outline of lecture sessions regarding prejudice and discrimination
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Outline of Lecture Sessions Regarding Prejudice and Discrimination Definition of the concepts of prejudice and discrimination. Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Outline of Lecture Sessions Regarding Prejudice and Discrimination
Definition of the concepts of prejudiceand discrimination.
Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude..
Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude..
Stereotype: A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.
Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude..
Stereotype: A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.
Discrimination: Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members.
Attribute prejudice and discrimination to thoughts and acts of stupidity or immorality
Jackie Robinson, Branch Rickey, baseball, and the Kiwanis Music Festival in Montreal, 1946.
Prejudice as an Attitude
Components of prejudice (attitude)
1. Beliefs (may include stereotypes)
2. Emotions
3. Intended actions
By definition, a positive attitude toward your group is not prejudice.
Should we be concerned, nevertheless
(and the role of social identity theory).
neutral unfavourable: ____________________________________:favourable
Attitudes Towards Ingroup and Outgroup
Outgroup Outgroup Ingroup
The Power of Ingroup Favouritism
Majeed(1982)
Participants: 13 to 18 years old from a rural district of India.
Perdue (1990)
Study was presented as a lexical decision making task.
For example: XEH paired always with us or we or ours (ingroup words).
YOF paired always with them or they or theirs (outgroup words)
Result:
Nonsense syllables paired with ingroup words were rated more pleasant than nonsense syllables paired with outgroup words.
Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System
Community Summary
(1995)
a) Release and detained data for total sample
Released by police: White -- 29% Black -- 18%
Detained to trial: White -- 23% Black -- 30%
b) Release and detained data for drug charges only
Released by police: White -- 60% Black -- 30%
Detained to trial: White -- 10% Black -- 31%
c) Imprisonment after conviction
Drug charge: White -- 36% Black -- 66%
All charges: White -- 57% Black -- 69%
d) Imprisonment after conviction by criminal record
0 convictions: White -- 38% Black -- 52%
1 to 5 convictions: White -- 52% Black -- 71% 6 or more convictions: White -- 77% Black -- 88%
Research by Esses
On the individual contribution of three components of attitude to the overall attitude we have toward some group.
The Components Studied Were:
i) stereotypes,
ii) emotions,
and an added component
iii) beliefs about the degree to which somegroup facilitates or blocks your cherishedvalues in society
Components of Attitude towards Group
1.Measuring the Stereotype Component
On a blank piece of paper, list the characteristics that you would use to describe typical members of the group
Components of Attitude towards Group
1.Measuring the Stereotype Component
Indicate the value of each attribute:
if negative, indicate two minus signs or one minus sign;
if positive, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign;
if neutral indicate zero
Components of Attitude towards Group
1.Measuring the Stereotype Component
Indicate the percentage of the group to which each characteristic applies (0% to 100%)
2. Measuring the Symbolic beliefs Component
List values, customs and traditions that you believe are blocked or facilitated by the group.
Indicate the extent to which each was blocked or facilitated:
if blocked, indicate two minus signs or one minus
sign;if facilitated, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign
Indicate the percentage of the group to which this applies (0% to 100%)
3. Emotions
List emotions and feelings that you experience when you see, meet, or think about members of the group.
Indicate the valence of each emotion: if negative, indicate two minus signs or one minus
sign; if positive, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign
Indicate the percentage of the group that make you feel this way (0% to 100%)
Target group Mean Attitude (as measured on the thermometer scale
English Canadian 81.4
French Canadian 69.1
Native Indian 66.2
Pakistani 58.9
Homosexual 44.1
Stereotype with Attitude
Symbolic Beliefs with Attitude
Emotions with AttitudesTarget group
English Canadian
French Canadian
.11
.49***
.09
.49**
.25*
.59**
Native Indian .24* 17 .44***
Pakistani .30* .58*** .32**
Homosexual .48*** .50*** .43***
The Relations between Individual Stereotypes, Symbolic Beliefs, and Emotions with Attitudes toward the Groups
For Judgements about the Target Group "Pakistani," the Correlation Coefficient between the Symbolic Belief Component and Overall Attitude was +.58
Overall Attitude Symbolic Belief Score Score (0-100) (Higher the score, the more the group is seen to facilitate cherished values)
Subject 1 63 12 2 42 05 3 54 07 4 82 16 5 68 12 and so on
Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude?
Target Group Component
English Canadians no component was a unique predictor
Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude?
Target Group Component
French Canadians a) emotions and
b) symbolic beliefs were unique predictors
Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude?
Target Group Component
Native Indians a) emotions were unique predictor
Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude?
Target Group Component
Pakistanis a) symbolic beliefs was unique predictor
Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude?
Target Group Component
Homosexuals a) symbolic beliefs was unique predictor
Components of a Stereotype and Meaning
The same trait term, for example, may have a different meaning depending on the group being referred to.
My earlier example with judgements of French-Canadians-in-general when discussing stereotypes.
Components of a Stereotype and Meaning
Saenger (1954) -- there was overlap in terms ascribed by university students to Americans (own-group) and to Jews (outgroup).
Yet, common terms such as aggressive and materialistic were evaluated more unfavourably in reference to the category Jews.
Mood and Meaning of Components of a Stereotype
Victoria Esses (1995) found that the meaning of a term ascribed to a particular outgroup can vary with the mood of the individual making the judgements.
Mood was experimentally manipulated.
In a negative mood, the evaluations of terms associated with outgroups were more unfavourable.