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Page 1 STATE OF THE ART AND STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION AND SEISMIC ISOLATION OF STRUCTURES IN MEXICO ARTURO TENA-COLUNGA Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana OUTLINE OUTLINE Principles Experimental Research Analytical Research Applications Remarks

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Page 1: OUTLINE - University at Buffalo · Flores: First one, ... 150 400 150 25 125 25 150 125 400 26 125 298 26 ... Montiel and Ruiz Comparison: Bracing vs Energy Dissipation Analytical,

Page 1

STATE OF THE ART AND STATE OF THE PRACTICE FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION AND

SEISMIC ISOLATION OF STRUCTURES IN MEXICO

ARTURO TENA-COLUNGA

Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Principles

Experimental Research

Analytical Research

Applications

Remarks

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Page 2

PrinciplesPrinciples

It is not economic to resist strong earthquakes relying exclusively in “clean” energies (Ee & Ek) that causes no damage to structures.

In traditional earthquake-resistant design philosophy of the 70s-80s, Eh has been (ab)used, so substantial damage is expected in common structural resisting elements (“dirty” energy).

Passive energy dissipation maximizes Ed and/or concentrates Eh in special elements (seismic fuses), so most common structural elements are expected to remain undamaged. Therefore, it is a wiser and semi-clean (semi-dirty) strategy. However, it requires solid knowledge of structural concepts (dynamics and configuration).

dhke EEEEE +++=

∫ ∫==u u

ke dutumEdutkuE0 0

)(;)( &&

Fundamental PrincipleFundamental Principle

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Page 3

Displacement dependent

Viscoelastic materials Viscous dampers (fluids)

One crude classification

Velocity dependentForce

Displacement

Force

Displacement

Hysteretic behavior (i.e., metals) Friction-Extrusion

Force

Displacement

Force

Displacement

Force

Displacement

Passive Energy Passive Energy DissipatorsDissipators

Conventional StructureConventional Structure Base IsolationBase Isolation

EarthquakeEarthquake EarthquakeEarthquake

Base IsolationBase Isolation

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Page 4

Period

Acceleration Period Enlongation

DampingIncrement

t2t1

a1

a2

Seismic Isolation (Firm Soils or Rock)Seismic Isolation (Firm Soils or Rock)

Period

Displacement Period enlogation

DampingIncrement

t2t1

d1

d2

Seismic Isolation (Firm Soils or Rock)Seismic Isolation (Firm Soils or Rock)

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Page 5

Why base isolation Why base isolation is not a good idea is not a good idea for soft soils as for soft soils as

those found in the those found in the lakebed region of lakebed region of

Mexico City?Mexico City?

SMR2 E-W = 5%ξSMR2 E-W = 10%ξSMR2 E-W = 15%ξSMR2 E-W = 20%ξ

SCT E-W = 5%ξSCT E-W = 10%ξSCT E-W = 15%ξSCT E-W = 20%ξ

FirmFirm SoilsSoils (SMR2) (SMR2) vsvs SoftSoft SoilsSoils (SCT)(SCT)

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Experimental ResearchExperimental Research

Experimental, Base IsolationExperimental, Base IsolationRolling Base Isolation system proposed by González-Flores: First one, conducted in 1964 at UNAM, shaking table test.

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/visual_resources/steinbrugge_collection.html

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Page 7

Experimental, Base IsolationExperimental, Base IsolationGT-BIS System: Mexican development by Garza-Tamez

whose shaking table tests were conducted at Illinois in 1992 (paid by Garza).

Experimental, Base IsolationExperimental, Base IsolationFriction isolation system for low-income housing

tested by Yeomans et al. (2006) at ITESM. Acceleration record: Kobe (1995).

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Page 8

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy DissipationU-shaped mild steel strip elements (“DS elements”).

Cyclic testing at UNAM (Aguirre and Sánchez, 1989-1992). Similar to those studied by Kelly.

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy DissipationU-shaped mild steel strip elements (“DS elements”).

Shaking table tests at UNAM by González-Alcorta(1992-1994).

F

F

A

b

eC

R

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Page 9

Cyclic tests of simply-supported plates in bending, know as DV device, proposed by Jorge Ortega and tested at UNAM by Escobar et al. (1998-1999)

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy Dissipation

Low Yield Steel Shear Panel Devices (LYSSP) tested at Cenapred by Óscar López-Bátiz and Fernando Aparicio (2002-2003)

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy Dissipation

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Page 10

MARCO SOLO

MARCO + DPC-AH

MARCO + DPC-SA

MARCO + DPC-AV

a)

c)

b)

d)

1797 mm

810 mm

3600 mm3305 mm

Dis

tors

ión

[%]

0

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

0

1.92

1.28

0.64

-0.64

-1.28

-1.92

Des

plaz

amie

nto

[mm

]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28Ciclo de carga

700

206

13.2

700

700

207

13.7

700

10.1350

206 288 207

3509.8

143 143

150

400

150

25

125

25

125150

400

26

125

298

26

125150

700

208

700

284208

350 13.3

125150125

400

298

26

26

* Acotaciones en mm

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy Dissipation

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy DissipationPseudo-static cyclic tests of a two-story RC waffle flatslab building model retrofitted with a flexible steel device (FSD) mounted in concentric bracing by Vera et al. (2000) at UAEM.

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Page 11

Experimental, Energy DissipationExperimental, Energy DissipationCyclic tests of a of a simply supported plate of variable section (SSPVS) by Vera et al. (2006) at UAEM.

Analytical ResearchAnalytical Research

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Page 12

Passive Energy DissipationPassive Energy Dissipation

Parametric studies using SDOF systemsStudies using MDOF systemsProposals for the analytical modeling of specific devicesEvaluation and validation of models used for nonlinear analysesReliability and optimization of structures with passive energy dissipation devices Design procedures and guidelinesStudies for bridges

Parametric SDOF studiesParametric SDOF studiesArroyo and Terán(2002) μ=1.5

0

1

2

0 1 2 3 4T(s)

Rμξ μ=4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 1 2 3 4T(s)

Rμξ

μ=1.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 1 2 3 T/Tg

Rμξ

μ=4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 2 3 T/Tg

Rμξ

Firm Soils

Soft Soils

m

k

c

m

k

c

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Page 13

Cabrera and Martínez-Rueda (2001)

Parametric SDOF studiesParametric SDOF studies

Cabrera and Martínez-Rueda (2001)

Parametric SDOF studiesParametric SDOF studies

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Page 14

Retrofit Strategies: Bracing Retrofit Strategies: Bracing vsvs DissipatorsDissipators

Bracing (existing retrofit)

ADAS Retrofit (theoretical)

Retrofit Strategies: Bracing Retrofit Strategies: Bracing vsvs DissipatorsDissipators

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Page 15

Artificial site records, Ms=8.1 earthquake

Comparison: Comparison: CBFsCBFs vsvs ADASADASYield mapping

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Page 16

Response envelopes

Comparison: Comparison: CBFsCBFs vsvs ADASADAS

Interstory Hysteresiscurves, ADAS retrofit

Interstory Hysteresiscurves, Macro CBF retrofit

Comparison: Comparison: CBFsCBFs vsvs ADASADAS

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Page 17

Hysteresis curves for ADAS located in frame 8, bay A-B

Comparison: Comparison: CBFsCBFs vsvs ADASADAS

Park España Building: CBF (existing) vs DS

F

F

A

b

eC

R

Retrofit Strategies: Bracing Retrofit Strategies: Bracing vsvs DissipatorsDissipators

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Page 18

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs DSDSArtificial acceleration site record, Ms=8.1 earthquake

Tabla 6. Resumen de los análisis dinámicos no lineales para los modelos de Parque EspañaModelo W (t) TN-S (s) Desplazamientos máximos (cm) Demanda máxima (μ)

N3 N4 Azotea Entrepiso GlobalActual 1752.7 1.10 6.87 10.48 34.79 5.5 (N8) 4.5

DS 1752.7 1.24 8.65 11.61 19.36 4.5 (N3) 2.5

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs DSDSPeak response envelopes

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Page 19

Interstory hysteresiscurves, frames with DS

Interstory hysteresiscurves, existing CBFs

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs DSDS

Shear, frames with DS devices

Shear, frames with existing CBF

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

V/W

PB

N2

N4

N6

N8

PH2SoleraColumnasTotal

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs DSDS

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Page 20

HysteresisHysteresis, DS devices, DS devices

CBFs Passive Energy Dissipation

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs Energy DissipationEnergy Dissipation

Montiel and Ruiz (2000)

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Page 21

Montiel and Ruiz

Comparison: Bracing Comparison: Bracing vsvs Energy DissipationEnergy Dissipation

Analytical, Energy DissipationAnalytical, Energy DissipationProposals for the analytical modeling of specific devices

DS device: Aguirre and Sánchez (1989, 1992), Tena-Colunga (1998, 2000), Terrones et al. (2002)

ADAS device: Tena-Colunga (1997)

DV device: Fernández et al. (1999), Escobar et al. (2002)

SSPVS device: Vera et al. (2006)

F

F

A

b

eC

R

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Page 22

DS DevicesDS Devices

( )b.nKK uDSDDE σ2970==

( )be.nFF uuDSu σ070==

0.1782y eΔ =

DSK.K 03202 =

uDSy F.F 7560=

eu 2=Δ

a a

F

F

A

b

eC

R

-

a

a

a

a

ADAS DevicesADAS Devices

2266622

66

ffff

nKK ADASDDE −==

( ) ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ] ( ) ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−+

⎪⎭

⎪⎬⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨⎧

⎥⎥⎦

⎢⎢⎣

⎡−−−⎟

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+= 1

25781111

21

212

2

1

2112

21212

212

1

211

3

322 bb

b/blnEtbh

b/blnb/blnb/blnbb

b/blnbh

Etf

( ) ⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= 1

212

2

1

211

2

326 bb

b/blnbh

Etf

( ) ⎭⎬⎫

⎩⎨⎧

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−= 112

2

1

211366 b

bb/blnb

hEt

f

( )⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛ −==

htbb

nVF yADASu 2

221σ

ADAS

ADASy K

V=Δ

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Page 23

Analytical, Energy DissipationAnalytical, Energy DissipationEvaluation and validation of models used for nonlinear analyses

Tena-Colunga (2000, 2002)

Amateco and Escobar (2006)

Validation of analytical modelsValidation of analytical models

MCA ModelMCA Model MCS ModelMCS Model

ADAS MCAADAS MCA

ADAS MCSADAS MCS

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Page 24

Base IsolationBase Isolation

Studies for buildings using equivalent SDOF modelsStudies for buildings using equivalent frame modelsStudies for buildings using 3D modelsParametric studiesDesign procedures and guidelinesStudies for existing applicationsStudies for new developmentsStudies for bridges

59.76Vu (Ton)25.50Vy (Ton)1.64kef (Ton/cm)9.85kmin (Ton/cm)

0.5070.5080.5060.5130.484αc6Nais

0.0690.0690.0700.0660.085Δy /D2D36.4D2D=D+0.3D (cm)2.522.512.552.413.11Δy (cm)28D (cm) (EDD)1.011.011.001.060.82k2 (Ton/cm)0.10β= Vy/W10.1010.149.9910.598.21k1 (Ton/cm)1530W (Ton)0.5080.5060.5130.4840.6α2.5TI (s)Iter. 5Iter. 4Iter. 3Iter. 2Iter. 1

Design of the isolation system for a school building, considering bidirectional effects, using CSDS

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Page 25

Updated Attenuation LawsUpdated Attenuation Laws

ln d = 1.4899x - 5.8674

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0Magnitude

Coe

ffic

ient

s

ln a = 0.7698x + 2.9633

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0Magnitude

Coe

ffici

ents

ACCELERATIONACCELERATIONDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT

ZONE DZONE D--I,I,ζζ=20%=20%

PERIOD (s)PERIOD (s)

Displacement Design Spectrum for Zone DDisplacement Design Spectrum for Zone D--II

221 II TaTaD −=

Proposed

D (c

m)

D (c

m)

PERIOD (s)PERIOD (s)

D (c

m)

D (c

m)

ZONE DZONE D--I,I,ζζ=5%=5%

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Alternate MethodAlternate Method

ζπ BSTD aI

2

2⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

I

I

TaaTaa

BII ζζ

ζζ

ζ21

21 55

−=

Directional EffectsDirectional Effects

E-W

E-W

E-W

N-S

N-S

N-S

A1 A1

A1A1

A4 A4

A4A4

A13 A13

A13A13

A16 A16

A16A16

Cmi Cmi

Cmi Cmi

Cri Cri

Cri Cri

a) b)

c) d)

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Page 27

Torsional EffectsTorsional Effects

Aislador

Aislador

Torsional stiff (Torsional stiff (ΩΩθθss=1.2)=1.2) Torsional flexible (Torsional flexible (ΩΩθθss=0.8)=0.8)

Unidirectional and bidirectional eccentricities (mass and stiffness) in the superstructure.Unidirectional and bidirectional stiffness eccentricities in the isolation system.TI/Ts= 1.25, 2, 3, 8 Ωθs=0.8, 1.2

Torsional Effects (Torsional Effects (TTII/T/Tss=8, =8, ΩΩθθss=1.2, TMANZ)=1.2, TMANZ)

0.70.80.9

11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3TI (s)

Δm

ax(e

)/ Δm

ax(e

=0)

0/0(%) 5/0(%) 10/0(%) 15/0(%) 20/0(%)

Eccentric isolation systemEccentric isolation system

Mass eccentricity superstructureMass eccentricity superstructure

Stiffness eccentricity superstructureStiffness eccentricity superstructure

TTII/T/Tss=1.25=1.25

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ApplicationsApplications

Applications, Base IsolationApplications, Base Isolation

Table 1 Base isolation projects built in Mexico Project Name Type Isolation System Place Year

Legaria Secondary School

Building (N) Rollers by González-Flores

Mexico City 1974

Legaria Church Building (N) Rollers by González-Flores

Mexico City 1980

Hidalgo-San Rafael Bridge

Bridge (N) LRB Mexico-Querétaro Highway

1994

Printing press of the Reforma Newspaper

Machinery- Equipment (N)

GT-BIS Mexico City 1994

Mural Newspaper Building (N) GT-BIS Guadalajara 1998 Infiernillo II Dam Bridge

Bridge (N) Multi-rotational sliding bearings

Infiernillo Dam, Michoacán

2002

Acueducto Patria Bridge (N) LRB Guadalajara 2006 Tijuana Urban Bridge Bridge (N) LRB Tijuana 2006

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Analytical, Base IsolationAnalytical, Base IsolationStudies for existing applications

Sosa and Ruiz (1992) presented an analytical study for the school building in Mexico City isolated with the rolling base-isolation device proposed by Gonzalez-Flores.

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/visual_resources/steinbrugge_collection.html

Analytical, Base IsolationAnalytical, Base IsolationStudies for existing applications

Garza-Tamez and Foutch (1994) described the isolation of the floor slab supporting the printing press of the Reforma Newspaper in Mexico City, located in near-firm soil conditions (TI= 6 s). Silva and Garza-Tamez (2004) presented the acceleration records obtained during the June 15, 1999 Tehuacán earthquake (M=6.5).

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Analytical, Base IsolationAnalytical, Base IsolationStudies for existing applications

Garza-Tamez and Silva (1999) presented the design of the GT-BIS isolation system for the press building of the Mural Newspaper in Guadalajara, the first application of the GT-BIS system to isolate a building structure. The design was checked with a in-situ pushover test described in Silva and Garza-Tamez (2004)

Analytical, Base IsolationAnalytical, Base IsolationStudies for existing applications

Gómez-Martínez et al. (2001-2003) presented the research study conducted to implement base isolators in one of the truss bridges that cross Infiernillo Dam in Michoacán State. The device used to isolate Infiernillo Dam Bridge II was a multi-rotational sliding bearing tested at UB-MCEER.

g

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Page 31

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy DissipationTable 2 Passive energy dissipation projects built in Mexico

Building Name Type & Number

Device Place Year

Izazaga 38-40 Retrofit (1) ADAS Mexico City 1989 Cardiology Hospital Retrofit (1) ADAS Mexico City 1990 20 de Noviembre Hospital

Retrofit (5) SBC (Slotted Bolted Connections)

Mexico City 1992-1994

IMSS Headquarters (Reforma 476)

Retrofit (3) ADAS Mexico City 1993-1997

3M Headquarters New (1) Viscoelastic Dampers (VED)

Mexico City 1996-1997

TMM Warehouse New (3) ADAS Acapulco 1997 SAGAR Retrofit (1) DV Mexico City 1999 La Jolla New (3) ADAS Acapulco 1999 Torre Monterrey Retrofit (1) ADAS Mexico City 2002 Torre Mayor New (1) Taylor Mexico City 2003 Córdoba Retrofit (1) ADAS Mexico City 2004 Romanza New (1) ADAS Acapulco 2005 Nautilus New (1) ADAS Acapulco 2005 Fray Servando Retrofit (1) Taylor Mexico City 2005 Mar Azul New (1) ADAS Acapulco 2006 Total of buildings 25

Retrofit of Cardiology Hospital with ADAS devices, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

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Page 32

Retrofit of 20 de Noviembre Hospital with Slotted Bolted Connections (SBC), Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy DissipationRetrofit of IMSS Headquarters with ADAS devices, Mexico City

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Page 33

3M Headquarters with Viscoelastic dampers, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

Retrofit of SAGAR building with DV devices, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

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Page 34

19 La Jolla Apartments at Acapulco with ADAS devices

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

Retrofit of Torre Monterrey with ADAS devices, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

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Page 35

Torre Mayor, Taylor dampers, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

Retrofit of Fray Servando building with Taylor dampers, Mexico City

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

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Page 36

Residencial Mar Azul, Acapulco

Applications, Energy DissipationApplications, Energy Dissipation

Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksMexico has already an important research

experience in passive energy dissipation and seismic isolation. However, the number of applications is relatively small for the size of the country and the knowledge that Mexican structural engineers already have in this area.

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Page 37

As in many other countries, it seems that the absence of an official building code that addresses completely the design of base-isolation and energy dissipation brakes potential applications. There are already complete guidelines available (Ruiz 2002, Tena-Colunga 2004, 2005), but they are not yet included in the most important building codes, such as Mexico’s Federal District Code (RCDF) or the Manual of Civil Structures (MOC).

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

The updated version for the Manual of Civil Structures (MOC) will include specific guidelines for the design of structures with passive energy dissipation devices and base isolation. This updated version is in progress and is scheduled to be presented in 2008. It is hoped that the updated version for MOC will help trigger applications of passive energy dissipation within the country.

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks