue# )rissius.9We can say but #itt#e of the conversion of the heathens or Indians here4 and see no

way to accomp#ish it4 unti# they are subdued by the numbers and power of our peop#e4

and reduced to some sort of civi#i%ation and a#so un#ess our peop#e set them a better

e6amp#e4 than they have done heretofore. We have had an Indian here with us forabout two years. &e can read and write )utch very we##. We have instructed him in

the fundamenta# princip#es of our re#iion4 and he answers pub#ic#y in church4 and can

repeat the Commandments. We have iven him a (ib#e4 hopin he miht do someood amon the Indians4 but it a## resu#ted in nothin. &e too8 to drin8in brandy4 he

pawned the (ib#e4 and turned into a reu#ar beast4 doin more harm than ood amon

the Indians.9

p. /=

Kct. 1=4 1>>A

!ichae# $iperus4 new !inister@to@be9Re7uests instruction and advice of C#assis how he sha## conduct himse#f with reard

to the neroes and their chi#dren in the matter of baptism4 as a#so in reard to the

Indians.9

p. 0/@/

pri# 214 1>>/

Rev. *. T. Po#hemus to the C#assis of msterdam


18/25

There is no communication amon as4 in reference to the administration of divine

services nor p#ans provided for propaatin the :ospe# amon the savaes and the

n#ish. We recieve4 indeed4 our dues4 etc.4 . but in reference to a teacher4 forthem4 we must bear the e6pense ourse#ves4 or #eave them uninstructed4 and thus they

row up wi#d4 more and more inorant of :od.

##en W. Tre#ease. Indian Affairs in Colonial New /or, ;Ithaca4 "E< Corne## 3niversity

Press4 1=>A?4 BBB.

p.1A(y 1>/=4 when he too8 up a pastorate in "ew msterdam4 !eapo#ensis had a#most

certain#y fai#ed to convert a sin#e Indian.

e. Perceived Reasons for $uccess-,ai#ure

& 2 Ot+er "e6orts T+ursday, December 10, 20151:2' AM

&uh &astins4 ed.4 dward T. Corwin4 trans. Ecclesiastical *ecords: State of New /or,$ J>

Redress of the abuses and fau#ts in the co#ony of Rensse#aerswyc8 $ep. 04 1>/

,u## pararaph4 the #ac8 of od#iness amon the co#onists.

;cont.?

p. >J

$i6th#y4 to persuasion4 on the part of other freemen comin up the river4 who ma8e them forettheir bounden duty and the fide#ity which they owe their patroon4 a## of which bein du#y

considered wi## o to prove that there are reater and worse sins amon those who profess to be

Christians than amon the heathen themse#ves.

7 -ontem6orary (ers6ecti#es o8 !ay6eo6le%unday, December &, 2015':57 (M


19/25


$cribner's $ons4 1=A=?4 BBB.

*K&""$ ) LT

p. /=@0A

Church e#der ;Leyden?

$ynod of )ort;,oundin? )irector in msterdam Chamber of the West India Company4

ccounts #i8e#y co##ected from 5ourna#s ofo Corne#ius *acobsen !eyo &endric8 Christiaenseno driaen (#oc8

*ohannes de Laet. 9"ew Wor#d49 in Narratives of New Netherland: 15>3?155;4 ed. *. ,ran8#in*ameson. "ew Eor8< Char#es $cribner's $ons4 1=A=. Kriina##y pub#ished as Nieuwe )ereldt 8fte

Beschri.vin#he van )est Indien@ ;Leiden< Isaac8 #%evier4 1>20?4 BBB.

p. /=@0A

They have no re#iion whatever4 nor any divine worship4 but serve the )evi# yet not withsuch ceremonies as the fricans. They ca## him !enutto and every thin that is

wonderfu# and strane or that surpasses human understandin4 that they a#so ca## !enuttoQ.

p. 0A

(ut with mi#d and proper treatment4 and especia##y by intercourse with Christians4 this

peop#e miht becivi#i%ed and brouht under better reu#ation particu#ar#y if a sober and discreet popu#ationwere brouht over and ood order preserved.

p. 0J but if humane#y treated4 hospitab#e and ready to perform a service they as8 on#y a sma##

remuneration for what they do4 and wi## ma8e very #on 5ourneys in a short time with

reater fide#ity than cou#d be 5ust#y e6pected from such a barbarous peop#e.

*or is it to be doubted that by associating with Christians they could be imbued with

civili#ed manners and with religion! especially if there should be planted among themcolonies of well ordered people! who would employ their services without violence orabuse! and in return accustom them to the worship of the true od and the habits of

civili#ed life.


20/25

driaen van der )onc8. A Description of New Netherland 4 eds. Char#es T. :ehrin and Wi##iam

. $tarna4 trans. )iederi8 Wi##em :oedhuys. Linco#n< 3niversity of "ebras8a Press4 2AAJ.

Kriina##y pub#ished as Beschrvin#e van Nieuw4Nederlandt 0#eli.c, het te#enwoordi#h in staetis6 ;msterdam< vert "ieuwenhof4 1>00?4 BBB.

KRI:I"LLE P3(LI$&) I" 1>00 I" )3TC&

p. 0

The oriina# natives of that country were a## ca##ed wilden by our peop#e as aenera# appe##ation That name4 as far as can be ascertained4 was iven them from

the first and is 7uite appropriate for a number of reasons. 9irst! on account ofreligion! because they have none or so little as to be virtually in a state of nature.

p.

nd since the first opinion of women and the uneducated is best4 it seems appropriate

that they be ca##ed wilden4 because they are (uite wild and are strangers to the

Christian religion.

p. =0The Indians are notab#y me#ancho#y4 unaffected4 ca#m4 and of few words. The #itt#e

they do say is #on considered4 s#ow#y spo8en4 and #on remembered. W

p. =>

Cursin4 swearin4 and sco#din are forein to them4 un#ess they #earned it by mi6in

with our peop#e. $urpassin wisdom and outstandin inte##ience are not encountered

amon them4 mere#y a reasonab#e 8now#ede based on e6perience. "or are they 8eento #earn or di#ient in that respect. :ood and evi# they are 7uic8 to reconi%e. (y

themse#ves they are simp#e and inorant4 but when they have spent some time amon

our peop#e they become 7uite c#ever and can beQ tauht anythin. p. 1A

They appreciate hearin about :od and our re#iion4 and durin our services and

prayers they 8eep very 7uiet and seem to pay attention4 but in rea#ity they have nonotion of these matters. They #ive without re#iion and inner or outward devotion

even superstition and ido#atry are un8nown to them4 and they fo##ow the dictates of

nature a#one. ,or that reason some suppose that they may a## the easier be #ed to the

8now#ede and fear of :od.

When one berates them4 individua##y or enera##y4 for some wic8ed act or speech on

the round that it incurs the wrath of :od in heaven4 they rep#y4 DWe do not 8now that:od or where he is and have never seen him if you 8now and fear him4 as you say

you do4 how come there are so many whores4 thieves4 drun8ards4 and other evi#doers

amon you sure#y that :od of yours wi## punish you severe#y4 since he warned you of it. &e never warned us and #eft us in inorance therefore we do not deserve

punishment.


21/25

ery se#dom do they adopt our re#iion4 nor have any particu#ar officia# measures

been resorted to or app#ied to induce them to do so. When their chi#dren are sti##

youn4 it happens that our peop#e ta8e them into the home as servants and asopportunities arise ive them some s#iht re#iious instruction4 but when they row to

be youn men and women and bein to mi6 with the other Indians4 they soon foret

what they never #earned thorouh#y and revert to Indian ways and manners. p. 1AJ

In a## that country I 8now no more than 5ust one person amon the IndiansQ who is an

ornament to re#iion. "or is it to be e6pected4 as #on as the matter is thus suffered todra on4 that many Indians wi## throuh instruction be #ed to re#iion. Pub#ic authority

ouht to become invo#ved and provide for sound teachin of our #anuae and the

e#ements of the Christian re#iion to their youth in ood schoo#s4 estab#ished in

suitab#e #ocations in that country4 so that in due course they cou#d and wou#d teacheach other further and ta8e p#easure in doin so. It wou#d ta8e a dea# of effort and

preparation4 but without such measures not much ood can be achieved amon them.

The ne#ect of it is a very bad thin4 since the Indians themse#ves say they wou#d be

happy to have their chi#dren instructed in our #anuae and re#iion.

p. 111When we refute these absurdities easi#y4 we do so by te##in them that :od is

omniscient and omnipotent 8nows the nature of devi#s e6act#y 7uiet#y observes their

doins and wi## not permit a puffed@up and faith#ess servant to tyranni%e man4 who isthe most #orious creature of a## and made in :odNs imae4 provided he du#y puts his

trust in :od and does not forsa8e his commandments in favor of evi#.

Eou )utch say so4 and seen superficia##y it may seem to be as you maintain4 but youdo not understand the matter ariht.

3 T+e esuits in 9e$ rance and lse$+ere T+ursday, December 10, 20151:20 AM

&uh &astins4 ed.4 dward T. Corwin4 trans. Ecclesiastical *ecords: State of New /or,$


22/25

9&e to#d me that he had #ived about twenty years amon the Indians. When he was as8ed

what fruit had resu#ted from his #abors4 and whether he had tauht the Indians anythin

more than to ma8e the sin of the cross4 and such #i8e superstitions4 he answered that hewas not inc#ined to debate with me4 but wanted on#y to chat.9

de Char#evoi64 Pierre ,. S. &istory and :enera# )escription of "ew ,rance4 o#. . Trans#ated by

*ohn :. $hea4 "ew Eor8< *. :. $hea4 1J>J.

p.12

1>0

9What a difference49 said the Indians4 9 between these &uronQ Christians and the )utch

They a## ac8now#ede the same :od4 they say but the conduct of the #atter is far from bein as we## ordered as that of the former. When we o to see the ,rench4 we a#ways

return with a true desire to pray < at ,ortQ Krane they never spea8 to us of the Prayer4 and

we do not even 8now whether they do pray there.9


$cribner's $ons4 1=A=?4 BBB. p./A

$eptember 2J4 1>0J

&e to#d me that he had #ived about twenty years amon the Indians. When he was as8edwhat fruit had resu#ted from his #abors4 and whether he had tauht the Indians anythin

more than to ma8e the sin of the cross4 and such #i8e superstitions4 he answered that he

was not inc#ined to debate with me4 but wanted on#y to chat.

nding 9otes, acts, T+oug+ts T+ursday, December 10, 20154:0 (M

*aap *acobs4 New Netherland: A Dutch Colon in Seventeenth4Centur America ;Leiden< (ri##4

2AA0?4 BBB. p. 2J0

The rowth in the popu#ation #ed to the e6istence of e#even conreations with a tota# of si6

ministers at the time of the surrender to the n#ish.

p. 2

it was beyond 7uestion that the wic had to ta8e measures for the spiritua# care of itsemp#oyees. ,rom the outset4 the primacy within the wic #ay with the chambers4 thus in thecase of "ew "ether#and with the msterdam chamber. &owever4 on the ecc#esiastica# side

it was not c#ear which body shou#d be responsib#e.

In the ear#y years this tas8 fe## to the msterdam consistory4 but durin the course of the

1>As the supervision was transferred to the msterdam c#assis4 which de#eated it to a

sma## committee4 the deputati ad res Indicas. The authority of the msterdam c#assis was


23/25

cha##ened by the synods in other provinces4 which forced the "orth &o##and synod to

concede that it wou#d 8eep the other synods informed about re#iious matters.

!ar8 !euwese4 DU,or the Peace and We##@ (ein of the CountryN< Intercu#tura# !ediators and

)utch@Indian Re#ations in "ew "ether#and and )utch (ra%i#4 1>AAV 1>>/F ;Ph) diss.43niversity of "otre )ame4 2AA?.

p. =//A )urin the period 1>J=@12A4 a considerab#e number of !ohaw8s embraced ProtestantChristianity and was bapti%ed in the )utch Reformed Church in #bany. ,o##owin )utch

Reformed reu#ations4 baptisma# candidates needed sponsors who were a#ready members of

the Ca#vinist church. !any of the sponsors for !ohaw8 baptism@candidates were therefore

)utch officia#s and fur traders from #bany4 suestin a c#ose bond between the two peop#es. &owever4 there were considerab#e #imits to this re#ationship. The !ohaw8s and

)utch a#ways remained sereated from each other in separate towns the !ohaw8s on#y

visited #bany for baptisms and trade. !oreover4 the !ohaw8s primari#y were attracted to

)utch Protestantism in order to revita#i%e their own communities that had become divided by ,rench *esuit missionaries and wea8ened by ,rench and #on7uian attac8s durin the

1>JAs and 1>=As. (y estab#ishin c#ose re#ations with the nearby4 predominate#y )utch4residents of #bany4 the !ohaw8s attempted to secure mi#itary aid from the co#ony of

n#ish "ew Eor8. In addition4 some co#onia# observers noted that the !ohaw8s on#y

partia##y converted to Christianity and continued to practice their own re#iious traditions.,ina##y4 by the 12As@1As4 the !ohaw8s increasin#y turned to n#ican missionaries in

order to strenthen dip#omatic ties with n#ish co#onia# authorities. The number of

!ohaw8 baptisms in the )utch Reformed Church of #bany sinificant#y dec#ined after the

12As. #thouh the !ohaw8 conversions to )utch Protestantism in this period cementedthe !ohaw8 a##iance with the n#o@)utch residents of #bany4 the two cu#tures remained

separate from each other and did not tru#y b#end. $ee Lois !. ,eister4 DIndian@ )utch

Re#ations in the 3pper &udson a##ey< $tudy of (aptism Records in the )utch ReformedChurch4 #bany4 "ew Eor84F !an in the "ortheast 2/ ;1=J2?< J=@11 Wi##iam (ryan &art4

D,or the :ood of Kur $ou#s< !ohaw8 uthority4 ccommodation4 and Resistance to

Protestant vane#ism4 1AA@1JA4F ;Ph.). )issertation4 (rown 3niversity4 1==J?4 >J@J/)anie# H. Richter4 DN$ome of Them ... Wou#d #ways &ave a !inister with ThemN<

!ohaw8 Protestantism4 1>J@11=4F merican Indian uarter#y SI4 no. / ;1==2?< /1@

/J/.

;All -+ristian


24/25

;All -+ristian

ruitless ;And t+us t+ey gro$ u6 $ild; ?ouse @6on t+e %and BIG IDEAS The Calvinists may not have achievedwhat the Jesuits achieved in terms ofnumbers of converts, but the factremains that the Catholic notion ofconversion would be unaccetable in

terms of results for the Dutchmissionaries!

"E#E T$E %ISSI&'A#( G&A)S &* T$E"IC I' T#+T$ #E)IGI&+S)(%&TI-ATED T#ADE E-E' C+)T+#A)C&'.+EST%&TI-ATED/


25/25

B#I'GI'G T$E G&S0E) T& T$E $EAT$E'&*TE' %E'TI&'ED AT E'D &*T$&+G$TS A'D )ETTE#S