outline mission statement and assumptions business plan concepts of operations requirements...

43
Sky By OceanAire

Post on 19-Dec-2015

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

SkyBy OceanAire

Page 2: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Outline

• Mission Statement and Assumptions• Business Plan• Concepts of Operations• Requirements• Technologies and Advance Concepts• Initial Sizing

Page 3: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Mission Statement

• Design an aircraft with supersonic capabilities that is able to link major business city pairs.

• Compete with other existing aircraft on the market.

Page 4: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Assumptions

• For this design we will assume first flight in 2020 and entry in service in 2023. – This will allow us to consider the integration of technologies under

development and have a more competitive product.

• We assume that no supersonic flight over land is permitted. – This allows us the reduce the risks taken by launching an aircraft

designed to fly overland if the regulations of prohibited supersonic operations don't change.

Page 5: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Customer Needs and Benefits

• Decrease travel time by at least half

• Fly farther non-stop• Luxurious cabin space

Page 6: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Primary Customer

• Business oriented travelers

• Traveler with the desire and means to reach their destination faster

Page 7: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Market Size

• According to Richard Branson, founder and President of Virgin Atlantic, “There clearly is a demand for a niche for an all-business-class offering”

• Eos, MAXjet, Silverjet, and l’Avion reported in 2007 that each filled 70% or more of their seats flying only transatlantic flights.

Page 8: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Market Competition• By the year 2020, many companies will be developing or already

have developed supersonic transports

Table 1. 2020 Market Analysis

Company Name # of PAX Range (nmi) Cruise Speed (Mach #) Over Land

Aerion Corporation SBJ 8 to 12 >4000 1.6 Yes

Lockheed QSST up to 12 >4000 1.6 to 1.8 Yes

Dassault Aviation HISAC

8 to 16 3000-4900 1.8 Yes

Sukhoi S-21 6 to 10 2400 1.4 N/A

OceanAire49 5000 1.8 No

Sky

Page 9: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Market Competition

• Our aircraft’s strengths are passenger capacity (49), range capability (5000 nmi), and supersonic cruise speed (1.8). Our weakness is that our plane will not be designed for transcontinental flights.

• Per FAR36, supersonic overland flight in the USA as well as over 50 other countries has been prohibited. Our competition rely on this regulation to be redefined or using new technological advances to mitigate the sonic boom level.

Page 10: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Cost Predictions 

• Analysis based on Aircraft Airframe Cost Model, using planes that are in production as skeleton models.

We (lbs)

Max Speed (mph)

# of Test

PlanesProduction

QuantitySell Price (millions)

CALCULATOR (Millions) 2004 2009

PROFIT (Million)

QSST 80071 1190 2 350 80 66 70.6 3290

Aerion 45139 1058 2 300 80 41.5 44.4 10680

OceanAire 96359 1322 2 325 120 86 91.2 9360

Table 2. Cost Predictions

Page 11: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Business Plan: Operations

A total of 15 city pairs and 13 global locations

  Airport Code Airport Code Distance (nmi)

LA to Tokyo LAX NRT 4737

SF to Tokyo SFO NRT 4462

SF to Seoul SFO ICN 4927

Seattle to Tokyo SEA NRT 4144

Seattle to Seoul SEA ICN 4533

Tokyo to Singapore NRT SIN >4211

Tokyo to Sydney NRT SYD 2889

  Airport Code Airport Code Distance (nmi)

NYC to London JFK LHR 2999

NYC to Paris JFK CDG 3158

NYC to Amsterdam JFK AMS 3166

Boston to London BOS LHR 2837

Boston to Paris BOS CDG 2997

Boston to Amsterdam BOS AMS 3004

Miami to London MIA LHR 3845

Miami to Paris MIA CDG 3987

Table 3. Transpacific City Pairs Table 4. Transatlantic City Pairs

Page 12: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

• Out of all the city pairs, the most passengers are in the 2500 - 3000 nmi range with about 68,800 passengers/week for 2008.

• In this range the busiest city pair is London (LHR) to New York (JFK) with about 23,400 passengers a week.

Business Plan: Operations

Figure 1. Passengers Per Week for Chosen City Pairs

Page 13: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

= 60”

Customers needs• Luxurious cabin space• 1st Class Seat Pitch = 60” • Business Class Seat Pitch = 50”

(these configurations are subject to change)

• Luxurious entertainment and communication capabilities for improved productivity during flight

• Shorter travel time

Page 14: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Aircraft Payload / Passenger Capacity:

• Spacing Efficiency– Optimizing passenger capacities within designated aircraft spacing to

enable maximum profit.– To allow effective use of space without inhibiting the comfort of

passengers.– To maximize profit by avoiding needless use of space.

• Enhance Flight Efficiency– Through optimization of the aircraft payload by avoiding unnecessary

payloads (limiting passenger checking baggage to 1x50 lbs since majority of passengers are business oriented and statistically, they do not carry a lot of luggage)

Page 15: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

• 4 Crew Members 180 lbs/crewBaggage 30 lbs/crew

• 49 Passengers 180 lbs/passenger Baggage 50 lbs/passenger

On Board Baggage 15 lbs/passengerX 49

X 4

W = 12005 lbspayload

W = 840 lbscrew

Aircraft Payload / Passenger Capacity:

Page 16: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Cabin Layout

Business Class

Seat pitch 50”Seat width 24”Aisle width 20”

First Class

Seat pitch 60”Seat width 30”Aisle width 30”

Figure 2. Cabin Layout

Page 17: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

• Based on the longest flight of the aircraft in worst case scenario.• Follows FAA part 25 regulations for transport aircraft with 2 engines or more.• Includes emergency maneuvers such as take off or go around with one inoperative engine.• All supersonic legs of the flights are over sea.

Aircraft Design Mission Profile

Page 18: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Design Mission Profile

Page 19: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Design Mission Profile

Page 20: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Design Mission Profile

Page 21: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Design Mission Profile

A Taxi (9min)B Accelerate to VLO ≥ 1.1 V∙ S and liftoff with one engine inoperativeC Take off to 35ft at VTO ≥ 1.2 V∙ S with one engine inoperative, gears

down at a rate ≥ 2.4%.D Climb to 1,500ft at VCL ≥ 1.25 V∙ S with one engine inoperative,

gears up at a rate ≥ 1.2%E Climb to 10,000 ft at 250 KCAS with all engines operating, gears up at a rate >3%F Accelerate to climb speedG Climb to best cruise altitude at best climb rateH Step cruise for best range (4,919 nmi with head winds) at M = 1.8

A-BC

D

E

F

G

H

IJ

K

L

M

N O

P

QR

Page 22: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

I Descend to 10,000 ftJ Decelerate to 250 KCASK Descend to 1,500 ft and loiter for 30 minL Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 V∙ s

M Missed approach, climb at VCL ≤ 1.5 V∙ s at a rate ≥ 2.1% with one engine inoperative, gears up

ORMissed landing, climb at VCL ≤ 1.3 V∙ s at a rate ≥ 3.2% with all engines

operating, gears down)N Cruise for best range (200 nmi alternate airport) with one engine

inoperativeO Loiter (30 min)P Descend to 1,500 ftQ Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 V∙ s

R Land over a 50ft obstacle at VTD ≥ 1.15 V∙ s

Design Mission Profile

A-BC

D

E

F

G

H

IJ

K

L

M

N O

P

QR

Page 23: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Economic Mission Profile

• Based on the most flown flight• Follows FAA part 25 regulations for transport

aircraft climb rates• Does NOT include emergency maneuvers • All supersonic legs of the flights are over sea.

Page 24: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Economic Mission Profile

A Taxi (9min)B Accelerate to VLO ≥ 1.1 V∙ S and liftoff with all

engines operatingC Take off to 35ft at VTO ≥ 1.1 V∙ s with all engine

operating, gear down at a rate > 0%D Climb to 1,500ft at VCL ≥ 1.2 V∙ s with all engines operating, gear up at a rate > 3%E Climb to 10,000 ft at 250 KCAS with all engines

operating, gear up at a rate > 3%F Accelerate to climb speedG Climb to best cruise altitude at best climb rateH Step cruise for best range

A-BC

D

E

F

G

H

IJ

K

LM N

H Step cruise for best range (3,000 nmi)I Descend to 10,000ftJ Decelerate to 250 KCASK Descend to 1,500ftL 30 min loiter at 1,500ftM Approach at VA ≥ 1.3 V∙ s

N Land over a 50ft obstacle at VTD ≥ 1.15 V∙ s

O Taxi to gate (9 min)

Page 25: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access institution.

Economic Mission Profile

Page 26: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Purdue University is an Equal Opportunity/Equal Access institution.

Economic Mission Profile

Page 27: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Economic Mission Profile

Page 28: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Customer Needs/Wants

Airline Passenger Public NASA/Lockheed

•Airport compatible•Maintenance cost•Operational life•Turnaround time•Oversea Range

•Comfort•Cargo space/payload•Fast trip time•Affordable ticket price

•FAA requirements•Quiet•Low emissions

•Supersonic cruise efficiency•Low sonic boom•High lift for takeoff and landing

Table 5. Customer Attributes

Page 29: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Quantifiable Engineering Characteristics

• Takeoff field length• Landing field length• Door height above ground• Airframe life• Range• Number of passengers• Cruise Mach number• Cabin volume per passenger

• Operating cost• Cruise altitude• Cruise efficiency• Cumulative certification noise• Stall speed• Wing span• NOx emissions

Page 30: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

House of Quality

•Most Important Attributes: 1. FAA Requirements 2. Supersonic Cruise Efficiency 3. Airport Compatible

•Top Engineering Characteristics: 1. Cruise Mach Number 2. Cruise efficiency

Page 31: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Targets/Thresholds

Requirements Compliance Matrix

Requirement Unit Condition Target Threshold Design Date

Takeoff Field Length [ft] < 10,000 11,800 11000

1/25/2009

Range [nmi] > 5000 4000 3500

Payload [pax] > 49 35 49

Cruise Mach # [N/A] > 1.8 1.6 1.8

Cruise Efficiency [lb fuel/pax-nmi] < 0.25 0.33 0.36

Certification Noise [PldB] < 50 70 69

Cabin Volume per Pax [ft^3/pax] > 11 9.7 8

1/27/2009Cruise Altitude [ft] 50000 60000 0

Aircraft Life [years] > 30 20 28

Aspect Ratio [N/A] < 2 3.86 2.2

1/29/2009Thrust to Weight Ratio [N/A] > 0.37 0.3 0.3

Wing Loading [N/A] > 125 95 100

Crew [crew] < 3 5 4

Table 6. Requirements Compliance Matrix

Page 32: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Benchmarking

• Major Competitors:– Aerospatiale/BAC Concorde– Lockheed Martin Quiet Supersonic Transport– Aerion Supersonic Business Jet

• Benchmarking Outcome:– Focuses– Shortcomings

Figure 3. Benchmarking Analysis

Page 33: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Technologies & Advanced Concepts Engines

• Commercial:• Pratt and Whitney JT8D-219 Turbofan

• 21000 lb takeoff thrust

• Military:• Pratt and Whitney F-119 (LM F-22) Twin

Spool Augmented Turbofan• 35000 lb thrust

• Pratt and Whitney F-135 (LM F-35 JSF) • 40000 lb thrust

 Materials

• Carbon Fiber Reinforce Plastics (CFRP):• Very strong and lightweight• Tensile strength can reach 820,000 psi

• 2024-T3 Al – 70,000 psi• 7075-T6 Al – 83,000 psi

• Unlimited lifetime if protected and maintained correctly

• Boeing 787: over 50% carbon fiber material

• Nanotechnology:• Possibility of much lighter and stronger

materials by 2020

Page 34: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Technologies & Advanced Concepts Wing Configurations

• Reversed Delta Wing• Natural laminar flow• 2D flow

• Nonplanar Wing Configurations:• Reduction in induced drag• Increase in L/D

• Canards• Increases stability and lift

• Current Industry Configurations• Low AR• Aft-fuselage

• Compression Lift

 Fuel

• Biofuels• Cut down on NOx emissions• Virgin Atlantic 747 flight

Page 35: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Estimates of L/D• Nicolai/Corke L/D Estimates

– M < 1: (L/D)max ≈ 1.4 * AR +7.1

– M ≥ 1:(L/D)max ≈ 11*Mc-0.5

• For assumed AR of 2.2 from historical data– M < 1: (L/D)max ≈ 10.2

• AR assumed from Aerion, Concorde, and Tupolev TU-144

– M ≥ 1: (L/D)max ≈ 8.2• MC = 1.8 due to specifications

• Supersonic: (L/D)cruise ≈ 7.1• Assuming (L/D)cruise ≈ 0.86 (L/D)max

Page 36: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

We/W0 Predictor

• Altered Prof. Crossley’s Database• We/W0 = bW0

c1ARc2(T/W0)c3(W0/S)c4Mmax

c5

• T/W0 = 0.3

• W0/S = 100

• Mmax = 2.0

• We/W0 = 2.808524W0-0.08453959AR0.1377132 (T/W0)

0.1351319 (W0/S) 0.1789255Mmax0.01676361

• We/W0 = 0.413

Table 7. Sizing Database

Page 37: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)

• MATLAB code for We/W0

Page 38: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)

Table 8. Empty Weight Fraction

Page 39: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

We/W0 Predictor (cont’d)

• Technology Used– Composites Used on more than 50% of plane

• We/W0,comp = 0.95*We/W0

– 2 Engine configuration• Reduces Weight, SS cruise without afterburner by 2020

– Compared to Concorde’s 4 engine configuration

Page 40: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Future Sizing

• FLOPS– NASA Langley Code– Very specific inputs and outputs– Not worth using yet

• Too many inputs would be taken from old aircraft• Certain info needed that is difficult to look up from old

A/C, i.e. hard to make accurate guesses

Page 41: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Summary

• Luxurious, comfortable, and affordable.• First and business class customers for optimal

profit.• 15 transatlantic and transpacific city pairs.• Reasonable empty weight fraction from initial

sizing.• Design focuses: cruise Mach number and

cruise efficiency.

Page 42: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

Next Steps

• Second phase of sizing and design.– Utilization of FLOPS

• Assess different airplane configurations.• Trade studies, concept generation, concept

selection. • Selection of propulsion system.• Further investigation of advanced

technologies.

Page 43: Outline Mission Statement and Assumptions Business Plan Concepts of Operations Requirements Technologies and Advance Concepts Initial Sizing

• Seating Charts (Pitch and Width for Business and First on all airlines)http://www.seatguru.com/charts/business_class.php

• Airport database (runway lengths, codes, locations...)http://www.world-airport-codes.com/

• Market Sizehttp://travel.nytimes.com/2007/07/24/business/24premium.html

• Seat Pitchhttp://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/seating/seat-pitch.jpg

• NASA Dryden fact sheet for Tu-144http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-062-DFRC.html

• Aerion Corp-Aerion datahttp://www.aerioncorp.com/technology

• USAF XB-70 Factsheet• F-14D data http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-14-specs.htm

M.A.T.Shttp://www.anft.net/f-14/f14-specification.htm

References