outline the history of the atomic model
DESCRIPTION
Outline the history of the atomic model. Agenda for Tuesday Dec 14 th Atoms Atomic mass, #, protons, etc. Atoms. Nucleus in the center Protons and neutrons Electrons on outside of nucleus Electron cloud model Electrons exist in energy levels – based on # of electrons. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Outline the history of the atomic model.
Agenda for Tuesday Dec 14th 1. Atoms2. Atomic mass, #, protons, etc
Atoms
• Nucleus in the center– Protons and neutrons
• Electrons on outside of nucleus– Electron cloud model– Electrons exist in energy levels – based on # of
electrons
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Bboron
5
10.811
Element nameAtomic number
Symbol
Atomic mass
• Atomic number: # of protons in nucleus
• Each element has a different atomic #
• Identifies the element
• Hydrogen = smallest atomic # (1)
• # of protons = # of electrons
• Atomic mass: total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom, measured in atomic mass units (amu)– Atomic weight
• Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons - isotopes
• # on periodic table is the average atomic mass for that element
• We will round the average atomic mass to get a whole # called the mass number.
• Examples:Sodium (Na)
Avg. atomic mass = 22.990 amuMass # = 23
Nitrogen (N)Avg. atomic mass = 14.007 amuMass # = 14
• Finding # of neutrons
mass # - atomic # = # of neutrons
For Na: 23 – 11 = 12 neutrons
For N:14 – 7 = 7 neutrons
Practice
Find the mass number, protons, neutrons, and electrons for Bromine.
Agenda for Wednesday Dec 15th 1. History of the Atom Flash Cards2. Practice with mass, protons, etc3. Isotopes
ElementName
AtomicNumber
Number ofProtons
Number ofNeutrons Mass Number
carbon 12
8 8
hydrogen 1
6 14
hydrogen 2
nitrogen 14
6 66
7 7 7
1 1 3
86
1 01
168Oxygen
Carbon
Isotopes• Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of
neutrons isotopes
• # of protons and electrons stays the same for a particular element– Mass changes– Means # of neutrons changes
• Atomic mass on your P.T. is an average of all the isotopes
• For Boron:.8 (10 amu) + .2 (11 amu) = 10.811 amu
More on Isotopes
• Because the numbers of neutrons in the isotopes are different, the mass numbers are also different
• You use the name of the element followed by the mass number of the isotope to identify each isotope: boron-10 and boron-11
• Example: – Neon. All neon atoms have 10 protons and 10
electrons. Some neon atoms have 10 neutrons and some have 12.
– Both isotopes of neon
Ne or Ne-20
Ne or Ne-22
10
10
20
22
Atomic # (# of protons)
Atomic # (# of protons)
Mass # (protons + neutrons). Different for each isotope
Mass # (protons + neutrons). Different for each isotope
What’s the point of Isotopes
• You can tell how old something is– Radiocarbon Dating
• Use as markers in research– Follow a certain molecule, atom
Practice ProblemsYou will need your periodic table!
1. For Mg-25: How many protons, electrons, and neutrons?
2. For N-15: How many protons, electrons, neutrons?
3. For P-31: How many protons, electrons, neutrons?
Practice
What is an isotope?
Agenda for Thursday Dec 16th 1. Mass #, Atomic weight, proton review2. Valence Electrons3. Lewis Dot Structures
Atoms
• Nucleus in the center– Protons and neutrons
• Electrons on outside of nucleus– Electron cloud model– Electrons exist in energy levels – based on # of
electrons
Valence Electrons
• Electrons in the outermost energy level
• Valence electrons determine reactivity and other chemical properties
• 8 valence electrons means a stable atom = do not want to react with other atoms
Where are electrons found?NucleusLeast likely
Most likely
13 p+
14 n0
Help! We’re so
vulnerable!
Valence electrons
•A way to draw an atom showing where electrons are found
Valence electrons
Carbon -12 has 4 electrons in the last energy level . . .
therefore carbon-12 has 4 valence electrons
Bohr’s Model
Nucleus
1st shell can hold 2 e-
3rd shell can hold 8 e-
2nd shell can hold 8 e-
How many electrons in each shell?
• 1st shell = 2 electrons• 2nd shell = 8 electrons• 3rd shell = 8 electrons• 4th shell = 18 electrons
Drawing Carbon-12 with Bohr’s ModelSteps:1. Find number
of neutrons and protons.
2. Find number of electrons.
3. Fill in electrons, beginning with the 1st energy level.
How many valence electrons does Nitrogen have?
NUCLEUS
How many valence electrons does Calcium have?
Calcium has 2 Valence electrons
NUCLEUS
How many valence electrons does Phosphorous have?
Phosphorous has 5 Valence electrons
NUCLEUS
How many valence electrons does Boron have?
NUCLEUS
Boron has 3 Valence electrons
Cool Trick!
162 3 4 5 7
8