outline of chapter 10: language change
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Outline of Chapter 10: Language Change. Phonological Change 503 Morphological Change 506 Syntactic Change508 Lexical Change510 New Words511 Loan Words512 Semantic Change515 Broadening515 Narrowing516 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Outline of Chapter 10: Language Change
Phonological Change 503 Morphological Change 506 Syntactic Change 508 Lexical Change 510
New Words 511 Loan Words 512
Semantic Change 515 Broadening 515 Narrowing 516 Meaning Shift 516
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History of English Old English 449-1066 449 Saxons invade Britain
6th c Religious literature8th c Beowulf 1066 Norman Conquest
Middle English1066-15001387 Canterbury Tales
1476 Caxton’s printing press 1500 Great vowel shiftModern English 1500- 1564 Birth of Shakespeare
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 500.
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Regular Sound Correspondence
English /f/ French /p/ Spanish /p/father père padrefish poisson pescado(patrimony)(piscine)
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.
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Regular Sound Correspondence
Indo-European /p/
Latin /p/ Proto-Germanic /f/
French /p/ Spanish /p/ English /f/ German /f/
poisson pescado fish F Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.
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Historical Phonological ChangeOld/Modern English
ADD New Soundsleisure []azure []over (ofer) [v]
LOSE Old Soundsnight [nxt]drought [druxt]
CHANGE Old Soundselk (eolh) [lx] [lk] hollow (holh) [hlx] [hlo]house [u:] [a]feet [e:] [i]
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 503.
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Modern English Morphological Endings
INFLECTIONS (Only eight left)
Vs Ns Aer
Ving N’s Aest
Ved (Ns’)
Ven
NO GENDER
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Modern English Morphological Endings
CASE ENDINGS Disappeared EXCEPT: Genitive ’s EXCEPT: PronounsI you he she it we theyme you him her it us themmy your his her its our
theirmine yours his hers its ours
theirs
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Irregular Native English Words
(brother)child footgooselouse
man mouse oxtoothwoman
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OLD ENGLISH NOUN DECLENSIONS
hound child foot oxSingular
Nom. hund cild f8t oxaAcc. hund cild f8 oxanGen. hundes cildes f8tes oxan Dat. hunde cilde f4t oxan
PluralN.-Ac. hundas cildru f4t oxanGen. hunda cildra f8ta oxenaDat. hundum cildrum f8tum oxum The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
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OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1
INF PRET PAST PARTIC
keep c4pan c4pte gec4ped
buy bycgan bohte geboht
carry ferian ferede gefered
end endian endode geendod
have habban hQfde gehQfd
say secgan sQgde gesQgd
The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
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keep help Present-IndicativeI c4pe helpeyou(sg) c4pest hilpsthe,she,it c4peD hilpD((we,you(pl),they c4paD helpaD Present-Subjunctivesingular c4pe helpeplural c4pen helpen Imperativesingular c4p helpplural c4paD
helpaD
The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1
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Infinitivec4pan helpant8 c4pennet8 helpennePresent-Participlec4pende helpende Preterit-IndicativeI c4pte healpyou(sg) c4ptest hulpehe,she,it c4pte healpwe,you(pl),they c4pton hulponPreterit-Subjunctivesingular c4pte hulpeplural c4pten hulpenPast Participlegec4ped geholpen
The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
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Old English, Middle English, and Modern EnglishVerb Forms
OLD MIDDLE MODERN ENGLISH ENGLISH ENGLISH
findan finden find infinitive
fundon f8[nde(n) found pret. pl.
funden f8[nde(n) found past part.
The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
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Modern English Verb keep help Present-Indicativehe, she, it keeps helpsOTHER keep help
Present-SubjunctiveALL keep help
Imperativekeep help
Infinitive keep help To keep to help
Present-Participle keeping helping
Preterit-Indicative / Subjunctive, Past Part. kept helped
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Etymology of Nag
nag: < Scandinavian (as in Swedish nagga, obsolete Danish nagge, to nibble, gnaw, nag) < Old Norse gnaga;
for Indo-European base see GNAW;
for sense development see FRET1
Webster’s New World College Dictionary, third edition. Victoria Neufeldt, editor in chief. New York: Macmillan, 1997.
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Sources of New Words Derivation
Compounding
Acronyms
Back-formation
Clipping / Abbreviations
Eponyms (words from names)
Blends Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 511.
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Lexical Change Borrowings
Native Foreign
English Source
20,000 most common 40% 60%500 most common 71% 29%Tokens in running text 80%
New Words
Chapter 3: Morphology
Loss of Words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 512.
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Uncommon Words in Modern English
fain gladlywot knowwherefore whybeseem to be suitablemammet doll or puppetgyve a fetter
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 515.
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Semantic Change Broadening of Meaning dog specific breed
holiday only religious dayspictureonly painted
Narrowing of Meaning meat food
deer animalhound any dog
Meaning Shifts knight young man
lust pleasurelewd ignorantsilly happyfond foolish
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 515-516.
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Comparative Method of Reconstruction
French Italian Spanish Portuguesecher caro caro caro ‘dear
’champ campo campo campo ‘field’chandelle chandela candela candeia ‘ca
ndle’
[k] [m] [p] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.
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Four Hypothetical Languages
Lang A Lang B Lang C Lang Dhono hono fono vonohari hari fari veli rahima rahima rafima levimahor hor for vol
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.
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Three Chinese Dialects
Mandarin Cantonese Taiwanese1 / i / / jt / / dzit /2 / / / i / / n /3 / san / / sa:m / / sã /4 / sz / / sei / / si /5 / wu / / / / g /6 / lou / / lok / / lak /7 / ti / / tst / / tsit /8 / pa / / pa:t / / pue /9 / tou // kau / / kau /10 / r / / sp / / tsap /
These are not official IPA spellings. Only a limited font was available. The transcriptions may also be inaccurate because of faulty hearing.
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Zhuang and Chinese Words Cung go Zhongguo Yin min Ren min Yan man
Yinhang Yinhang ha gakWu jiao
gok
ha cib maenWu shi yuan sap man
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Chapter 11 Homework(Exercise 3, pp. 538-539)
a. It nothing pleased his master Nothing pleased his masterb. He hath said that we would lift them whom that him
please. He has said that we would lift those who please him. c. I have a brother is condemned to die. I have a brother who is condemned to die.d. I bade them take away you. I asked them to take you away.e. I wish you was still more a Tartar. I wish you were even more of a Tartar. I wish even more that you were a Tartar.f. Christ slept and his apostles. Christ slept and his apostles did too. Christ and his apostles slept.g. Me was told. I was told.
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Chapter 11 Homework(Exercise 5, p. 540)
a. False ‘thing’/ k / before / a / in Latin becomes French / /b. True ‘tail’Otherwise we might have expected / /c. FalseThere are NO examples of / s / and /k/ in complement
ary distribution.d. True Latin / kertus /We have two examples of Latin words with / ke / (‘deer’ and ‘hundred’) that become / s /
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(A)
Original Language
Today’s Languages
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(B)
Original Languages
Today’s Languages
Source(s) of Today’s Languages
Adapted from David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 291.
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In Search of the First Language Nova Series
Overview / Table of Contents Introduction to Historical Linguistics
Comparative Method Indo-European languages Interlude Sino-Tibetan languages African languages Native American languages Language Isolates Language Change Nostratic Evolution of Language Conclusion